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PubMed1990

Analysis of spontaneous alcohol drinking in rhesus monkeys.

This analysis aims at determining to what extent spontaneous alcohol drinking in adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) represents ethanol-directed behaviour. It is shown that in a condition of free access to an ethanol/water solution (2 percent v/v) and drinking water, alcohol drinking was initiated in all subjects (n = 4) within a few days, without any specific induction procedure. Relationship between drinking behaviour and ethanol concentrations was studied in 8 subjects by use of a concurrent 3-bottle-design. 2 bottles containing ethanol solution (concentrations 2.4; 4.8; 8.16; 16.32 percent v/v), 1 bottle contained drinking water. When ethanol concentrations in the solutions increased, consumption of ethanol solutions decreased, of drinking water increased, and of total water decreased. Net ethanol intake from a certain solution was influenced by its concentration and the concentration of the concurrently available solution. After an initial increase, total net ethanol intake remained relatively constant. Consumed amounts of ethanol (on the average 2-6 ml.kg-1 per day) could lead to notable blood ethanol levels. Drinking from ethanol solution was not just an alternative for ingesting water. The observed alcohol drinking is interpreted as resulting from a central reinforcement of ethanol intake and avoidance of negative, potentially harmful effects of ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1995

Renal nerve transection inhibits drinking elicited by eating and by intragastric osmotic loads in rats.

Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats surgically equipped with a chronic gastric catheter were tested for drinking after 2 ml intragastric infusions of 290, 600, 900, 1200, or 1800 mOsm/kg Nacl. Rats with bilateral transection of renal nerves (RD) drank less than neurologically intact rats (S) after 600 and 900 mOsm/kg NaCl infusions. The RD rats were capable of a rapid and robust drinking response to relatively mild experimental challenges, because they drank appropriately in response to s.c. angiotensin II and to dose of histamine that is a threshold dose for increasing water intake. The RD rats ate less than S rats, but RD rats drank appropriate amounts of water when eating and drinking after 24-h food deprivation. When nondeprived and ingesting one, two, or four small (0.57 g) salted crackers, the RD rats drank significantly less water than S rats. At the time drinking was initiated after ingestion of one salted cracker, plasma osmolality, sodium, protein, and packed cell volume were not changed from baseline conditions (i.e., no eating) in neurologically intact rats; plasma renin activity was significantly elevated at the time drinking was initiated following the ingestion of one or two small crackers. These findings (a) demonstrate a role for renal nerves in drinking behavior in rats, and (b) suggest the working hypothesis that the ingestion of a small meal, and the subsequent delivery of a relatively small osmotic load to the gastrointestinal tract and/or hepatic-portal vein, activates mechanisms for drinking that include a change in activity of renal nerves to increase plasma renin activity without cellular dehydration or hypovolemia. Such mechanisms may be activated to mobilize drinking behavior in advance of postprandial fluid deficit.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1977

Feeding and drinking interactions after acute butyrophenone administration.

The effects on feeding and drinking of various doses of droperidol, haloperidol and spiroperidol were studied in a number of paradigms. All three buryrophenones produced generally similar effects. After food deprivation, feeding was slightly increased at low doses but was decreased at the higher doses; the concomitant postprandial drinking was attenuated at all doses. Desalivate rats showed a marked attenuation of feeding (and prandial drinking) at low doses, but when wet mash was given instead of pellets and water a normal dose-response relationship was obtained. After water deprivation drinking was attenuated at all doses, and when food was also available during the drinking test the food intake was decreased in proportion to the drinking. Drinking was blocked more when food was present than in its absence. Insulin and 2-deoxyglucose induced feeding in sated rats was attenuated but not abolished by haloperidol. The findings are discussed relative to the role of activation and brain catecholamines in feeding and drinking.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Automatic measurement of drinking in rats: effects of hypophysectomy.

A new apparatus for the continuous measurement of drinking in the rats was assembled. The principle of the device is as follows: a cartridge which makes water drops (0.05 ml) is inserted between a water tank and a drinking spout. When a rat drinks, water falls into the cartridge drop by drop and the number of drops is electrically counted. The total count of drops per day, as well as counts at definite intervals, can be atuomatically printed out. To test apparatus reliability and applicability, drinking behavior in hypophysectomized rats was investigated in the light and dark phases, alternating every 12 hr. Activity and feeding in these phases were also observed. In the sham-operated rats, the total daily water intake was 30-40 ml, which corresponded to 10-15% of the body weight, and 85-95% of the total daily drinking counts were recorded in the dark phase. In the hypophysectomized rats, a large amount of water was drunk immediately after the operation. However, the high rate of drinking rapidly returned to near the normal level within a few days. Drinking in the dark phase decreased to about 75% of the total daily, but synchronization with the light-dark cycle was still maintained. The daily patterns of activity and eating ran nearly parallel with the drinking behavior. These results indicate that our drinkometer could have extensive applications within many fields of research.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Heavy and problem drinking in an American blue-collar population: implications for prevention.

This paper presents the findings of a prevention-oriented research project designed to identify the familial and socio-environmental precursors of heavy drinking in a blue-collar population. Using an ethnographic and primarily qualitative approach to data collection, this study examines alcohol use and drinking behavior in relation to both the family as a unit, as well as the sociocultural context in which it is embedded. It reports primarily on features of cultural, workplace, and community environments that are related to heavy or moderate drinking in the subject population. The sample consists of 30 families, 15 where the father is a heavy drinker and 15 where he is a moderate drinker. The sample was drawn from the workforce of a large manufacturing plant that closed in 1982. The social organization of the workplace, including the important factors of job alienation, job stress, inconsistent social controls, and the evolution of a 'drinking culture,' is implicated by this research to be the primary vehicle for promoting high levels of alcohol use. Although the role of the workplace in encouraging certain alcohol behaviors was predominant, the data suggest that it alone may not be sufficient for causing alcohol problems. In particular, the central importance of drinking in work-related social contexts and the relative permissiveness of the work environment was found to promote heavy drinking among individuals who were of sociocultural backgrounds where heavy drinking was permitted or even encouraged; reported a lack of effective male role models when growing up; and restricted leisure activities to male-oriented peer groups most often met through work-related contexts. Conversely factors that appeared protective of developing high-risk drinking patterns were family religious involvement, and participation of fathers in non-work related social groups that usually involved their wives and children. We conclude the paper by offering suggestions as to how these findings might lead to constructive strategies for the primary prevention of alcohol problems in the context of the workplace and community.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Social anxiety, daily moods, and alcohol use over time among heavy social drinking men.

To investigate the tension reduction hypothesis of alcohol use in the natural environment and with several forms of tension, 36 heavy social drinking young men kept daily records of their drinking, anxiety, unhappiness, and anger for 3 months and for 1 month from 6 to 7 months from the start of the study. No significant correlations were found between the frequency and intensity of any of the daily moods and drinking rates or intoxication frequency, either concurrently or within a few days or weeks. Drinking was also unrelated to general trait anxiety, depression, stressful life experiences, and locus of control. However, trait social anxiety had a consistent but unexpected relationship to drinking--the less socially anxious the men were, the more they drank over time. Drinking and/or intoxication rates were also related to having more social supports and to traditionally masculine interests. The results cast doubt on the tension reduction hypothesis and suggest that having a strong social group and indifference to the social consequences of intoxication are more important predictors of heavy drinking rates in young social drinking men.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Coping strategies, reasons for driving, and the effect of self-monitoring in drinking-driving situations.

Male and female volunteers, who were drinking regularly but had not been convicted of DUI, were recruited for interviews about their past drinking episodes in a variety of locations and the reasons why they had or had not driven after drinking. The results of the initial interviews were used to compile a catalog of reported strategies and reasons for not driving after drinking, reported reasons for driving after drinking, and reported strategies to avoid detection or arrest when driving after drinking. Following the initial interview, each subject was randomly assigned to either a self-monitoring group or a no self-monitoring control group for three monthly follow-up interviews. The results of the follow-up revealed no apparent effect of self-monitoring on a variety of both drinking and drinking-and-driving measures.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1988

Sociodemographic characteristics and drinking locations of convicted drunken drivers.

The present study utilizes multiple regression analysis to identify relationships between 13 sociodemographic characteristics and the frequency of drinking in seven different types of drinking places among convicted drunken drivers (N = 6,183). The results indicate that different sociodemographic subgroups of drinking drivers tend to drink in different types of places. Younger respondents were more likely than older respondents to report frequent drinking in away-from-home locations such as friends' homes, bars, parties, cars, and parking lots. The males were more likely than the females to report frequent drinking in cars and parking lots, and unmarried respondents drink at parties and in bars more frequently than married respondents. Education, race, and the frequency of worship service attendance are also found to be important predictors of drinking locations.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral self-control strategies for deliberately limiting drinking among college students.

This study examined the use of behavioral self-control strategies, across specific procedures and sex, and the relationship between self-control and alcohol consumption and problem variables. A total of 456 randomly selected college students participated in a survey of campus substance use. Behavioral strategies most commonly used to deliberately limit drinking among college students were those related to limiting driving/riding when drinking, controlling time and food stimuli, and awareness of internal and external cues to control drinking. Strategies related to self-reinforcement and punishment, certain alternatives to alcohol use, and specific rate control techniques were least used by drinkers. Females were more likely than males to use all but one of the behavioral strategies. The degree of self-control practiced was associated with alcohol consumption, driving/riding after drinking, improvement in limiting drinking, health beliefs related to alcohol problems, and perceived effectiveness of behavioral strategies to limit drinking. Specific self-control strategies were found to significantly predict alcohol-related variables, with confining drinking to certain times of the week and refusing unwanted drinks the most consistent predictors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parent-child closeness affects the similarity of drinking levels between parents and their college-age children.

College males reported drinking more frequently and in higher amounts than females. Correlations between quantity-frequency (QF) indices of drinking by parents and by their college-age children showed the greatest similarity between fathers and sons. Log linear analyses compared each parent's drinking level against each of three other factors that might affect the QF levels of college-age children: the relationship between parent and child, the effect of the parent's drinking on the parent, and how the parent's drinking affected their treatment of the child. The results supported models in which the relationship of each parent's drinking to the QF levels of both sons and daughters was affected by the closeness of the parent-child relationship. However, there was no support for models involving how each parent's drinking affected that parent or how each parent's drinking affected their treatment of the child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Do peripheral and cerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II act at the same site? Studies on additivity of drinking.

The urge of rats to drink following SC injections of angiotensin II (AII) far outlasts the relatively short half life of this hormone in the circulation. When water was withheld for 1 hr following SC administration of AII, water intake was similar to that of rats administered AII and given immediate access to water. Saralasin, the AII receptor antagonist, blocked this delayed drinking response, suggesting that AII receptor occupancy is critical to the appearance of the delayed drink. In contrast, the urge to drink following cerebroventricular (IVT) injection decayed within 30 min. Intravenous (IV) infusion of AII for 1 hr caused drinking during the infusion but, when water was withheld until the infusion had ended, the urge to drink decayed within 15-30 min. Additional studies tested the additivity of the drinking response to two separate doses of AII when administered peripherally and IVT. The combined administration of AII SC and IVT failed to produce clear signs of additivity over a large range of interstimulus intervals. In contrast, the combined administration of IV and IVT AII were clearly additive with respect to drinking.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed1993

Sucrose drinking reduces dorsal hypothalamic beta-endorphin levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats but not in Wistar-Kyoto rats.

The present study was performed to test whether drinking of a 10% sucrose solution would preferentially alter tissue content of beta-endorphin in dorsal and ventral hypothalamic fragments from the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), as opposed to the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY). Changes were correlated with cardiovascular function and circulating catecholamine levels to assess the role of hypothalamic beta-endorphin, a putative mediator of sucrose-induced changes in cardiovascular sympathetic nervous tone. Male rats were trained to consume their total 24-h water intake in a single period between 0900-1100 h. Catheters were chronically implanted to sample blood and to record arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The experimental protocol consisted of a recording session, which included a 10-min drinking period wherein rats consumed 8 ml of either sucrose solution or deionized water. Rats were sacrificed and hypothalami removed for analysis of beta-endorphin content. Comparable increases in blood pressure were noted in SHR and WKY during drinking of either sucrose or water. Drinking-induced tachycardia was blunted in SHR drinking sucrose. Plasma norepinephrine was increased only in sucrose-drinking SHR. Plasma glucose levels were elevated in both SHR and WKY following drinking of sucrose, but not water. beta-Endorphin levels were reduced (p < 0.05) in dorsal, but not ventral, hypothalamic fragments only in SHR drinking sucrose. The sucrose-induced changes in beta-endorphin did not correlate with blood pressure responses. The results indicate an exaggerated stimulation of beta-endorphin release in the dorsal hypothalamus following sucrose ingestion in SHR.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Subgroup variation in U.S. drinking patterns: results of the 1992 national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic study.

Data from the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study (NLAES) revealed that 44% of U.S. adults 18 years of age and older were current drinkers who had consumed at least 12 drinks in the year preceding the interview. Twenty-two percent were former drinkers, and 34% were lifetime abstainers. These figures represent an 8% decrease in the prevalence of current drinking relative to 1988. The proportion of current drinkers decreased with age, was higher for men than women, increased with education and income, was lower than average among Black and Hispanic adults, was highest among never-married adults and lowest among those who were widowed, was lower in the South than in other regions, and was lower in rural than urban areas. The probabilities of ever having consumed five or more (5+) drinks or having been intoxicated in the past year revealed similar patterns to those already noted, but the probabilities of heavy drinking or intoxication on a weekly or more frequent basis showed no variation by race or ethnicity. Average daily consumption of more than 1 ounce of ethanol differed from the preceding measure of heavy drinking in its variation across population subgroups, declining less sharply with age and exhibiting a U-shaped pattern with respect to income. Examination of the prevalence of heavy drinking among current drinkers rather than within the total population revealed several differences, the most striking reversal being that the probability of heavy drinking decreased with education and income. Multiple logistic regression models predicting the various drinking outcomes indicated that most of the differentials held true after adjusting for intercorrelation among the sociodemographic variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Relationship of alcohol expectancies to problem drinking among college women.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the stability of expectancies about alcohol and their ability to prospectively explain drinking patterns and the occurrence of alcohol-related problems among college freshman women. METHODS: College women (n = 120) completed a standardized measure of expectations and subjective evaluations of positive and negative outcomes associated with drinking and a questionnaire assessing drinking patterns and common alcohol-related problems at both the beginning and end of the school year. Ninety percent of the students were Caucasian with a mean age of 17.9 years (SD = 0.5). RESULTS: Students' positive and negative outcome expectations and their subjective evaluations at the beginning of the year were significantly correlated with drinking patterns at the end of the year (p's < .05). During the year, students at low risk for problem drinking developed stronger positive attitudes toward the effects of alcohol upon courage, became less concerned about potential behavioral impairment, and perceived less negative effects upon self-perception. High risk students showed a significant decline in their positive attitudes toward the effects of alcohol upon their sociability. Expectancies about alcohol at the beginning of the school year explained 33% of variance in subsequent drinking (F = 6.17; p < .0004) and 20% of the variance in alcohol-related problems occurring during the year (F = 3.26; p < .02). Outcome evaluation scales at the beginning of the year explained more variance in subsequent drinking and alcohol-related problems than did outcome expectation scales. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol outcome expectations and their subjective evaluations were relatively stable across the freshman year for these college women. Alcohol expectancies on entry into college explained significant amounts of variability in drinking behavior and the occurrence of alcohol-related problems during the subsequent freshman year. Students' attitudes toward perceived outcomes may be more important than the perceived likelihood of the outcomes themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Self-reported motivations to change and self-efficacy levels for a group of recidivist drink drivers.

The present study reports on a group of 132 recidivist offenders' stages of change and self-efficacy levels for changing and controlling both their drinking and drink driving behaviours. The majority of the sample reported being motivated to change their drink driving, but not their drinking behaviours. The sample also indicated high self-efficacy levels for the two behaviours, although a notable finding was that participants reported higher levels of control over their drinking rather than drink driving behaviours. Examination of the self-reported frequency of drink driving revealed that both motivations and self-efficacy levels were predictors of past offences and future intentions to drink and drive. The findings have direct implications for the management of repeat offenders, such as the inclusion of rehabilitation and alcohol treatment programs in sentencing outcomes for individuals who appear resistant to change.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in predictors of drinking behavior in adolescents.

This study explored the differences in the risk factors associated with alcohol use, problem drinking, and related consequences between male and female high school students in eastern Taiwan. A total of 771 10th grade students, including 327 boys (42.4%) and 444 girls (57.6%), from four randomly selected high schools in eastern Taiwan were included in the survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. In conclusion, paternal drinking was found to be an important factor for the development of alcohol use in adolescent boys but had less impact on girls when compared with maternal drinking. Peer norms and peer relationships had greater effects on drinking behavior in female than in male adolescents. Alcohol use appeared to be much more closely related to family relationships in female than in male adolescents. In adolescent boys, deviant self-image was the real factor causing problem drinking. Therefore, preventive intervention for boys should focus on managing psychological distress and strengthening positive self-image, while correcting peer drinking norms, learning of drinking refusal self-efficacy, establishing friendships without drinking, and positive parent-child communication should be enhanced for girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Motives for drinking, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems among British secondary-school and university students.

Relationships among reasons for drinking, alcohol consumption, and drinking-related problems were assessed among secondary-school students (N=328) and university students (N=74) in North Wales, United Kingdom, and results were compared with results from North America. The ability of drinking reasons to predict drinking problems was tested in both age groups. Khavari Alcohol Test, Quantity-Frequency-Variability Index, Reasons for Drinking Questionnaire, and Rutgers Alcohol Problems Index were used to measure the variables of interest. Regression and mediational analyses indicated that negative reasons were stronger predictors of drinking problems than were positive reasons among both secondary-school and university students. Results also showed that the effect of both positive and negative drinking reasons on alcohol-related problems was partially mediated by alcohol consumption among both secondary-school students and university students. There were different correlates of problematic drinking among younger and older students, which suggest that different types of intervention should be used with the two age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Exploring differential patterns of situational risk for binge eating and heavy drinking.

This study was designed to compare risk situations for binge eating vs. heavy drinking among women who struggle with both problems. Participants were 41 women in treatment for an alcohol problem who also self-reported binge eating. Participants completed the Inventory of Binge Eating Situations (IBES; [Baker, J. M. (1998). Binge eating and binge drinking among university women. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada]) and the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42; [Annis, H. M., Graham, J. M., & Davis, C. S. (1987). Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS) user's guide. Toronto, Canada: Addiction Research Foundation]) to measure frequency of binge eating and heavy drinking, respectively, in eight categories of situations. A 2 (substance) x8 (situation) repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant substancexsituation interaction. Further exploration of this interaction indicated that heavy drinking is more likely than binge eating to occur in reward and interpersonal situations involving pleasant emotions, pleasant times with others, social pressure, and conflict with others. In contrast, binge eating and heavy drinking are equally likely to occur in relief situations involving unpleasant emotions, and physical discomfort, as well as in situations involving urges and temptations, and testing control. Implications of findings for the treatment of co-occurring binge eating and heavy drinking in women are discussed.

Adult↗