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PubMed1999

Manipulating self-efficacy in the exercise environment in women: influences on affective responses.

Self-efficacy was experimentally manipulated in an exercise context, and its effect on affective responses was examined. College women (N = 46) were randomly assigned to a high- or low-efficacy condition, and efficacy expectations were manipulated by means of bogus feedback and graphs depicting contrived normative data. The manipulation successfully influenced affective responses, with participants in the high-efficacy group reporting more positive and less negative affect than did the low-efficacy group. Efficacy was significantly related to feeling-state responses during and after activity but only in the high-efficacy condition. The results suggest that self-efficacy can be manipulated and that these changes are related to the affective experience associated with exercise. Such findings may have important implications for the roles played by self-efficacy and affect in exercise adherence.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Affect and behavioral involvement in spousal complaints and compliments.

The authors explored affect and behavioral involvement (gaze, talk time, and speaking turns) in spousal complaints and compliments, relating these constructs to current and longitudinal relational well-being. Participants were 65 married couples. Concurrent relational well-being was higher when partners negotiated (a) complaints with less negative affect, more gaze, less wife talk time, and more husband talk time and (b) compliments with less negative affect and more husband gaze. Husbands' satisfaction decreased over time when they experienced more negative affect while complimenting. Both spouses' satisfaction decreased over time when either partner, especially wives, took more speaking turns complaining. Partial support for the sentiment-override effect is discussed, but findings went beyond the effect to demonstrate contingent affect when responding to spousal behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Problem-solving skills and affective expressions as predictors of change in marital satisfaction.

Specific skills and affective expressions coded from the problem-solving interactions of 172 newlywed couples were examined in relation to 8-wave, 4-year trajectories of marital satisfaction. Effects varied as a function of whether husbands' versus wives' topics were under discussion and whether husbands' versus wives' satisfaction was predicted, but results indicate that skills, affect, and their statistical interaction account for unique variance in rates of change in marital satisfaction. The interaction between positive affect and negative skills was particularly robust, indicating that (a) low levels of positive affect and high levels of negative skills foreshadowed particularly rapid rates of deterioration and that (b) high levels of positive affect buffered the effects of high levels of negative skills. Findings suggest specific targets for intervention in programs for developing marriages.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Savoring versus dampening: self-esteem differences in regulating positive affect.

Five studies examined the hypotheses that when people experience positive affect, those low in self-esteem are especially likely to dampen that affect, whereas those high in self-esteem are especially likely to savor it. Undergraduate participants' memories for a positive event (Study 1) and their reported reactions to a success (Study 2) supported the dampening prediction. Results also suggest that dampening was associated with worse mood the day after a success (Study 2), that positive and negative affect regulation are distinct, that self-esteem is associated with affect regulation even when Neuroticism and Extraversion are controlled (Studies 3 and 4), and that self-esteem may be especially important for certain types of positive events and positive affect regulation (Study 5).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM).

Evidence for the role of affective states in social judgments is reviewed, and a new integrative theory, the affect infusion model (AIM), is proposed as a comprehensive explanation of these effects. The AIM, based on a multiprocess approach to social judgments, identifies 4 alternative judgmental strategies: (a) direct access, (b) motivated, (c) heuristic, and (d) substantive processing. The model predicts that the degree of affect infusion into judgments varies along a processing continuum, such that judgments requiring heuristic or substantive processing are more likely to be infused by affect than are direct access or motivated judgments. The role of target, judge, and situational variables in recruiting high- or low-infusion judgmental strategies is considered, and empirical support for the model is reviewed. The relationship between the AIM and other affect-cognition theories is discussed, and implications for future research are outlined.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions.

Several recent reviews have identified 3 affective dispositions--depression, anxiety, and anger-hostility--as putative risk factors for coronary heart disease. There are, however, mixed and negative results. Following a critical summary of epidemiological findings, the present article discusses the construct and measurement overlap among the 3 negative affects. Recognition of the overlap necessitates the development of more complex affect-disease models and has implications for the interpretation of prior studies, statistical analyses, prevention, and intervention in health psychology and behavioral medicine. The overlap among the 3 negative dispositions also leaves open the possibility that a general disposition toward negative affectivity may be more important for disease risk than any specific negative affect.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.

At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement.

This article offers a reformulation of the negative reinforcement model of drug addiction and proposes that the escape and avoidance of negative affect is the prepotent motive for addictive drug use. The authors posit that negative affect is the motivational core of the withdrawal syndrome and argue that, through repeated cycles of drug use and withdrawal, addicted organisms learn to detect interoceptive cues of negative affect preconsciously. Thus, the motivational basis of much drug use is opaque and tends not to reflect cognitive control. When either stressors or abstinence causes negative affect to grow and enter consciousness, increasing negative affect biases information processing in ways that promote renewed drug administration. After explicating their model, the authors address previous critiques of negative reinforcement models in light of their reformulation and review predictions generated by their model.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

How positive affect modulates cognitive control: reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility.

A fundamental problem that organisms face in a changing environment is how to regulate dynamically the balance between stable maintenance and flexible switching of goals and cognitive sets. The authors show that positive affect plays an important role in the regulation of this stability-flexibility balance. In a cognitive set-switching paradigm, the induction of mild increases in positive affect, as compared with neutral or negative affect, promoted cognitive flexibility and reduced perseveration, but also incurred a cost in terms of increased distractibility. Rather than influencing set switching in an unspecific way, positive affect thus exerted opposite effects on perseveration and distractibility. Results are consistent with neuropsychological models according to which effects of positive affect on cognitive control are mediated by increased dopamine levels in frontal brain areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Modeling late-life adaptation in affective well-being under a severe chronic health condition: the case of age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was used as a case model to longitudinally study adaptation in affective well-being under a prevalent chronic health condition. Measures of positive and negative affect, obtained at 5 subsequent measurement occasions with 3-month intervals in between, were analyzed in 90 older adults diagnosed with AMD. The authors proposed a pattern of adaptation that shows initial decline in affective well-being after disease outbreak, followed by a turnaround into a restorative phase of increase, implying nonlinear intraindividual trajectories, with changes substantially related to disease duration. Analysis was conducted by means of a nonlinear mixed models approach. Results confirmed the hypothesized adaptation pattern for positive affect but not for negative affect, which was found more stable across measurement occasions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Daily affect and daily beliefs.

Human resource directorate employees of a large United Kingdom public hospital (N=36) completed an initial questionnaire and then participated in a daily diary study. The questionnaire included measures of affect and beliefs about high work demands' influence on affect and work performance. The diary included measures of affect, extent of high work demands, and daily beliefs, corresponding to those measured in the questionnaire. Participants were required to complete the diary twice daily, before and after work over a 2-week period. Measures of affect after work were associated with beliefs concerning work demands' influence on work performance and on affect measured after work. Beliefs about work demands measured in the questionnaire were associated with subsequent daily assessments of beliefs.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Automatic affective evaluation does not automatically predispose for arm flexion and extension.

Affect may have the function of preparing organisms for action, enabling approach and avoidance behavior. M. Chen and J. A. Bargh (1999) suggested that affective processing automatically resulted in action tendencies for arm flexion and extension. The crucial question is, however, whether automaticity of evaluation was actually achieved or whether their results were due to nonautomatic, conscious processing. When faces with emotional expressions were evaluated consciously, similar effects were obtained as in the M. Chen and J. A. Bargh study. When conscious evaluation was reduced, however, no action tendencies were observed, whereas affective processing of the faces was still evident from affective priming effects. The results suggest that tendencies for arm flexion and extension are not automatic consequences of automatic affective information processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Measuring affective clarity indirectly: individual differences in response latencies of state.

This research investigated a new method to measure momentary affective clarity indirectly, which is based on latencies of responses to state affect items. Three studies revealed that this indirect measure of momentary clarity demonstrated high reliability and stability as well as convergent and predictive validity. The indirect measure was associated with dispositional clarity when the concept of clarity was activated before measuring response latencies (Studies 1 and 2) and was related to self-reports of momentary clarity (Study 3). Furthermore, Study 3 demonstrated that indirectly measured clarity decreased after an affectively complex film. Indirectly, but not directly, measured momentary clarity predicted a more positive affective state at the end of the study. This effect was mediated by affect regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Orolaryngeal reflex responses to changes in affective state.

Previous research has shown that the eye-blink startle reflex can be modulated by changes in affective state. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether human perioral and trigemino-laryngeal reflexes are sensitive to affective state changes. Impetus for this study comes from theories suggesting that orolaryngeal reflexes may be modulated by affective states, and as such influence voice and speech production. Subjects were 24 classically trained female sopranos (21-35 years). Each produced a pursing lip posture while sustaining the continuant /m/ at 440 Hz and at a comfortable voice intensity level. Simultaneously subjects were shown an aversive, pleasant, or neutral slide (experimental conditions) or no slide (control condition) and received unanticipated, servo-controlled mechanical taps to the midline upper lip. Perioral responses were recorded bilaterally from the orbicularis oris inferior (OOI) muscle using surface electromyography (EMG). Trigemino-laryngeal responses were obtained indirectly by measuring changes in the voltage analog of the voice fundamental frequency (VF0). Reflex responses were detected by smoothing and signal-averaging the VF0 and rectified EMG signals. Response magnitude and latency measures were compared across the affective valence and no-slide conditions. Statistically significant differences were not observed between conditions for the magnitude or temporal measures of either reflex. Significant differences, independent of affective valence, were observed between right and left early excitatory perioral response magnitudes. Differences between the startle and orolaryngeal reflexes, as well as the implications of these findings for speech motor control, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Affective communication of infants with autistic spectrum disorder and internal representation of their mothers.

We have been examining the developmental process of affective communication in infants with autistic spectrum disorders from the viewpoint of relationship disturbance through our developmental and psychopathological studies on autism. In particular, the role of internal representation of the mother in the process of development of affective communication is discussed through the presentation of two cases diagnosed as autistic spectrum disorder in early infancy. In these cases, we postulate approach-avoidance motivational conflict as the primary factor impeding development of affective communication, focusing therapeutic intervention on this perspective. As a result, attachment behavior was remarkably improved in the children, but affective communication with their mothers was not readily improved. Taking up the mothers' own internal representation in mother-infant psychotherapy, in particular, the mothers' problems in attachment behavior with their own mothers in infancy precipitated transition in the mothers' internal representation of their children, leading to active evolution in mother-child interaction and development in affective communication between mother and child. In this context, the basis and significance of internal representation of both parties being determinants in the quality of mother-child communication are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Affective communication in normal and brain-damaged adults: an overview.

In the past few decades an increasing number of investigators have examined how emotions are communicated through facial expression, speech prosody, and language in nonclinical and brain-damaged populations. Disorders of emotional communication (often referred to as affective processing disorders) are commonly associated with brain damage. These disorders include difficulty with expressing and perceiving emotional information, regulating emotions in communicative interactions, and demonstrating sensitivity to the emotional expressions of communicative partners. The purposes of this article are to: (1) describe "normal" affective communication; (2) review disorders in affective expression, perception, and regulation; (3) discuss the modality of facial expression and disorders of affective facial expression; and (4) present some informal tools for assessing affective processing.

Affect↗
PubMed1992

[Importance of calcium ions and calcium antagonists in affective psychoses].

Apart from the eminent changes in the neurotransmitter systems of the central nervous system, a disturbance of the calcium ion concentration may be of significance in the pathophysiology of affective psychoses. The present paper deals with the contribution of calcium ions in the generation of affective psychoses and discusses the calcium antagonism as a new strategy in the treatment of the disease. The following topics will be described: 1. Disturbances of calcium metabolism in affective psychoses, 2. a comparison of lithium and carbamazepine effects, 3. clinical studies with organic calcium channel blockers in affective psychoses and 4. the role of calcium ions in affective psychoses.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) strength and trait dominance are associated with affective response and perspective taking when viewing dyadic interactions.

The neurophysiology underlying the Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Inhibition Systems (BAS and BIS) and the impact of the strength of these systems on affective processing have received increased attention over the last 25 years. Specifically, left-frontal brain regions have been implicated in BAS strength as well as the experience of positive-approach affect (such as happiness). Conversely, BIS strength and negative-avoidance affect (such as fear) appear to be modulated by right-frontal brain regions. Taken together, it is not surprising that BAS and BIS strength have been associated with positive and negative affective biases, respectively, to emotional stimuli that do not involve extensive human interaction. The present investigation was designed to extend these findings by assessing the relationship between BAS and BIS strength on the perception of emotional interactions. Participants (n = 67) were shown four 2-min film clips that depict an individual exerting dominance over one or more other individuals. Each participant rated the clips with regard to valence, arousal, and dominance parameters, and then indicated the person(s) in the movie with whom they identified (i.e., the dominant individual or submissive individual[s]). Consistent with a priori hypotheses, persons identifying with the submissive character scored significantly higher on BIS sensitivity. BAS strength and BIS/BAS ratio, conversely, were not associated with character identification. Also as predicted, identification with the dominant movie character was associated with increased positive affect and feelings of dominance. Interestingly, although not hypothesized, trait dominance was also associated with character identification by virtue of being positively associated with BAS and PA and negatively associated with BIS and NA.

Adolescent↗