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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Levels of house dust mite-specific IgE and cockroach-specific IgE and their association with lower pulmonary function in Taiwanese children.

OBJECTIVE: Sensitization to an aeroallergen is known to diminish pulmonary function in young children and adults; however, it remains unclear whether it produces similar effects in adolescents. This study, therefore, examined the relationship between serum allergen-specific IgE levels and pulmonary function in adolescents. DESIGN: Middle-school children were invited for a physician's evaluation and pulmonary function test when not experiencing an asthma attack and for the determination of serum levels of specific IgE to common allergens. SETTING: National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan. SUBJECTS: Middle-school children in southern Taiwan, who had completed both a nationally administered Chinese version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and a pulmonary function test in October 1996. RESULTS: Forty-two then currently asthmatic children, 38 children with asthma in remission (no reported attack for > 12 months), and 69 children without asthma completed the study. Children with asthma had a significantly lower adjusted forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF(25-75%)) and FEV(1)/FVC than children without asthma. A greater percentage of children with asthma were more sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p), Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f), and German cockroach but not cat dander or dog dander. Children with asthma with Der f-specific IgE > 100 IU/mL, or cockroach-specific IgE > 0.7 IU/mL showed lower pulmonary function. No such association was found in children without asthma. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that sensitization to Der f and German cockroach was a critical factor for the lower pulmonary function observed in middle-school children with asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pesticide exposure and stunting as independent predictors of neurobehavioral deficits in Ecuadorian school children.

OBJECTIVES: To examine possible effects on blood pressure, neurological function, and neurobehavioral tests in school-aged children with and without prenatal pesticide exposure in an area where stunting is common. METHODS: In a community of Northern Ecuador with intensive floriculture and a high female employment rate, we invited 79 children attending the 2 lowest grades of a public school for clinical examinations. In addition to a thorough physical examination, we administered simple reaction time, Santa Ana dexterity test, Stanford-Binet copying, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Digit Spans forward. Maternal interview included detailed assessment of occupational history to determine pesticide exposure during pregnancy. Recent and current pesticide exposure was assessed by erythrocyte acetylcholine esterase activity and urinary excretion of organophosphate metabolites. RESULTS: All eligible children participated in the study, but 7 children were excluded from data analysis due to other disease or age >9 years. A total of 31 of the remaining 72 children were classified as stunted based on their height for age. Maternal occupational history revealed that 37 children had been exposed to pesticides during development. After confounder adjustment, prenatal pesticide exposure was associated with a higher systolic blood pressure than in the controls. On neurological examination, 14 exposed children and 9 controls showed > or =1 abnormalities. Of 5 neurobehavioral tests, the Stanford-Binet copying test showed a lower drawing score for copying designs in exposed children than in controls. Stunting was associated with a lower score on this test only, and both risk factors remained statistically significant in a multiple regression analysis with adjustment for demographic and social confounders. Increased excretion of dimethyl and diethyl metabolites of organophosphates was associated with increased reaction time and no other outcomes. CONCLUSION: Prenatal pesticide exposure may cause lasting neurotoxic damage and add to the adverse effects of malnutrition in developing countries. The effects differ from those due to acute pesticide exposure.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of child's cognitive development in transition to schooling].

Intensive maturation of arbitrary attention occurs in the making of higher mental functions in children in transition to schooling. The study has yielded standard indices of changes in some higher mental functions at the age of 6-8 years, which makes it possible to make a timely objective diagnosis in mental and neurological practice to predict the child's development, and to provide a required complex of medical and pedagogical corrective measures.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disordered eating and gender socialization in independent-school environments: a multilevel mediation model.

Schools play a primary function in adolescent socialization, including the adoption of gender-role attitudes and behaviors (Brody et al., Gender and the culture of schools, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA, 1998). Despite the association between gender-role attitudes and disordered eating, particularly since the second wave of the Women's Movement (Boskind-Lodahl, Signs: Journal of Woman in Culture and Society, 2, 342-356, 1976; Palazzoli, Self-starvation, London: Chancer, 1974), schools have rarely been studied in the eating disorder literature. The present study sought to address this gap by first developing a measure, the School Gender Socialization Scale (SGSS), to assess a school's gendered social climate. Using the SGSS, a direct relationship was hypothesized and supported between the degree of conflict with respect to gender-role norms experienced by the female students at a school and the severity of eating problems reported there. A multilevel mediation process demonstrating how the gendered social climate of a school leads to greater disordered eating is suggested. Schools rated higher on conflicting gender-role norms evidence greater numbers of students idealizing the Superwoman construct, which is characterized by unyielding autonomy, exceptional standards for achievement, and an ultra-thin body. In accordance with feminist theory, adolescents idealizing the Superwoman tend to report more eating disturbances. Implications regarding eating disorder prevention efforts in school systems are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A proposed method to estimate premorbid intelligence utilizing group achievement measures from school records.

Estimating premorbid cognitive functioning is an important part of any neuropsychological evaluation. This estimate is the benchmark against which current cognitive functioning is compared to establish the existence, degree, and rate of cognitive decline. Typically methods used to estimate premorbid cognitive functioning are based on; (1) demographic information, (2) combined current test performance with demographics, and (3) current reading (word recognition) ability. These approaches each have drawbacks including difficulty estimating premorbid abilities of people close to the extremes of intellectual functioning (i.e., estimating the premorbid ability of individuals in the gifted or borderline intellectual ranges). The current study reviewed the existing data comparing commonly used group administered achievement and college board tests with the Wechsler IQ tests. It is proposed that clinicians may predict premorbid cognitive functioning by applying the well-known predicted-difference method to estimate IQ from group administered achievement test scores. The correlations between group administered achievement and college board tests with the Wechsler IQ tests are reviewed and the descriptive statistics of selected group administered achievement and college board tests are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[A study on the size, location and medical function of the Jaedong Jejoongwon].

This is the study of Jaedong Jejoongwon, the first westernized hospital in Korea founded in 1885. To build the groundwork for study of Jejoongwon, its size, location, building structure, and medical functions were studied. At the same time, the history of Jejoongwon, particularly that of the time when there arose a need for its moving and expansion, was studied. Jaedong Jejoongwon was founded in a renovated building. The building was formerly owned by Hong Young-sik, who was killed while leading the Gapsinjungbyun. According to the existing block plan of Jaedong Jejoongwon, when it was opened in 1885, it was located in the place which later became a park. Nowadays this park is to northwest of the Constitutional Court. At that time, its size was about 600 p'yung. As the medical school was built, from end of 1885 to early 1886, Jejoongwon was expanded to north, and its size was enlarged to 862.16 p'yung. Jaedong Jejoongwon reflected the characteristics of western medical system. When it was opened in 1885, Jejoongwon consisted of a servants' room, an assistants' room, the outpatient clinic, the operation room (which was also used as the pharmacy), surgical wards, women's wards, and general wards. In 1886, as the number of patients was increased and medical school was opened, the function and the structure of hospital changed. The most significant change was that a new medical school building was built, as the nearby buildings were brought. The medical school consisted of the students' dormitory, a chemistry laboratory, and classrooms. Moreover, new functions were added to already-existed hospital building : a contagious ward, a waiting room for outpatients, an eye ward, a darkroom, a room for special diagnosis and treatment, and a vaccination room. Also, from the time when it was first opened, Jejoongwon needed the expansion, as too many patients came in and the medical education was started. Therefore, in the summer of 1886, Allen positively explored ways toward the hospital's moving. At last, in early 1887, Jaedong Jejoongwon moved to Kurigae on along with the development of medical education and medical treatment, shows how the modern medical system was formed and developed in Korea.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2005

The influence of the parents' educational level on the development of executive functions.

Information about the influence of educational variables on the development of executive functions is limited. The aim of this study was to analyze the relation of the parents' educational level and the type of school the child attended (private or public school) to children's executive functioning test performance. Six hundred twenty-two participants, ages 5 to 14 years (276 boys, 346 girls) were selected from Colombia and Mexico and grouped according to three variables: age (5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, and 13-14 years), gender (boys and girls), and school type (private and public). Eight executive functioning tests taken from the Evaluacion Neuropsicologica Infantil; Matute, Rosselli, Ardila, & Ostrosky, (in press) were individually administered: Semantic Verbal Fluency, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, Semantic Graphic Fluency, Nonsemantic Graphic Fluency, Matrices, Similarities, Card Sorting, and the Mexican Pyramid. There was a significant effect of age on all the test scores and a significant effect of type of school attended on all but Semantic Verbal Fluency and Nonsemantic Graphic Fluency tests. Most children's test scores, particularly verbal test scores, significantly correlated with parents' educational level. Our results suggest that the differences in test scores between the public and private school children depended on some conditions existing outside the school, such as the parents' level of education. Implications of these findings for the understanding of the influence of environmental factors on the development of executive functions are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Worker rehabilitation programs. Separating fact from fiction.

A few worker rehabilitation programs have had outstanding success in improving ability to function for persons with occupational back pain. Local programs must show that they have similar success. Because the definitions of terms such as "back school," "work hardening," and "functional restoration" are blurred at a local level, the choice of a program for an individual patient must depend primarily on the program's demonstrated success rate with similar patients. The chances of returning to work decrease as a function of time after injury. Therefore, referring physicians, insurers, and employers must be provided with information regarding results in terms of acute (0 to 6 weeks), subacute (7 to 12 weeks), and chronic (more than 12 weeks) back pain. Other important variables include selection criteria, program cost, and dropout rate. We advocate standardized reporting of such data for all worker rehabilitation programs. A model "report to consumers," described here, is a minimal obligation. The validity of a number of important internal quality assurance issues is uncertain. Ethical and legal pressures must be recognized.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1986

Chronic illness, psychosocial problems, and school absences. Results of a survey of one county.

The number of days absent from school during the 1979-80 school year for 573 children aged 6-17 years in Berkshire County, Massachusetts was ascertained by parent reporting in a random household survey. Children with a wide range of chronic health impairments were reported as missing more school than their healthy peers (8.7 days vs. 5.8, p less than .001). Although there was a trend for children reported as having functional impairments to miss more school than those with chronic conditions without functional impairments (11.0 vs. 8.1), the difference was not statistically significant. Children with a variety of reported psychosocial difficulties missed more school than those without psychosocial difficulties for the sample as a whole and for those with reported chronic conditions. These findings document support for the assumption that children with a wide range of physical and psychological problems miss more school than their healthy peers and illustrate that the etiology of school absences is multifactoral and reflects behavioral as well as purely physical phenomena.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2006

Functional behavioural assessment in people with intellectual disabilities.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The presence of problem behaviours often impede an individual's quality of life and ability to be fully included in the environments of his or her choice. Functional behavioural assessment has been gaining widespread use in all settings in which people with intellectual disabilities might present problem behaviours. Understanding the function of these problem behaviours is a critical component to developing an effective intervention plan. This paper presents a review of the current knowledge and findings regarding functional behavioural assessments. RECENT FINDINGS: The recent studies on functional behavioural assessment have supported the well established fact that success in reducing behaviour problems is closely linked to understanding the function of the problem behaviour. Implementing functional behavioural assessment in school settings has been met with some challenges. Although a complex process, recent research has shown promise in training nonprofessionals in learning to carry out a functional behavioural assessment and implementing the information gained from the functional behavioural assessment into an effective behavioural intervention. SUMMARY: The necessity of conducting a functional behavioural assessment is uncontested. Developing a behavioural intervention on the information obtained from a thorough functional behavioural assessment is part of best practice in the field of intellectual disabilities. We have the tools to conduct, and train others to conduct, a comprehensive functional behavioural assessment.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed1996

Electroencephalographic evaluation of children without neuropsychiatric disturbances but with poor school performance.

The estimation of brain function using neurophysiologic methods is of importance because, besides neuropsychiatric diseases, a variety of systemic diseases can influence brain function. Several types of brain dysfunction, resulting from many kinds of influences on the central nervous system, can cause poor school performance. Besides these dysfunctions of organic origin, there may be others that do not have an organic basis but may reflect the adverse effects of the environment. Often, the differential diagnosis between them is difficult. We performed a neurologic examination and an evaluation using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and questionnaires (Eysenck and Rutter) to assess the personality of 22 poor school performers aged 10 to 12 years and 22 controls with good school performance of similar age. In order to assess the possibility of using quantitative electroencephalographic methods to evaluate nonorganic poor school performers, we estimated the power spectrum and coherence of the electroencephalographic signals at rest and their changes during motor tasks and auditory stimulation. Our results indicate that there were no signs of organicity in the group of poor school performers.

Brain↗
PubMed1989

Effect of mid-day meal programme on physical growth & mental function.

The effect of food supplementation in rural primary school children was studied on physical growth and mental functions. Children (146) received 450-500 calories with 10-12 g of protein for an average of 172 days a year, for 2 yr (1984-1986). Height was found not to differ significantly in the supplemented group as compared to controls. However, there was marginally better weight gain. More children in the supplemented group remained in grade I in contrast to the controls who shifted to grade II nutritional status after 2 yr. Children receiving the supplementation showed marginal increment in full scale, verbal and performance IQ. The improvement was significant for all subtests except for comprehension and maze tests. The observations on unstructured Piagetian developmental tasks also indicated that the performance of children on task conservation of liquid was improved marginally after supplementation. However, on Bender Gestalt test, no change was observed. The scores on arithmetic achievement test showed improvement of 12-14 points in the supplementation group. It appears that nutrition supplementation is beneficial for better school attendance, and reduction in the drop out rate; it also improves intelligence and cognitive function to a marginal extent. However, as this age group falls in the slow growth period, no catch up was observed in physical growth.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1993

Teaching tomorrow's health care leaders.

Business school curricula have traditionally emphasized functional skills for people who will work in functional departments and general management skills for people who will organize interdepartmental work. Recently, some business schools have begun to develop programs that teach cross-functional work and team skills to functional specialists. Students educated in such programs will be well prepared to meet the new challenges that health care organizations will face.

Commerce↗
PubMed2003

Mental health services use among school-aged children with disabilities: the role of sociodemographics, functional limitations, family burdens, and care coordination.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of mental health services and correlates of receiving services among community-dwelling children with disabilities, ages 6 to 17 years. STUDY DESIGN: Data are from the 1994 and 1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplements (NHIS-D), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The study sample is 4,939 children with disabilities, representing an estimated eight million children with disabilities nationwide. Parents of children under 16 years of age reported (17-year-olds self-reported) on health, emotional and behavioral problems, mental health services use, and who, if anyone, coordinated the child's health care. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Among disabled children with poor psychosocial adjustment (11.5 percent), only 11.8 percent received mental health services in the past year. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed service use was associated with poor psychosocial adjustment; communication, social, and learning-related functional impairments; public health insurance; and financial family burdens. Younger and black disabled children were less likely to receive mental health services. The odds of service use were greater with the involvement of a health professional in coordinating care, in contrast to no one or family only. Moreover, children with disabilities were more likely to use outpatient mental health services if their care was jointly coordinated by a family member and a health professional, compared to a health professional working alone. In contrast to inpatient and outpatient care, race and family burden were not associated with the likelihood of mental health counseling in special education school settings. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that only two in five disabled children with poor psychosocial adjustment receive mental health services. Differences by age, race, and insurance coverage suggest that inequalities to access exist. However, the school setting may be one in which some barriers to mental health services for disabled children are reduced. The study also shows that the involvement of health professionals in care coordination is associated with greater access to mental health care for disabled children. These findings underscore the importance of engaging both health care professionals and the family in the care process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of chronic stress in employees: subjective, cognitive and neural correlates.

This study reports the effect of an affect-focused intervention program, the Affect School, on stress, psychological symptoms, cognitive functioning and neural activity. Fifty employees in social service and education, with high levels of chronic stress, were randomly divided into a treatment (N=27) and control (N=23) group. Complete sets of data were available in 20 participants in the treatment group and 17 in the control group. The Perceived Stress Questionnaire assessed stress and the Symptom Check List-90 psychological symptoms before and after treatment. Episodic-memory functioning under focused and divided attention conditions was also assessed. Prior and after the Affect School, seven participants in the treatment group were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during episodic memory processing. After the Affect School there was a reduction in stress and psychological symptoms for the treatment group but not in the control group. The controls showed a reduction in episodic memory functioning whereas the performance of the treatment group remained intact. The fMRI scanning indicated a qualitative change in the neural network subserving episodic memory. These preliminary results suggest that the Affect School is effective on individuals with high stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

A survey of consultation-liaison psychiatry program characteristics and functions.

A survey of medical school affiliated consultation-liaison psychiatry programs has provided useful information on several aspects of current C-L program activity, including: (a) patients seen and treatments provided; (b) C-L training; (c) program structure (and fiscal operations); and (d) subjective appraisal by program directors. Data on patients, diagnostic categories, and treatments support the findings of similar, previous studies. Training and research appear to be continuing at past levels rather than increasing. Limited information on fiscal operations and program structure preclude adequate assessment of their strengths and vulnerabilities. Recording of better data and the development of more aggressive management techniques are proposed as appropriate foci of attention for C-L program leaders.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1989

Functional hearing loss in children.

This report reviewed 39 school-age children diagnosed as having a functional hearing loss utilizing auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry during the past 5 years at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kyushu University Hospital in Japan. Twenty-seven cases were females and 12 were males. Seven cases had a hearing loss unilaterally and 32 bilaterally. Although pure-tone audiometry revealed a variety of audiogram shapes, two-thirds of the cases had a flat or saucer-shaped audiogram with a mild to moderately severe hearing loss. ABR audiometry for the frequencies of 1, 2 and 4 kHz indicated a normal hearing threshold in 65 ears of 35 patients, and mild threshold elevations of at least one frequency in the remaining 6 ears of 4 patients. Three illustrative cases were demonstrated, and a discussion was held regarding the features in audiometric tests, and environmental factors surrounding the children with this condition. We emphasized that the physiological hearing measurement such as ABR audiometry should be performed when any discrepancy was noted between the patient's history and results of pure-tone audiometry, because of not infrequent occurrence of functional hearing loss.

Adolescent↗