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PubMed1982

Low protein-high carbohydrate diet induces alterations in the serum thyronine-binding proteins in the rat.

The serum T3 concentration was increased in 8-week-old lean Zucker rats fed a low protein-high carbohydrate diet for 2 weeks. This increase was secondary to the generation of a binding protein migrating in the postalbumin zone in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis employing 125I-labeled T3 and is termed rat thyronine-binding globulin. The presence of this T3-binding protein in serum resulted in a marked decrease in the percent free T3 assessed by equilibrium dialysis and a normal free T3 concentration. An increase in the binding of T4 in the postalbumin zone was also observed, but no changes in the dialyzable fraction of T4 or the total and free T4 concentrations occurred. In contrast to these findings in lean Zucker rats fed the low protein-high carbohydrate diet, no change in the pattern of 125I-labeled T3 and T4 binding, the dialyzable fraction of T3 or T4, or total and free T3 or T4 concentrations were observed in the obese Zucker rats fed this diet. The present findings suggest that diet-induced alterations in thyroid hormone-binding proteins must be considered in the interpretation of data which involve alterations in total thyroid hormone concentrations in serum and their role in affecting tissue metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Nutritional needs of female athletes.

Nutritional intake is undoubtedly an important component that has an impact on physical performance of all athletes, women as well as men. Clearly, this fact is recognized and is acted upon by the athlete in seeking nutritional advice from sources reliable and otherwise in the hope of finding a food or nutrient that provides the "competitive edge." The nutritional advice that will best serve female athletes in their physical endeavors and in their health is based on a few sound nutritional principles. The nutrients required for physically active women are the same as for women in the general population and for men. Although the nutrients required are the same, physical activity does influence the amount of some nutrients needed by female athletes. In general, female athletes will need more energy, water, sodium, potassium, and certain vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin) than nonathletic females. Fortunately, this does not require special dietary adjustments, since when a balanced diet is eaten to meet additional energy needs, the requirements for sodium, potassium, and vitamins are usually more than met. The female athlete should be encouraged to give special attention to two nutrients, water and iron. Any female athlete participating in physical activity causing significant sweat loss should understand the importance of fluid balance and how to properly rehydrate during and following exercise. Iron is not required at increased levels for the female athlete; however, it is frequently limited in the diet of women in general. If the diet is inadequate and biochemical abnormalities are found, supplementation should be considered under the guidance of a physician. Lastly, although studies repeatedly show the general adequacy of female athletes' diet, there is evidence that some individual athletes do consume a marginal diet. By evaluating the typical pattern of dietary intake, these athletes can be identified and provided with nutritional counseling or supplementation, or both.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A dietary approach to prevent hypertension: a review of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Study.

BACKGROUND: Populations eating mainly vegetarian diets have lower blood pressure levels than those eating omnivorous diets. Epidemiologic findings suggest that eating fruits and vegetables lowers blood pressure. HYPOTHESIS: Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that high intake of fruits and vegetables lowers blood pressure, and (2) that an overall dietary pattern (known as the DASH diet, or DASH combination diet) that is high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and low-fat dairy products, emphasizes fish and chicken rather than red meat, and is low in saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar, and refined carbohydrate lowers blood pressure. METHODS: Participants were 459 adults with untreated systolic blood pressure < 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 80-95 mmHg. After a 3-week run-in on a control diet typical of Americans, they were randomized to 8 weeks receiving either the control diet, or a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, or the DASH diet. The participants were given all of their foods to eat, and body weight and sodium intake were held constant. Blood pressure was measured at the clinic and by 24-h ambulatory monitoring. RESULTS: The DASH diet lowered systolic blood pressure significantly in the total group by 5.5/3.0 mmHg, in African Americans by 6.9/3.7 mmHg, in Caucasians by 3.3/2.4 mmHg, in hypertensives by 11.6/5.3 mmHg, and in nonhypertensives by 3.5/2.2 mmHg. The fruits and vegetables diet also reduced blood pressure in the same subgroups, but to a lesser extent. The DASH diet lowered blood pressure similarly throughout the day and night. CONCLUSIONS: The DASH diet may offer an alternative to drug therapy in hypertensives and, as a population approach, may prevent hypertension, particularly in African Americans.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of diet, energy restriction and diabetes on hexose transport in the rat.

1. Effects of dietary composition, energy restriction, and diabetes on hexose absorption were examined by feeding male rats isoenergetic, semi-synthetic diets of differing carbohydrate and protein content. Diets were carbohydrate, (g/kg): 890 sucrose; carbohydrate-protien, 500 sucrose, 390 casein; or protein, 890 casein. An additional group was fed on commercial rat chow ad lib. 2. Hexose (3-O-methyl-D-glucose) absorption was measured by luminal perfusion of the entire small intestine in situ. Absorption by the total small intestine, i.e. absorption per rat, and absorption per g dry weight of mucosa (specific absorption) were calculated. 3. When semi-synthetic diets were fed at 210 kJ/d to normal animals absorption depended on composition of diets: carbohydrate enhanced or protein suppressed hexose absorption. Dietary carbohydrate as glucose, dextrimaltose or starch gave the same hexose absorption response as sucrose. 4. When diets of normal rats were restricted to 118 kJ/d, specific absorption was independent of dietary composition and was increased for all dietary groups to the level of the group fed on the carbohydrate diet at 210 kJ/d. 5. When diabetic rats were given 210 kJ/d, hexose specific absorption was the same for all diabetic groups independent of dietary composition and was equal to that of controls given carbohydrate, but greater than that of protein-fed controls. 6. Thus, when two of the three stimuli (i.e. carbohydrate diet plus energy restriction or diabetes) were combined, the effect was not additive, and the response of hexose specific absorption to diabetes and energy restriction was the same: absorption was independent of dietary composition and was stimulated relative to controls fed on diets containing protein. 7. The pattern of response of total small intestinal hexose absorption to the stimuli of dietary composition, energy restriction and diabetes was similar to that of specific absorption. 8. Compared with groups given semi-synthetic diets, rats eating commercial rat chow ad lib. (approximately 286 kJ/d) showed increased mucosal mass and decreased specific absorption, but total absorption was similar to that of the carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein-fed groups. 9. In a separate study in control rats, specific and total intestinal absorption of L-leucine did not respond to dietary composition, i.e. level of protein fed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Use of low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets among americans: correlates, duration, and weight loss.

CONTEXT: Although low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) diets reemerged as popular diets, there are scant data on patterns of use in the general US population. OBJECTIVE: We examined the prevalence of reported LCHP diet use (eg, Sugar Busters, The Zone, The Carbohydrate Addict's Diet, The Atkins Diet), associated weight control behaviors, diet duration, and amount of weight loss while on the diet. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Telephone survey of US adults conducted from September 2002 to December 2002 (N = 9300). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used multivariable logistic regression models to determine predictors of current LCHP diet use. RESULTS: At the time of the survey, 12.5% of Americans reported ever using a LCHP diet, and 3.4% reported current use. Prevalence of current use was similar across sex, race/ethnicity, and education levels. Among those trying to lose weight (n = 3790), 5.9% reported currently using an LCHP diet. Among current users, mean weight loss was 18.3 (median, 11.7) lb, with 18.2% reporting > or = 30 lb weight loss, 34.0% > or = 20 lb weight loss, and 8.8% no weight loss. More men than women reported a duration of use of more than 12 months (42.2% vs 29.6%, P = .04) and median duration was greater in men than women (5.7 vs 2.8 months, P = .08). Among those trying to control weight, a significantly higher proportion of current LCHP diet users reported eating fewer calories and meeting physical activity recommendations (38.0%) compared with nonusers (29.8%). CONCLUSIONS: LCHP diets were equally prevalent across sociodemographic subgroups and many users reported significant weight loss. Approximately 40% of male users and 30% of female users reported long-term use of the diet, suggesting that for some, this dietary approach may be well tolerated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Low-risk diet for breast cancer in Italy.

To define a low-risk diet for breast cancer in Italy, a multicentric case-control study of 2569 incident cases of breast cancer and 2588 controls from Italy was analyzed. A logistic regression model was applied to the estimated intake of five macronutrients and used to compute a diet-related risk score (RS). The pattern of macronutrient and food group intake across RS deciles was defined. The mean of diet-related RSs across subsequent risk deciles ranged from 0.83 to 1.44. Total energy intake first decreased slightly, from the first to the second decile, and then increased, mostly in the last three risk deciles. Intake of starch increased in absolute and relative terms, whereas saturated fat intake rose in absolute terms but remained stable as a proportion. A relative decline was observed for unsaturated fat and sugars, with a hint, however, of U-shape effect. From a food group viewpoint, there was a marked increase in the intake of bread and cereal dishes, cakes and desserts, and refined sugar across subsequent deciles, whereas the consumption of vegetables, olive and seed oils, and fruit decreased.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The relation of feeding and activity following septal lesions in rats.

The patterns of intake of liquid diet and water were recorded in diet-deprived rats with septal lesions and neurologically intact controls during the first hour of diet access. The occurrences of grooming, resting/sleeping, and exploring were also recorded. Both groups of rats consumed similar amounts of diet in one meal during the 1-hr diet access period. Control rats consumed the meal in one prolonged bout of eating, whereas rats with septal lesions consumed the meal in numerous small bouts of eating. Rats with septal lesions were active for longer periods, exhibiting continuous alternation of brief bouts of eating, drinking, exploring, and resting throughout the meal. In tests in which water was not available during the diet access period, both groups of rats increased their intrameal bout size, but rats with septal lesions still showed much smaller bouts of ingestion than did controls. These data suggest that the small-bout pattern of ingestion may reflect a general disruption in the control of behavioral sequences, rather than processes uniquely related to the regulation of eating or drinking.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

New directions in dietary studies in cancer: the National Cancer Institute.

Through an orderly sequence incorporating epidemiologic and laboratory research, human clinical/metabolic studies, and clinical intervention trials, the NCI develops and maintains cancer prevention and control programs that are directed toward the overall goal to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Epidemiologic studies have shown correlations between consumption of numerous dietary constituents and cancer risk. Results of in vitro and animal studies have reinforced many of these epidemiologic associations and data from clinical/metabolic studies are being used to evaluate the relevance of these associations in humans. Although much remains to be learned about the influence of specific dietary constituents and dietary patterns on cancer risk, it is clear that diet can have a significant impact in cancer prevention and control. Investigations on the cellular and molecular effects of dietary constituents, as well as their metabolic and physiologic effects should provide better insight on the mechanisms of action of these dietary constituents. There also is a need to develop biomarkers of dietary intake that could be used to monitor compliance in intervention studies, as well as biomarkers as clinical trial endpoints that can be used to predict the emergence and progression of cancer. Working with other agencies and the private sector, the NCI will continue to design and implement information programs that translate the knowledge gained from these diet and cancer prevention studies to help Americans adopt dietary patterns that may reduce cancer risk. Continued emphasis will be placed on intervention programs targeted toward high-risk and underserved segments of the U.S. population in an effort to reduce the high incidence of cancers in these groups.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Associations of empirically derived eating patterns with plasma lipid biomarkers: a comparison of factor and cluster analysis methods.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing use of patterning methods in nutritional epidemiology, a direct comparison of factor and cluster analysis methods has not been performed. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to compare patterns derived from the cluster and factor analysis procedures with measures of plasma lipids. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included 459 healthy subjects who participated in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and had measures of diet and plasma lipids. Eating patterns were derived by using both factor and cluster analysis methods. RESULTS: In separate multivariate-adjusted regression models, subjects in the healthy cluster had lower plasma triacylglycerols than did those not in the healthy cluster (beta = -15.97; 95% CI: -29.51, -2.43; P < 0.05), and factor 1 (reduced-fat dairy products, fruit, and fiber) was inversely related to plasma triacylglycerols (beta = -7.02 mg/dL for a one-unit increase in z score; 95% CI: -12.92, -1.12; P < 0.05). Those in the alcohol cluster had higher total cholesterol concentrations than did those not in the alcohol cluster (beta = 12.81; 95% CI: 2.74, 22.88; P < 0.05), and factor 2 (protein and alcohol) was also directly associated with total cholesterol (beta = 1.59 for a one-unit increase in z score; 95% CI: 0.55, 2.63; P < 0.05). The multivariate model containing all of the clusters was not significantly different from the model containing all of the factors in predicting each lipid outcome. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence of comparability between cluster and factor analysis methods in relation to plasma lipid biomarkers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of nonprescription weight loss products: results from a multistate survey.

CONTEXT: Lifestyle changes to lose weight can be difficult; hence, both prescription and nonprescription diet products are appealing. Usage patterns of the nonprescription products phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and ephedra are of particular interest because of recent safety concerns. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of overall and specific nonprescription weight loss product use by demographic characteristics, prescription diet pill use, diabetic status, and lifestyle choices. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit telephone survey conducted in 1998 in 5 states: Florida, Iowa, Michigan, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. PARTICIPANTS: Population-based sample of 14 679 noninstitutionalized adults 18 years or older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of nonprescription weight loss product use in 1996-1998. RESULTS: Seven percent reported overall nonprescription weight loss product use, 2% reported PPA use, and 1% reported ephedra product use. Overall use was especially common among young obese women (28.4%). Moreover, 7.9% of normal-weight women reported use. There was no difference in nonprescription weight loss product use by daily consumption of fruits and vegetables; however, more users than nonusers reported being physically active (for those who exercised >/=30 minutes 5 times per week, odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.0). Among prescription weight loss product users, 33.8% also took nonprescription product. CONCLUSIONS: With increasing rates of obesity, nonprescription product use is likely to increase. Clinicians should know about their patients' use of both prescription and nonprescription weight loss products.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context.

Present-day human eating behaviour in industrialised society is characterised by the consumption of high-energy-density diets and often unstructured feeding patterns, largely uncoupled from seasonal cycles of food availability. Broadly similar patterns of feeding are found among advantaged groups in economically-emerging and developing nations. Such patterns of feeding are consistent with the evolutionary ecological understanding of feeding behaviour of hominids ancestral to humans, in that human feeding adaptations are likely to have arisen in the context of resource seasonality in which diet choice for energy-dense and palatable foods would have been selected by way of foraging strategies for the maximisation of energy intake. One hallmark trait of human feeding behaviour, complex control of food availability, emerged with Homo erectus (1.9 x 10(6)-200000 years ago), who carried out this process by either increased meat eating or by cooking, or both. Another key trait of human eating behaviour is the symbolic use of food, which emerged with modern Homo sapiens (100000 years ago to the present) between 25000 and 12000 years ago. From this and subsequent social and economic transformations, including the origins of agriculture, humans have come to use food in increasingly elaborate symbolic ways, such that human eating has become increasingly structured socially and culturally in many different ways.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on olive leaves.

Olives leaves, accrued during the processing of olive harvests for oil extraction, are poor in N, rich in crude fat and ADF (1.19, 8.03 and 28.2 g/100 g of DM, respectively), and relatively low in condensed tannins (11.1 mg/g of DM). Three experiments were conducted in a 2 x 3 (two animal species: goats vs. wethers; and three experimental diets: olive leaves without or with polyethylene glycol supply and olive leaves supplemented with barley and faba beans) factorial design to evaluate ruminal degradation and passage kinetics (Exp. 1), fermentation pattern and protozoa population (Exp. 2), and urinary purine derivatives excretion (Exp. 3). Polyethylene glycol was supplied to evaluate the effects of condensed tannins contained in olive leaves. Ruminal degradability of CP was low in both goats and wethers, although goats showed higher (P < 0.05) values than wethers. Supplementation of olive leaves with barley and faba beans increased (P < 0.001) ruminal degradability of DM and CP. Both goats and wethers fed olive leaves showed similarly low particulate fractional passage rates (0.021 and 0.023/h, respectively). Ingestion of olive leaves promoted low NH3-N and VFA concentrations, which reflect poor microbial activity. These concentrations, especially that of VFA, increased when barley and faba beans were added. Ingestion of olive leaves affected ruminal protozoa: Entodiniomorphida showed low concentrations and Holotricha completely disappeared. When animals received a diet based on olive leaves, barley, and faba beans, Holotricha appeared in the ruminal liquor and Entodiniomorphida increased (P < 0.001). In goats and wethers fed olive leaves alone, urinary allantoin excretion was very low (163 and 164 micromol/kg BW0.75 in goats and wethers, respectively), and moderate values (352 and 389 micromol/kg BW0.75 in goats and wethers, respectively) were observed when a diet of olive leaves, barley, and faba beans was fed. The polyethylene glycol supply did not have an effect in goats or in wethers, indicating the lack of an effect of condensed tannins in olive leaves. Ingestion of olive leaves promotes a low microbial activity, although its supplementation with readily degraded carbohydrates and protein improves microbial activity and, as a consequence, increases its ruminal degradation. In general, for most of the measured variables, there were no animal species x diet interactions. Thus, goats and wethers had similar ruminal activities when fed diets based on olive leaves.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Pattern of cardiac fibrosis in rabbits periodically fed a magnesium-restricted diet and administered rare earth chloride through drinking water.

It has been postulated that causation of the tropical cardiomyopathy endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is linked to magnesium (Mg) deficiency and cardiac toxicity of the rare earth element cerium (Ce). The aim of the present study was to define the myocardial lesions in rabbits that were fed on Mg-restricted diet (70-80 ppm) periodically and were provided drinking water contaminated with rare earth chloride (1 g/L). Forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups following a 2 x 2 factorial design. Two groups were periodically fed on Mg-restricted diet with one of them receiving water contaminated with rare earth chloride. The other two groups were continuously fed on Mg-sufficient diet (350-400 ppm) with one of them receiving water contaminated with rare earth chloride. All animals were sacrificed at the end of 6 mo. Cardiac tissues were subjected to histology, elemental analysis (calcium [Ca], Mg, and Ce) and estimation of collagen content and collagen phenotypes. Histological lesions were compared with those of EMF in humans and those of acute Mg deficiency in animals. The results suggest that in rabbits, recurrent episodes of Mg deficiency lead to myocardial fibrosis similar to the pattern observed in human EMF.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of dietary nutrients and foraging costs on meal patterns of rats.

Rats were fed either a cereal-based or a purified casein-based diet in a foraging paradigm in which the costs of procurement and consumption were varied. The group offered the cereal-based diet consumed about 10% more calories than the group offered the casein-based diet, but both groups grew at the same rate. The intake of a control group offered a choice between the two diets was approximately 80% from the casein diet, and the growth of this group did not differ from that of the experimental groups. Variations in the cost of procurement and the cost of consumption affected the patterning of meals differentially for the two diets: changes in meal patterns tended to control the time and/or energy spent feeding. These results show that (1) meal patterns in the foraging paradigm are sensitive to subtle differences in diets, and (2) the amount of diet consumed (acceptance) and the choice between diets (preference) are determined by the economics of feeding and the nutritive quality of the foods, as well as by their palatability.

Animal Feed↗