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PubMed1984

Preferences for salivary odor cues by female hamsters.

There is a growing body of data which indicates that saliva may function as a chemosignal in mammals. The salience of this cue in hamsters is investigated. Twelve females were tested in a four-choice olfactorium to determine whether the subjects could differentiate and demonstrate a preference for salivary cues as a function of the dominance status of the stimulus donors and the subjects estrous state. Clear differences in responding were found for estrous as opposed to diestrous females. Estrous females detected and exhibited a preference for male stimuli on the basis of entry and approach measures. Subjects were also found to exhibit sniffing preferences for male odors and possible an avoidance of female odors relative to the saline control. Estrous females appeared to be unable to distinguish between dominant and subordinate males.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nursing supervisors' view through rose-colored glasses: an overestimation of employees' positive attitudes.

Nursing supervisors, nurses, and nursing aides were surveyed regarding attitudes about their shared work environment. Results support the hypotheses indicating that supervisors will generally be more positive in their perceptions than will employees at lower levels in the organization. In this study, nursing supervisors reported higher levels of distributive justice and team cooperation as well as a more appropriate patient-to-staff ratio than did nurses and nursing aides. Further, the nurses reported significantly higher levels of politics than the supervisors. Suggestions for developing perceptions more realistic and consistent with subordinates are offered.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Effects of previous experience on the agonistic behaviour of male crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus.

Male solitary animals frequently enter aggressive interactions with conspecific individuals to protect their territory or to gain access to females. After an agonistic encounter, the loser (subordinate individual) changes its behaviour from aggression to avoidance. We investigated agonistic interactions between pairs of male crickets to understand how dominance is established and maintained. Two naïve males readily entered into agonistic interactions. Fights escalated in a stereotyped manner and were concluded with the establishment of dominance. If individuals were isolated after the first encounter and placed together 15 minutes later, subordinate crickets tended to avoid any further contact with the former dominant opponent. Moreover, subordinate males also avoided unfamiliar dominant and naïve opponents. They displayed aggressive behaviour only towards unfamiliar subordinate opponents. This suggests that the subordinate male change their behaviour depending on the dominance status of the opponent. Dominant crickets, in contrast, displayed aggressive behaviour towards familiar as well as unfamiliar opponents. If the interval between the first and second encounter was longer than 30 minutes, the former subordinate male showed aggressive behaviour again. However, if the subordinate cricket was paired with the same opponent three consecutive times within 45 minutes, it avoided the former dominant opponent for up to 6 hours following the third encounter. Our results suggest that the maintenance of dominance in male crickets depends largely on the behavioural change of subordinate individuals. Possible mechanisms to maintain dominance are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

Social stress in mice: gender differences and effects of estrous cycle and social dominance.

A large discrepancy in the possibility of inducing social stress in the two genders exists. Since generalizations of findings from one sex to the other appear not to be valid, reliable models of social stress in females are needed. We examined the effects of social context in the housing environment, as a possible source of stress, on exploration and anxiety in male and female mice, taking into account the estrous phase for females and the social status for males as additional variables. Mice housed individually or with siblings were tested in a free-exploratory paradigm of anxiety (where test animals have a choice to stay in their home cage or to explore an open field, OF). Individually housed females did not leave their home cage for long periods, explored less the unfamiliar area and displayed higher risk assessment, a behavioral profile suggestive of lower propensity for exploration and higher level of anxiety compared with group-housed females. Individually housed males tended to show an opposite profile. Proestrus mice were less sensitive to the decrease of exploratory propensity induced by individually housing compared to estrus and diestrus mice. Social dominants and social subordinates in sibling groups did not differ in their exploratory responses to the OF. Different housing procedures, as means to provide different social environment, may differentially induce mild social stress in male and female mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Corticosterone, reproductive status, and body mass in a cooperative breeder, the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens).

In the cooperatively breeding Florida scrub-jay, nonbreeders are subordinate to the breeders with which they share a territory. Corticosterone is secreted in response to a wide range of stressors, including social stress, and suppresses reproductive and territorial behaviors in several taxa; thus, elevated baseline levels of corticosterone might be a causal mechanism of reproductive suppression. To test the hypothesis that nonbreeder Florida scrub-jays are reproductively suppressed through the actions of corticosterone, we compared corticosterone levels of nonbreeders and breeders and found no differences. However, baseline corticosterone levels only provide information about a bird's current hormonal status. Virtually all species exhibit a rapid rise in glucocorticoids in response to an acute stressor. If the adrenocortical response of nonbreeders is greater than that of breeders, this might be a mechanism whereby nonbreeders remain reproductively quiescent. We compared the responses of breeders and nonbreeders to the acute stress of being captured and held for 1 h. Both exhibited significant but equivalent increases in corticosterone titers. Because in some species heavier or fatter individuals have reduced glucocorticoid responses to stressors, we examined whether body mass was correlated with corticosterone titers. Both baseline and maximum corticosterone levels covaried with body mass, and the effect of body mass on corticosterone levels explained the increase due to capture and handling. Our data do not support the hypothesis that Florida scrub-jay nonbreeders are reproductively suppressed through the actions of corticosterone.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Is pain-induced aggression actually a defensive form of that behavior?].

25-minute testing of aggressive reactions in constant pairs of male rats, elicited by electric shocks shows that electro-pain aggression of rats is not a homogeneous process, but consists of three successive stages: orienting-investigatory activity and attempts to get out of the chamber; defensive aggression; establishing of relations of domination-subordination and attacking aggression. Division in attacking rats and defending themselves, occurs mainly at final stages of testing (15-25 min); in some pairs reactions of attacking aggression are accomplished by the same rats. It is supposed that rats pain aggression is not a purely defensive form of this behaviour, but a modification of intermale aggression caused by specificity of laboratory conditions.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

Chemical communication, aggression, and conspecific recognition in the fish Nile tilapia.

The chemical modulation of agonistic behavior and conspecific recognition were tested in juveniles of the fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). After a 7-day isolation period, the fish were grouped (four individuals per aquarium) for 7 days. Then fish of alpha and beta ranks (previously matched for similar size) were paired in a neutral territory for analysis of their agonistic interaction. Pairs composed of alpha and beta fish were established with either fish from the same group (familiar) or from two different groups (unfamiliar). The pairs were tested in contiguous compartments, either with water exchange between the compartments or in the absence of water exchange. In each condition the fish were separated by a transparent glass partition. Twelve pairs were tested in each experimental condition. Fish behavior was videotaped and the following variables were analyzed: (a) frequency of and time spent in agonistic patterns, (b) latency to start fighting, and (c) duration of swimming. Water exchange between compartments decreased agonistic interactions. This effect, however, was more pronounced in pairs of fish coming from the same group (in this case, subordinate fish spent less time in confrontations than dominant ones). We conclude that chemical communication decreases aggression in this species by (1) inducing an alarm reaction and (2) increasing conspecific recognition (thus stabilizing the dominance hierarchy).

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of antidepressant drugs on dominance behavior in rats competing for food.

Wistar male rats were maintained on a regimen of restricted access to food. The animals were randomly paired and placed in a special apparatus containing the feeder constructed in such a manner that only one rat at a time could drink sweetened milk. The dominance-subordination (d-s) relationship developed in about 80% of the pairs. This was manifested by the dominant rat eating for a longer period of time than the submissive rat. Clonidine (0.1 mg/kg ip) given to the dominant rats abolished the stable d-s hierarchies. Tricyclic antidepressants and mianserin given for 5 consecutive days prevented the clonidine action. Yohimbine, the antagonist of alpha 2 adrenoceptors produced a similar effect. Drugs belonging to other groups (e.g. neuroleptics and anxiolytics) had no effect on the clonidine-induced suppression of dominance.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Heart rate responses to social interactions in free-moving rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): a pilot study.

Heart rate telemetry was explored as a means to access animal emotion during social interactions under naturalistic conditions. Heart rates of 2 middle-ranking adult females living in a large group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were recorded along with their behavior. Heart rate changes during 2 types of interactions were investigated, while controlling for the effects of posture and activity. The risk of aggression associated with the approach of a dominant individual was expected to provoke anxiety in the approachee. This prediction was supported by the heart rate increase after such an approach. No increase was found when the approacher was a kin or a subordinate individual. The tension-reduction function of allogrooming was also supported. Heart rate decelerated faster during the receipt of grooming than in matched control periods.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Repeated social-defeat stress, cocaine or morphine. Effects on behavioral sensitization and intravenous cocaine self-administration "binges".

RATIONALE: Repeated social stress experiences engender "behavioral sensitization" and may also increase the potential for abuse of psychomotor stimulants, particularly cocaine use during "binges." OBJECTIVE: Experimental protocols were designed to induce behavioral sensitization through exposures to social-defeat stress or injections of cocaine or morphine. The impact of stress, cocaine or morphine sensitization on cocaine self-administration was assessed using several protocols. METHODS: Behavioral sensitization was induced in male Long-Evans rats by four social-defeat stress episodes, each separated by 72 h. Expression was assessed following a challenge of D-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) or cocaine (7.5 mg/kg or 10.0 mg/kg), 10-15 days after the last defeat. Sensitization to cocaine (15.0 mg/kg) or morphine (10.0 mg/kg) was induced via daily administrations for 10 days and later assessed by challenges with cocaine or morphine. Subsequently, i.v. self-administration of cocaine was analyzed for (i) rates of acquisition, (ii) sensitivity to various doses, (iii) "breaking points" during a progressive ratio schedule of cocaine reinforcement, and (iv) patterns of intake during a 24-h binge, in sensitized and control rats. RESULTS: Social-defeat stress, cocaine or morphine administrations increased the locomotor response to stimulant challenges. During 24-h cocaine self-administration binges, sensitization to social-defeat stress or to cocaine prolonged responding, resulting in more cocaine intake. In addition, cocaine sensitization increased the rate of acquisition to cocaine self-administration and the breaking point during a progressive ratio schedule. CONCLUSION: The process of sensitization to social-defeat stress or cocaine intensifies cocaine intake during a binge, supporting the hypothesis that sensitization may facilitate the transition to compulsive drug taking.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

"If you and I, if we, in this later day, lose that sacred fire . . .": perspective in political interviews.

It is argued in the following that the dialogical complexity of speaker perspective requires a broad empirical analysis. To date, such analyses, particularly of political discourse, have been couched in terms of narrower concepts, such as self-presentation and political positioning or involvement/distancing, and have been typically carried out by means of qualitative methods applied to pronominal usage. The present research applies complementarily both quantitative and qualitative analyses to BBC television interviews of Shimon Peres (January 29, 2001) and of Edward Said (October 18, 2000) by Tim Sebastian in a program entitled HARDtalk. In addition to pronouns, these analyses include a number of other hypothetical indicators of a broad concept of perspective on the part of both interviewer and interviewees: turn-initial words, hesitations, questions, use of yes and no, personal reference utterances (e.g., I think), interjections, number of syllables spoken, and interruptions and overlaps. Quantitative comparisons of interviewer with interviewee revealed important differences on all these measures. Qualitative analyses also confirmed subtle local dynamics of perspective. Accordingly, the findings are interpreted within a general theoretical concept of perspective, derived from Bakhtin's (1981) dialogicity.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed1988

Kinship, familiarity, aggression, and dominance in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in seminatural enclosures.

This study was designed to test the effects of kinship and postweaning familiarity on male-male aggressive interactions in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in a more naturalistic situation than that of most tests of kin discrimination. Familiar males (i.e., those housed together from weaning) displayed significantly less aggression than unfamiliar males; kinship per se did not appear to affect levels of aggression. In addition, dominant males copulated more than subordinates and under some conditions sired more offspring. The postest copulatory patterns showed that the subordinate males ejaculated after fewer intromissions than did dominant males.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Supervisor referrals to work-family programs.

Supervisors play an important role in determining whether employees use work-family programs. Yet little research has examined the factors that relate to supervisor perceptions of and behaviors surrounding work-family programs. This study builds on past research, the theory of reasoned action, and expectancy theory to explore factors that contribute to supervisors' decisions to refer subordinates to work-family programs. Usable surveys assessing perceptions of work-family programs were completed and returned by 1972 managers in a large government agency. Results revealed that program awareness and instrumentality perceptions both contributed uniquely to predicting the frequency of supervisors' referrals to work-family programs. Supportive attitudes also predicted referrals, but only through their shared relationship with instrumentality perceptions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sex roles in management: the impact of varying power of speech style on union members' perception of satisfaction and effectiveness.

Effective management has traditionally been associated with men and masculine characteristics. In this study, I focused on manager communication, specifically the perceived effects of stereotypical gender/power speech styles. Union members viewed and rated a male and a female manager on videotape using three gender/power speech styles: stereotypical masculine (powerful), stereotypical feminine (powerless), and mixed gender/power. Union respondents judged both the male and female manager using the mixed gender/power speech style as most effective and as being associated with the most satisfied employees.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of environmental background colour and social interaction in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus).

In salmonid fish, a darker skin colour has been suggested to signal social subordination. Substratum colour is another factor affecting skin pigmentation in fish; in the present experiment, juvenile Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) were acclimated and allowed to interact in pairs for 5 days on a pale or dark background colour. Skin darkness was quantified prior to and following social interaction. Furthermore, agonistic behaviour and skin darkness were quantified, together with plasma levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), and brain levels of monoamines and monoamine metabolites. The results show that fish interacting on a white background were more aggressive than those interacting on a black background. Social subordination resulted in skin darkening in fish kept on a white background, but not in fish kept on a black background. Furthermore, subordinate fish on a white background showed an elevation of brain norepinephric activity, an effect not seen in subordinate fish on a black background. Subordinate fish on both white and black backgrounds showed a similar activation of the brain serotonergic system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis. These results support the suggestion that skin darkening in subordinates acts as a social signal announcing social submission.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗