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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Early retirement in an international perspective II: The international study.

Initially this article describes the development of disability pension and early retirement in the ages of forty and up till ordinary pensionable ages in nine industrialized countries from the year of 1965 to 1980. During the period there are rising parts of the populations in these pension forms in the countries. The background of this development is, however, somewhat unclear. The following explaining factors are amongst others taken up in the article: A growing sickness, a rising unemployment and especially among the rather old an increased tendency to withdraw from the labor market (for example depending on better pension benefits). The two last mentioned factors are, however, more probable than the first one because of lower mortality rates in the countries under the studied period. Finally the article is concluded with an example of a preparatory suggestion to solve the involved problems in the now existing pension schemes by knitting the pension payments to more productive ages in the future.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Trends and variations in use of antenatal corticosteroids to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: recommendations for national and international comparative audit. Scottish Neonatal Consultants' Collaborative Study Group, International Neonatal Network.

OBJECTIVES: In 1990 a meta-analysis of randomised trials showed 70% lower mortality after antenatal corticosteroid therapy for 24 h or more for infants born before 31 weeks gestation. We investigated whether antenatal corticosteroid therapy has increased in these infants since 1990 and studied variations in use by hospital of birth. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study in 1601 infants in nine neonatal units. SUBJECTS: Neonatal admissions before 31 weeks of gestation from January 1988 to October 1993. MEASURE OF OUTCOME: Corticosteroids administered for 24 h or more before delivery. RESULTS: Data were obtained in 1579 (99%) infants. The proportion (range) in each hospital whose mothers had antenatal corticosteroids for 24 h or more was 16% (0-43) in 1988-89 and 29% (0-36) in 1990-93 (P < 0.001). In post hoc analyses, 65/347 (20%) births in district hospitals had treatment for 24 h or more compared with 354/1254 (28%) in teaching hospitals (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy increased but varied by hospital of birth. This may reflect varying performance, or bias from reporting, selection or referral. Ideally, corticosteroid therapy should be compared in women at risk of preterm delivery, but standardising risk or indications for delivery between hospitals and accurate ascertainment presents major difficulties. To minimise selection or referral bias, hospitals should publish, for all mothers delivering between 24 and 33 weeks and 6 days gestation 48 h or more after admission, the proportions treated 1. for 24 h or more (target: > 70%), or 2. at all (target: > 90%).

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1979

Light induced changes of internal pH in a barnacle photoreceptor and the effect of internal pH on the receptor potential.

1. Intracellular pH (pH1) was measured in Balanus photoreceptors using pH-sensitive glass micro-electrodes. The average pH1 of twelve photoreceptors which had been dark adapted for at least 30 min was 7.3 +/- 0.07 (S.D.). 2. Illumination reduced the recorded pH1 by as much as 0.2 pH unit. The change in pH1 was graded with light intensity. 3. When the cells were exposed to CO2 in the dark, pH1 declined monophasically. Saline equilibrated with 2% CO2; 98% O2 produced a steady reduction in pH1 of about 0.25 unit in 2--3 min. The buffering capacity of the receptor cell cytoplasm calculated from such experiments is approximately 15 slykes. 4. In the presence of HCO3-1, CO2 saline produced smaller, biphasic changes in pH1. 5. The membrane depolarization produced by a bright flash (depolarizing receptor potential) was reversibly reduced in the presence of external CO2 or by injection of H+. Iontophoretic injection of HCO2- increased the amplitude of the receptor potential. 6. In individual cells there was a close correlation between the amplitude of the receptor potential and pH1. 7. Saline equilibrated with CO2 reduced the light induced current (recorded under voltage-clamp) by 40--50% without affecting its reversal potential. 8. Exposure of the receptor to 95% CO2 saline for several minutes (pH0 5.5) not only abolished the receptor potential but also reversibly decreased the K conductance of the membrane in the dark. These effects were not reproduced by pH0 5.5 buffered saline or by a 5 min exposure to saline equilibrated with N2. 9. It is suggested that changes in pH1 induced by light modulate the sensitivity of the receptor under physiological conditions.

Animals↗