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PubMed1975

Dumbbell neuroblastomas in children.

A "dumbbell" neuroblastoma is a malignant neoplasm usually primary in the mediastinum or retroperitoneum with posterior extension through an intervertebral foramen to additional tumor within the spinal canal. Neurologic deficits are found in almost all cases. Nineteen patients with such tumors were reviewed with respect to diagnosis, management, and results. Treatment consisted of prompt laminectomy with total or subtotal excision of the extradural tumor. The primary tumor in the mediastinum or retroperitoneal area was removed at a second stage. All patients received postoperative radiation therapy. Eleven of the 17 patients observed more than two years are free of disease, a cure rate much higher than the overall experience with neuroblastoma. Substantial recovery of neurologic function occurred in most, but kyphoscoliotic deformities were a disturbingly frequent late complication.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

[Ultrasonographic findings and integration with computerized tomography in pathology of the abdominal wall].

Ultrasonography (US) plays a major role in the study of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall. Our experience refers to 150 patients examined over a 5-year period, who were divided into two groups according to disease etiology: 72 patients suffered from iatrogenic and 78 from non-iatrogenic conditions. The first group was mainly composed of alterations caused by anticoagulation therapy, e.g., hematomas, and recent or previous surgery, i.e., 19 incisional hernias and 19 inflammatory-abscess processes. The second group included above all 32 cases of abdominal wall hernia, 18 neoplasms, 13 traumas with abdominal wall involvement only and 12 inflammatory processes. US yielded valuable pieces of information to diagnose iatrogenic conditions, even for small or non-relevant conditions. Moreover, US allowed non-iatrogenic conditions to be located and identified, accurately demonstrating abdominal wall layers involvement. US was also very useful in the patients whose physical examination is of no use or difficult, e.g., in the patients with much pain and trauma or obese patients. CT was used in selected cases only, as a complement to US, when a more detailed spatial assessment of wide or deep lesions was necessary.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1975

[Viruses and brain tumors (author's transl)].

This brief review paper deals mainly with oncogenic DNA viruses originally isolated from human patients, i.e., human adenoviruses and human papova JC viruses. Human adenovirus type 12 was first isolated in 1953 in cell cultures derived from the adenoids of infected children. Since then, 32 antigenic types of human adenovirus have been identified. At least eight serotypes (12, 18, 31, 3, 7, 14, 16, and 21) are now known to be capable of producing tumors in newborn rodents. A direct causal relationship between a human adenovirus and malignant transformations in target cells (sensory neuronal precursors) has been definitely established by the development of a medullo-epitheliomatous neoplasm in the brain and spinal cord of an outbred strain of CD rats at as high an incidence as 90%. Intraocular inoculation of adenovirus in newborn rats within one week also has produced typical retinoblastomatous neoplasms. The remarkably uniform histopathologic appearance of all these malignancies in nervous tissue can be attributed to a primitive neuro-epitheliomatous neoplasm derived from sensory microneuron precursors that densely populate both the ventricular zone and the premature sensory retina at the point of virus inoculation. All of these brain and retinal tumors appear to share a common tumor phenotype, as all tumor cells contain cilia with the same morphology (a 9+0 pattern of doublets associated with a pair of centrioles). The production of adenovirus tumor-specific neoantigen (T), an earmark of the viral genome, can be regularly demonstrated by the immunofluorescein microscopic procedure. All transformed cells within both the ventricular zone and the retinal ganglion cell anlage thus appear to continue the production of (T) antigens. These findings lead us to assume that the target cell determinants in adenovirus tumorigenesis may reside in differentiating microneuron precursors ordained for the sensory neuronal complex.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

Extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors: their histological variability and potentially aggressive behavior.

The histological variability of solitary fibrous tumors may contribute to the difficulty in diagnosing these neoplasms, especially when they arise in extrathoracic sites. Like intrathoracic lesions, the behavior of extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors is currently unpredictable because these types of tumor have only recently been recognized. This study therefore was undertaken to examine the clinical behavior and histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of 24 extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors with long-term follow-up. The patients comprised 10 men and 14 women, between 30 and 85 years of age (mean, 51 years). Ten tumors were located in the retroperitoneum or pelvis, 5 in the trunk, 4 in the extremities, 2 in the orbital region, and 1 each in the kidney, uterine cervix, and meninges. All of the tumors showed a classic morphological appearance, diffuse and strong immunoreactivity for both vimentin and CD34, and variable reactivity for bcl-2. All 7 cases examined ultrastructurally contained fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Six tumors contained multinucleated giant cells, and in 4 cases these lined pseudovascular spaces with mononuclear cells, thus resembling giant cell angiofibroma and giant cell fibroblastoma. Other potentially similar spindle cell neoplasms mixed with adipose tissue, such as dendritic fibromyxolipoma, lipomatous hemangiopericytoma, cellular angiofibroma, and spindle cell lipoma, were considered in the differential diagnosis. One tumor displayed atypical histological features in the form of increased cellularity and nuclear pleomorphism, but this patient has remained free of disease for 14 years. Another 2 patients developed local recurrences at 6 months and 5 years, and a further patient developed pulmonary metastases that were diagnosed after 7 years. These tumors lacked any atypical histological features in the primary lesions. No patient has so far died of the disease. In conclusion, most extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors appear to pursue a benign course, although, because some have the potential to recur or metastasize, careful long-term follow-up is necessary for all patients.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas in Irish patients. A preliminary report from the Dublin Soft Tissue Tumour Panel.

Sarcomas of the soft tissues and viscera are a diverse group of uncommon neoplasms that often present difficult diagnostic and management problems. The Dublin Soft Tissue Tumour Panel prospectively reviewed pathology material from 137 patients of four Dublin teaching hospitals between January 1989 and August 1990. The prevalence of sarcomas in Irish patients was found to be similar to that estimated for the United States. The most common sarcoma of soft tissues was malignant fibrous histiocytoma (14) and the most common visceral sarcoma was leiomyosarcoma (10). The most problematic diagnoses were 3 peripheral neuroepitheliomas (extraskeletal Ewing's sarcomas) which occurred in patients aged 19-27 years, distinctly younger than the typical adult sarcoma patient. Clinical follow-up is in progress and will be combined with the findings of a linked retrospective study, to facilitate evaluation of all aspects of management.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality assurance in radiotherapy of neoplasms of the upper abdomen.

Neoplasms of the upper abdomen involve complex problems for radiotherapy. In fact, the anatomical structures are close to each other, lymphatic vessels are numerous and complex, there are organs of low radiation tolerance whose reciprocal position is of difficult assessment and finally there is high visceral mobility due to the diaphragmatic movements. Moreover most organs cannot be identified with the simulator and bone references are of little use. Therefore, treatment of these sites requires the routine application of quality assurance programs, checks of treatment reproducibility, in particular: In a number of clinical settings, CT study of the region (in treatment position) must be included in treatment planning and set-up with simulator and fluoroscopy. Before, during, and after radiotherapy, clinical exams and laboratory tests should be performed to assess the integrity of critical organs.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract lesions by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) allows detailed imaging of both intramural and extramural structures of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and also allows tissue samples to be obtained from masses and lesions in the GI tract. The objective of the current study was to determine the diagnostic utility of EUS-FNA in evaluating intramural and extramural GI tract lesions. METHODS: The authors evaluated all EUS-FNA specimens of GI tract lesions obtained over a 30-month period (from August 2000 to February 2003). Samples of pancreatic and intrabdominal/mediastinal lymph nodes were excluded from the study. A single endosonographer performed all procedures. An attending cytopathologist also was present on site to assess specimen adequacy. Cytologic diagnoses were analyzed for correlations with final diagnoses, which were based on histologic examination of biopsied/resected pathology materials and/or clinical follow-up findings. RESULTS: Sixty-two EUS-FNA specimens of intramural and extramural GI tract lesions were obtained from a total of 60 patients. The mean patient age was 58.8 years (standard deviation, 15.3 years). Thirty-six patients (60%) were male, and 24 (40%) were female. Twenty-eight patients had surgical pathologic evaluation of the corresponding lesions. The remaining 32 patients were followed clinically for a mean duration of 9.5 months (standard deviation, 7.7 months). The anatomic sites of the lesions were as follows: esophagus in 23 patients (37%), stomach in 13 patients (21%), duodenum in 15 patients (24%), and rectum/sigmoid in 11 patients (18%). It is noteworthy that 29 patients (43%) previously had experienced unsuccessful attempts at tissue diagnosis by endoscopic forceps biopsy. Of the 62 EUS-FNA specimens, 43, 4, and 15 were reported as being positive for a neoplasm, suspicious, and benign, respectively. Neoplastic lesions included carcinoma (n = 24), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST; n = 18), neuroendocrine neoplasm (n = 2), and lymphoma (n = 1). There were two cases of endometriosis, three foregut duplication cysts, and one case of diverticulosis. There were two lesions that yielded false-negative findings (one gastric lymphoma and one GIST) secondary to sampling or interpretive error. There also were three cases that yielded false-positive findings (one case of endometriosis, one case of duodenal diverticula with smooth muscle hyperplasia, and one case of normal pancreas, which presented as a periduodenal mass). The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA in diagnosing GI tract neoplastic lesions were 89%, 88%, and 89%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-FNA provides accurate tissue diagnosis in a wide variety of extraintestinal mass lesions and intramural GI tumors, particularly in patients for whom previous endoscopic forceps biopsy was unsuccessful in establishing a diagnosis.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunoendocrine therapy with low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus melatonin of locally advanced or metastatic endocrine tumors.

Recent evidence has shown that endocrine tumors are under an endocrine and an immune regulation, and that biotherapies with interferon or the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide may be effective in the control of tumor growth and clinical symptomatology. Within the biotherapies of tumors, interleukin-2(IL-2) has appeared to play an essential role in the antitumor immune response. Despite its important antitumor role, very few studies have been carried out to investigate the possible use of IL-2 in the treatment of advanced endocrine tumors. Its potential toxicity would represent the main limiting factor for the clinical experiments with IL-2. Our previous studies have shown that the pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) may amplify the antitumor activity of IL-2, either through immunomodulating mechanisms or through a direct cytostatic activity by inhibiting tumor growth factor production. On this basis, we have performed a phase II pilot study with low-dose IL-2 plus MLT in 14 patients with untreatable endocrine tumors because of disseminated disease, lack of response to previous standard biotherapies or chemotherapies, or tumors for whom no effective therapy is available. Thyroid cancers, carcinoid and endodrine pancreatic tumors were the most frequent neoplasms. IL-2 was given at 3 million IU/day s.c. at 8 p.m. for 6 days/week for 4 weeks, corresponding to one cycle. MLT was given orally at 40 mg/day at 8 p.m. every day. In nonprogressed patients, a second cycle was given after a 21-day rest period. Patients were considered as evaluable when they received at least one complete cycle, and 12 patients were fully evaluable. According to WHO criteria, a partial response was achieved in 3/12 (25%) patients (carcinoid tumor: 1; neuroendocrine lung tumor: 1; pancreatic islet cell tumor: 1). Another patient with gastrinoma had a more than 50% reduction of tumor markers. Toxicity was low in all patients. This preliminary study suggests that low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy in association with the pineal hormone MLT may constitute a new well-tolerated and potentially active therapy of untreatable advanced endocrine tumors.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1975

111-In-labelled bleomycin; clinical experience as a diagnostic agent in tumours of the thorax and abdomen.

The potential value of indium-labelled bleomycin as a diagnostic scanning agent has been investigated in patients with a variety of malignant neoplasms involving the thorax, abdomen or pelvis. Sixty-five patients were scanned on 72 occasions, the optimum time to perform the examination being 72 hours after the intravenous injection of 2 mCi 111-In chelated to 2 mg bleomycin. Tumour uptake was visualized in 53 out of 62 scans in which tumour was present, but the extent of tumour was underestimated in seven cases, and over-estimated in five others. The latter were mostly due to uptake in infective lesions. These results indicate that the situations in which indium bleomycin is most likely to provide clinically relevant information are the distinction between recurrent tumour and post-radiotherapy changes in the thorax and pelvis, the diagnosis of recurrent carcinoma within the pelvis, and the distinction between bony metastases from carcinoma of the prostate and Paget's disease. Further clinical trials are necessary to assess these situations.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1998

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor: RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemical detection of the Wilm's tumor gene WT1.

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor is an aggressive neoplasm first described in 1991. Recently, a reciprocal translocation t(11;22)(p13;q12) has been characterized by conventional cytogenetic studies and molecular analysis. This translocation involves the Ewing's sarcoma gene on chromosome 22 and the Wilms' tumor gene WT1 on chromosome 11. The chimeric transcript corresponding to the fusion gene could be detected by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using an anti-WT1 antibody, the WT1 part of the putative chimeric protein could be recognized by immunohistochemistry. We describe two well-characterized cases of intraabdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor in two male patients aged 14 and 28 with both RT-PCR analysis and immunostaining for WT1. In this report, we insist on the necessity to increase the RT-PCR analysis in DSRCT in order to obtain a precise differential diagnosis. In addition, WT1 immunostaining may serve as a useful diagnostic marker for DSRCT.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Venous sampling for fibroblast growth factor-23 confirms preoperative diagnosis of tumor-induced osteomalacia.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a paraneoplastic disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia, phosphaturia, inappropriately low serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D for hypophosphatemia, and skeletal undermineralization. Patients with TIO suffer from severe muscle weakness and pain. Because surgical removal of the responsible tumors is the only satisfactory treatment for TIO, identification of the tumors is clinically essential. However, because they are predominantly slow-growing neoplasms of benign mesenchymal origin, localization of the responsible tumors is often very difficult. Moreover, even if a tumor is found in a patient with hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, we have had no way to know that the tumor is actually causing the disease. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) was recently identified as a causative factor for TIO and was shown to induce renal phosphate wasting. We have recently shown that the circulatory FGF-23 level was high in a patient with TIO and rapidly decreased after removal of the responsible tumor. For the first time, we describe a patient with adult-onset hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in whom a clinical diagnosis of TIO was confirmed before surgical removal of the tumor by localizing the responsible tumor using venous sampling for FGF-23 together with magnetic resonance imaging. This combinatorial procedure would be clinically useful for sporadic cases of hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Role of radiation therapy in the management of malignant chondroid syringoma.

BACKGROUND: Malignant sweat gland neoplasms are exceedingly rare tumors. Malignant chondroid syringoma (MCS) is one of the rarest subtypes, and as such, still poorly understood. It lacks distinctive clinical features, often delaying initial diagnosis and therapeutic management. OBJECTIVE: A current case and the available literature are reviewed to determine the overall clinical course of the MCS and the potential role of adjuvant therapy. METHODS: A case of MCS was studied by light microscope, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. The clinical data of this case and of other reported cases are summarized and compared. RESULTS: This tumor recurred locally after initial local excision. Subsequent re-excision and radiation therapy rendered the patient without evidence of disease. This case study and the literature review of the 20 reported cases indicate that MCS is highly recurrent with tendency toward metastasis. CONCLUSION: MCS appears to behave in an aggressive manner. An initial treatment modality is aggressive surgery. Adjuvant radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy should be tried in future cases.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Fine-needle aspiration cytology accuracy with palpable gynecologic neoplasms.

From 1984 to 1988, 62 fine-needle aspirations (FNA) were performed on palpable lesions in 59 gynecologic oncology patients at the UCLA Medical Center. Sites of aspiration included abdomen, cervix, vagina, superficial lymph nodes, and pelvic masses. Confirmatory open biopsy (41) or adequate clinical follow-up (17) was obtained in 55 patients (58 aspirates). FNA correctly established the diagnosis of malignancy in 19 of 26 (73%) biopsied patients. The predictive value for a positive test was 100%, and the predictive value for a negative test was 82%. Initial surgical biopsy had been incorrectly benign in 4 of these patients who were shown subsequently to have malignant tumors by FNA and clinical findings. In 7 patients, FNA failed to diagnose the malignancy found by open biopsy. Two of the false-negative FNAs were insufficient and five were in masses where palpation was inadequate. In 17 patients who were followed clinically without open biopsy, FNA correctly predicted the subsequent clinical course in 15 (88%). There were no false-positive FNA diagnoses obtained when cytologic results were correlated with both clinical outcome and surgical biopsy. Aspiration cytology has a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 65%. A negative FNA obtained from a clinically suspicious lesion should be followed by a repeat aspiration or surgical biopsy.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1978

Laparoscopy in the evaluation of gynecologic cancer.

Laparoscopy was used to evaluate 60 patients with a variety of known or suspected gynecologic neoplasms. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed on 18 patients to confirm benign or malignant pelvic masses or to confirm peritoneal carcinomatosis. Ten of these 18 patients (56%) were found to have unresectable carcinomatosis or benign disease which did not require further surgery. Staging laparoscopy was performed on 13 patients of which 3 had clinically unsuspected intraperitoneal spread of their disease. Surveillance laparoscopy was performed on 29 patients to determine the remission, regression, or progression of their disease following treatment; 8 (27%) had progressive or unresectable persistent disease. Despite the fact that the study comprised a high-risk group of previously operated on or irradiated patients, there was only one major complication. There was, however, a 10% incidence of laparoscopic failure from inadequate visualization. Twenty-one of the study patients (35%) were spared a laparotomy by the use of laparoscopy. The findings of this investigation help to identify those gynecologic oncology patients who should benefit most from the use of laparoscopy as an adjunct to the diagnosis, staging, or surveillance of intraabdominal malignant tumors.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

[Echography in the study of adenopathies of the upper abdomen].

Four-hundred eighty-five patients underwent US examination; 183 of them had gastric cancer, 239 colorectal cancer, 38 pancreatic cancer, 11 esophageal cancer, and 14 had gastric lymphoma. All patients underwent surgery. In 95 cases fine-needle biopsy under US guidance was performed. Lymphadenopathies were classified by the criteria proposed by Yoshinaka et al., type I: poorly-defined borders, diffuse internal echoes; type II: well-defined borders, diffuse internal echoes; type III: well-defined borders, notchings, strong internal echoes. Twenty/twenty-nine type I, 66/98 type II, and 39/43 type III adenopathies were found to be neoplasm-positive. Of 73 patients with adenopathy from gastric cancer, 9 were type I, 42 were type II, and 22 were type III (183 patients examined); of 9 patients with adenopathy from esophageal cancer, 7 were type II and 2 were type III (11 patients examined); of 48 patients with adenopathy from colorectal cancer, 5 were type I, 28 were type II, and 15 were type III (239 patients examined); of 29 patients with adenopathy from pancreatic cancer, 7 were type I, 18 were type II, and 4 were type III (38 patients examined); finally, of 11 patients with adenopathy from gastric lymphoma, 8 were type I, and 3 were type II (14 patients examined). The relationship between US and pathology was possible from a statistical point of view only. Type I lymphadenopathies seem to suggest lymphomatous involvement, whereas type III ones suggest metastatic involvement. US is a valid approach method, which must be supported by other investigation techniques--e.g., CT and lymphography--in order to avoid high false-negative percentages.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1986

Direct coronal and direct sagittal CT of abdomen and pelvis: an approach to staging malignancies.

Direct coronal and sagittal CT images are of high quality and are applicable to a majority of patients in daily practice. Because of the fact that transverse scans alone can be misleading, direct CT images in two or more different planes greatly enhance one's capability to stage neoplasms that are complex and extensive. The integrity of the margins of an organ, in the presence of tumor, is best determined by coronal or sagittal scanning. Lesions of the adrenal and kidney and retroperitoneal processes with possible extension into liver or other adjacent organs can be evaluated best using the combination of transverse and coronal or sagittal scans of the upper abdomen. Depending on the origin of pelvic lesions, the radiologist must consider in every individual case the performance of either direct coronal or sagittal sections or both. This judgment is based on the findings on the transverse scans, understanding of anatomic relationships of the pelvic viscera and knowledge of staging systems and their implications with respect to therapeutic decisions. In such a tailored approach, multiplanar CT facilitates improved presurgical evaluation. In some cases, the true extent of the lesion can only be seen in the coronal or sagittal planes. A potential new role for direct multiplanar CT is that it may be used as a sort of "gold standard" for the analysis of multiplanar ultrasound and MRI studies.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1978

Does cyclophosphamide induce bladder cancer?

An increasing incidence of bladder neoplasms temporally associated with chemotherapy, usually cyclophosphamide, is being reported. These secondary primary bladder malignancies are characteristically found in two groups of patients: those with lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative tumors, and those with immunosuppression after organ transplantation. A case of adenocarcinoma of the bladder associated with malignant lymphoma is reported, and the known cases of second primary bladder malignancies after cyclophosphamide therapy as reported in the literature are reviewed. Studies relating to the enhanced occurrence of second primary cancers in lymphoproliferative disorders are presented. The recognized urologic toxicities of cyclophosphamide, including cytopathologic changes in animals and humans, are discussed. The observed association between immunosuppression and second primary malignancies is explored, as supported by studies on congenital immunodeficiency in humans, viral oncogenesis in experimental animals, and neoplasia after organ transplantation. Possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis associated with cyclophosphamide are reviewed, including suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune defense mechanisms, direct carcinogenesis, or cocarcinogenesis. A plea is made for the orderly reporting and careful documentation of bladder tumors in patients receiving cyclophosphamide. It is suggested that prospective studies in these patients and in patients receiving cyclophosphamide for nonmalignant disorders would be of value in assessing the culpability of cyclophosphamide as a carcinogen.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

EWS and WT-1 gene fusion in desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the abdomen.

Chromosome translocations found in neoplasms often result in the creation of hybrid genes encoding chimeric proteins. This case study describes a patient with desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) of the abdomen, an aggressive neoplasm characterized by translocation of chromosomes 11 and 22. Southern hybridization showed that the Ewing sarcoma gene (EWS) gene was rearranged in the DSRCT. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of tumor cell RNA revealed that exons 1 to 7 of the EWS gene were joined to exons 8 to 10 of the Wilms' Tumor-1 (WT-1) gene resulting in the production of a chimeric message. The WT-1 and EWS genes encode DNA and RNA binding proteins involved in Wilms' tumor and Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis, respectively. The fusion of these two genes in DSRCT results in the production of a putatively oncogenic protein composed of the zinc finger DNA binding domains of WT-1 linked to potential transcriptional regulatory domains of EWS. DNA sequencing revealed the genomic breakpoints of translocation on chromosomes 11 and 22. The genomic breakpoint on chromosome 22 occurred in EWS intron 7 just 2 nucleotides 3' of exon 7. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays were developed that could detect the fused genes in the DSRCT tumor using either RNA or genomic DNA. The potential diagnostic use of these assays is discussed.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗