Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “conception”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Event-time analysis of the effect of 60-day milk production on the parturition-to-conception interval in dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effect of early-lactation milk and milk fat production on time to conception. DESIGN: Event-time analysis (survival analysis). SAMPLE POPULATION: 44,450 cows delivering calves between September 1985 and September 1986, from 6,227 Ayrshire dairy herds in 80 Finnish communities. PROCEDURE: Primiparous and multiparous cows were analyzed in separate Cox proportional hazards models. 60-day milk and milk fat production were categorized and regressed against days from parturition to conception for the period 56 to 120 postpartum days, controlling for season of parturition, parity, herd production, occurrence of 43 diseases, and community. RESULTS: Multiparous cows producing above the 80th percentile for 60-day milk, but with milk fat production below the 75th percentile, were significantly more likely to conceive, compared with cows with lower production and compared with cows with similar milk production but with milk fat between the 75th and 97th percentiles. They were slightly more likely to conceive than cows with highest milk fat production, although not significantly so. Primiparous cows producing above the 80th percentile for 60-day milk with milk fat below the 75th percentile also had the highest conception probability. The highest producing primiparae had significantly lower conception probability than all others. CONCLUSIONS: Controlling for disease occurrence, calving season, parity, herd production level, and community, there appeared to be an inverted U-shaped relation between 60-day production and conception probability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Primiparous cows that are high producers may not be receiving the same careful management that high-producing multiparous cows receive.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

[Panic: attack and disorder. History of the word and concepts].

The history of the word panic, of the concepts of Panic attack and of Panic Disorder is a complex one. The adjective word panic, derived from the Greek, stressed initially the intensity of a feeling of unjustified, individual or collective, fear, similar to the reaction provoked, according to the mythology, by the intervention of the God Pan. In their present meanings, the concepts belong to the group of anxiety states, the Panic attack being a symptom characterized by a paroxysmal anxiety which may appear in various psychopathological states, whereas the Panic Disorder is a nosological category whose diagnostic criterium is the appearance, with a definite frequency, of Panic attacks. The disorder is frequently associated to agoraphobia considered, when it exists, as a complication. It is necessary to describe, in addition to the terms and concepts related to panic, the history of the terms angoisse and anxiété (and of the equivalent ones in English and German, since many studies dealing with the subject have been written in those languages) and the history of agoraphobia. The history of the word panic and of the psychiatric concepts to which it is applied today are partially different as are the current meanings of the adjective and the substantive (and today of the verb to panic) from their technical meanings. In the technical vocabulary the substantive word refers on the one side to an abnormal group behaviour whose mechanisms, when it appears in an army by also elsewhere, are studied by social psychopathology. On the other side it has been used until recently, but only in psychiatric texts written in English, for describing acute individual states of high anxiety, eventually associated with other symptoms, and considered as pertaining-in contrast to the Panic attack in its present meaning-to various psychiatric illnesses (melancholic panic, homosexual panic). A description of states similar in their aspects, including the association to agoraphobia, to the present Panic attack, may be found in the literature of the XIXth century. Essential in this respect is the description of anxiety neurosis which Freud isolated in 1895 from neurasthenia and defined by the coexistence of a state of moderate and permanent anxiety and of anxiety attacks, whose manifestations were identical to those of the present Panic attack. Under the influence of Klein's researches which, from 1962 on, demonstrated the differential reactivity to drug therapy of its two component parts, anxiety neurosis was divided in two distinct entities. The term Panic attack-for reasons given in detail by the paper-was proposed for the acute anxiety attack, whereas the state of moderate and permanent anxiety, considered as a completely independent disorder, received the name of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The concept, with its corresponding nomenclature, was adopted initially in the United States by the RDC (1975), then by the DSM-III (1980). It is accepted today and has been the source of a large number of investigations about its semiological, nosological, epidemiological, etio-pathogenic and therapeutic aspects which fall outside of the scope of this paper.

Agoraphobia↗
PubMed1997

Clinical laboratory work--concepts and terms.

An appropriate term is sought for the concept embracing the different types of clinical laboratory work. The defining characteristics of the concept are therefore described, i.e. site, goal, objectives, activity, field, and participating professionals. It is proposed that the superordinate concept should be "medicine" while the subordinate concept under discussion is defined on the basis of the characteristics, thereby distinguishing it from coordinate concepts, i.e. from other branches of medicine. The principles used for establishing existing terms in other branches of medicine are presented, together with a discussion of existing terms in the clinical laboratory field. It is suggested that the current term 'laboratory medicine' has several advantages. The workplace may be called a 'department of laboratory medicine' or 'clinical (or medical) laboratory'. It is further suggested that the term 'clinical chemistry' should not generally be replaced by 'clinical biochemistry'.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1998

[Clarification of Amae as a concept--response to the criticism by K. Nagayama].

Nagayama wrote a lengthy paper in order to demonstrate that the amae theory which I propounded is all confused. I should say on the contrary that the confusion is his own because he dose not realize that he and I may mean different things by the same word amae. Apparently he means those phenomena that indicate the fulfilment of amae, while I take amae as a verbnoun of amaeru meaning the operation of amaeru in one way or another irrespective of the outcome, its prototype being that of an infant seeking its mother. In short, for Nagayama amae is a characteristic of certain Japanese phenomena and for me a concept. It may refer, in psychoanalytic thinking, to that primordial urge for object relations. It makes no sense therefore to censure my wording of amae like 'narcissistic amae' as not measuring up to the true state of amae as Nagayama defines it, because my usage of the word amae is entirely different from his. In this connection I may point out a curious resemblance between the dismissive manner of his criticism and the behavior of a small group embodying amae which he characterizes as distinctly exclusive of outsiders. There is a good reason to believe that the resemblance is not accidental. I must say that Nagayama is most confused in his critical appraisal of the amae theory against Balint's theory. He completely ignores the fact that these two theories developed independently though there is a definite parallel between them. He then takes me to task that I did not properly incorporate Balint's late ideas into my thinking, even though those ideas became known only in the books published after that book of mine which is the butt of his criticism. Nagayama attempts to trace the amae phenomena back to some racial unconscious underlying Japanese culture. He may believe so, but it sharply contrasts with my view that the very availability of such a concept like amae is indicative of the tenor of Japanese culture. It is interesting to note here that all critics of the amae theory including Nagayama stumble on amae as a concept. They just cannot imagine that one can fetch a Japanese word and make it a universal concept. It must be their unspoken belief that all the valid concepts in whatever field of study come from abroad, notably the West.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1998

Modelling the spatial distribution of teenage conception rates within Wessex.

This study attempts to determine which factors account for the spatial variation in teenage conception rates within the former Wessex Regional Health Authority and what factors account for the eventual outcomes of these conceptions. Postcoded data on all teenage conceptions from 1991 to 1994 were collected and related to census ward level information and indicators of accessibility to family planning services. The results show that the variation in teenage conception rates and conception outcomes is principally determined by the age of the teenager, deprivation levels, the presence of certain homogeneously distinct groups and the distance to the nearest youth-oriented family planning clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Seasonal variations in the birth rate and conception rate within the last 200 years (author's transl)].

The monthly variations and the mean daily conception rates of 136,828 deliveries from 1803 to 1970 within the same population area are reviewed. It was found that the conception rate during the first half of the 19th century showed a rapid increase from its low during the winter to its maximum in May and that this pattern became much less pronounced in the 20th century. During the second half of the 20th century, the highest conception rate shifted for the first time to the summer and the third quarter of the year. In contradistinction to this development, the low of the conception rate during the winter from January to March is much less pronounced during the first half of the 20th Century and remains constant with the lowest conception rate in February into the second half of the 20th century. The importance of the influence of nature during the spring and winter and of the working and living patterns as well as the influence of family planning and recreational activities on the intensity of procreation in the human within the last 200 years is discussed.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between dimensional self-concept and juvenile gang involvement: implications for prevention, intervention, and court referred diversion programs.

In this investigation we assessed 427 youths from an area with considerable gang activity to determine the way in which self-concept is related to gang involvement, and to assess how gang involvement fluctuates as a function of gender and grade level. Product moment correlations revealed a significant negative association between gang involvement and the self-concept dimensions of competence, affect, academic, family, and global; however, only the relationship with competence self-concept remained significant after adjusting for alpha inflation. Discriminant analysis revealed a significant predictive relationship between self-concept and classification into high or low gang-involved groups. Males were found to be significantly more gang involved than females, but no differences were found by grade level (although a significant gender by grade interaction was present). Implications for field-based prevention/intervention efforts and court referred diversion programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Semantic differential ratings of concepts and suicide intent.

Ninety-four Ss (28 attempters, 32 threateners and 34 psychiatric controls) rated 10 concepts twice 1 month apart. Extreme rating scores and factor (attitude) scores were derived from the ratings. Suicidal Ss made no more use of extreme ratings than did control Ss. Highly suicidal Ss did not differ from less suicidal Ss in extremeness of ratings. Suicidal Ss did report less favorable attitudes to the concepts life and myself and more favorable attitudes toward suicide. Highly suicidal Ss could be differentiated from less suicidal Ss on these concepts. Contrary to the theory of Neuringer and Lettieri, it was suggested that suicidal Ss do not show a general difference in cognitive style from other psychiatric patients. Concept rated and direction of rating are crucial. Significant changes in ratings occurred over time in conjunction with hopelessness, depression and self-rated suicide intent. It was suggested that these changes indicate that the ratings are a function of a state, rather than a stable trait.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

An investigation of self-concept and body image in the mentally retarded.

Explored the relationship of self-drawings to scores on a measure of self-concept in a sample of 31 mentally retarded Ss. Five variables hypothesized to be related to self-concept including overall self-drawing score, size of self-drawing, age, sex, and IQ were subjected to forward (stepwise) multiple regression analysis. Data analysis revealed that four of the five variables shared significant variance with self-concept scores. It is suggested that these variables can provide additional information in evaluating the self-concept of the mentally retarded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Specificity of self-concept disturbances in eating disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The current study examined self-concept deficits among three diagnostic groups of eating-disordered patients, evaluated the relationship between self-concept deficits and depression, and addressed the specificity of self-concept deficits in eating-disordered patients. METHOD: Three groups of eating-disordered patients (anorexia nervosa, N = 33; bulimia nervosa, N = 38; binge eating disorder, N = 28) were first compared to three matched healthy control groups and then to two psychiatric comparison groups (patients with anxiety disorders, N = 37; patients with depressive disorders, N = 37). RESULTS: All three groups of eating-disordered patients displayed lower self-esteem and higher feelings of ineffectiveness compared with the healthy controls, even after controlling for depression. Differences in self-esteem and ineffectiveness were also found between eating-disordered patients and psychiatric controls. However, not all of the differences were significant. In addition, the psychiatric controls also exhibited lower self-esteem than normative samples. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that self-concept deficits are more pronounced in eating-disordered patients but cannot be regarded as highly specific.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The organizational properties of the self-concept and instability of affect.

Affect instability, a core symptom of several major mental illnesses, contributes to high levels of subjective distress and impaired self-care abilities. The findings of previous studies have shown that, in asymptomatic samples, the organizational properties of the self-concept impact short-term affect regulation. In this study, that work is extended to examine the association between the organizational properties of the self-concept and instability of affect in adults with a major mental illness. Subjects were 19 adults with a major mental illness (clinical) and 10 asymptomatic adults. Zajonc's card-sorting task was used to measure two organizational properties: (a) differentiation--the number of attributes included in the self-concept, and (b) unity--the degree of interdependence among the attributes. An experience sampling procedure was used to obtain 50 measures of affect across a 10-day period. The clinical group experienced more instability of negative affects than the asymptomatic group. Furthermore, the clinical group had lower differentiation and higher unity of the self-concept than the asymptomatic controls, although both organizational properties were related to education. In the total sample, differentiation was not related to instability of affect. Unity accounted for 21% of the variance in instability of negative affect.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The self-concept of societally vulnerable and delinquent boys within the context of school and leisure activities.

The central question in this article is: "Have delinquent and non-delinquent boys different self-concepts?" The idea is that it is necessary to distinguish between different domains that are relevant to adolescent boys, that is school and leisure time, and between conventional and non-conventional characteristics. An instrument was constructed to measure the school/conventional orientated and leisure/non-conventional orientated self-concept. The research group consisted of 219 adolescent boys. Girls were not included. The results show that most delinquent boys have a leisure/non-conventional orientated self-concept, whilst most non-delinquents, as well as most boys who are not involved in the peer group, have a school/conventional orientated self-concept. The implications of the research and suggestions for other research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The social concept of disease.

In the discussion of such social questions as "how should alcoholics be treated by society?" and "what kind of people are responsible in the face of the law?", is "disease" a value-free or value-laden notion, a natural or a normative one? It seems, for example, that by the utterance "alcoholism should be classified as a disease' we mean something like the following: the condition called alcoholism is similar in morally relevant respects to conditions that we uncontroversially label diseases, and therefore we have a moral obligation to consider alcoholism a disease. So there are grounds to think that, in the discussion of social questions, our concept of disease is strongly value-laden. However, it does not follow that the medical concept of disease is likewise value-laden. In this paper I distinguish between the medical and social concepts of disease, arguing that the naturalist-normativist debate is concerned with the former, but not the latter. Therefore, we need not settle the naturalist-normativist debate in order to conclude that the social concept of disease is value-laden.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1993

Photoperiod, temperature, and regional patterns of conceptions in the USA.

Twenty-two years of monthly values of birth data for the USA, 1967 through 1988, were analyzed by visual inspection. The data were transformed to remove the influence of length of month and of linear trend, and the values were lagged 9 months to approximate the time of conception. Then, 11-year monthly averages were obtained and plotted as standard scores. Thus two 11-year sets of data were independently analyzed, providing the opportunity of replication. Four distinct temporal patterns were found, differing in month of occurrence of the initial trough and peak and the relative sizes of the two troughs; these characteristics of the temporal pattern change systematically with latitude in the eastern and midwestern states. Data from two other continents, the United Kingdom and Australia, also were analyzed using the same method and found to exhibit a temporal pattern during the year similar to the northern states of the USA. Two biologically relevant variables, temperature and photoperiod, were considered as possible controllers and regulators of the annual rhythmicity. Comparisons of the trends in conceptions with these environmental variables, and inspections of the temperatures and photoperiods at which peaks and troughs in conceptions were found, indicated that these environmental variables could not account for the annual rhythmicity in conceptions.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1996

Concepts of health and illness in entering medical students; first part of a prospective study.

The objective of this prospective study is to assess curriculum-related factors which might influence both concepts of health and illness and health behaviour. A representative sample of 546 freshmen enrolled at the University of Berne, entering medical students and a control group of freshmen in other faculties, were surveyed on their subjective concepts of illness and health. The questionnaire described as "Health and illness concept Scales" (HICS) was mailed out shortly before the beginning of school, and was returned by 70%. The prospective medical view of health and illness before entering professional training, contrary to the hypothesis of "anticipatory socialisation". Their general concept of illness and health was found to be distinctly naturalistic rather than psychosocial in nature. While psychosocial factors were considered to be rather irrelevant by both cohort of students, individual health behaviour and the ability to recognize warning signs of impending hazard to one's health were given high priority.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1988

Self-concept, sexual knowledge and attitudes, and parental support in the sexual adjustment of women with early- and late-onset physical disability.

Three groups of college women were compared on the following dimensions: sexual experiences, sexual satisfaction, self-concept, sexual attitudes and knowledge, and parental support for sexual development. Groups were composed of women with late-onset physical disability, early-onset physical disability, and no disability. Measures utilized included an extension of the Sexual Interaction Inventory, the Tennessee Self-Concept Inventory, the Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Test, and questionnaires developed for this study. The early-onset group reported fewer current sexual experiences than did the nondisabled group. The early-onset group was dissatisfied with the frequency of sexual behavior to a greater degree than the nondisabled group. Also, both disabled groups believed that they could enjoy sexual experiences more than they did at present in contrast to the nondisabled group. There were no group differences for self-concept, though several aspects of self-concept contributed significantly to sexual adjustment for the disabled groups. No group differences were found for sexual knowledge and attitudes or parental support for sexual development, nor did these variables relate to sexual adjustment. Group differences in sexual adjustment are discussed in terms of functional, emotional, and social implications. Recommendations for further research include following the social development of women with late-onset conditions, comparing the social skills and cognitions of the two disabled groups, and assessing men who have established intimate relationships with disabled women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Essentialism, word use, and concepts.

The essentialist approach to word meaning has been used to undermine the fundamental assumptions of the cognitive psychology of concepts. Essentialism assumes that a word refers to a natural kind category in virtue of category members possessing essential properties. In support of this thesis, Kripke and Putnam deploy various intuitions concerning word use under circumstances in which discoveries about natural kinds are made. Although some studies employing counterfactual discoveries and related transformations appear to vindicate essentialism, we argue that the intuitions have not been investigated exhaustively. In particular, we argue that discoveries concerning the essential properties of whole categories (rather than simply of particular category members) are critical to the essentialist intuitions. The studies reported here examine such discovery contexts, and demonstrate that words and concepts are not used in accordance with essentialism. The results are, however, consistent with "representational change" views of concepts, which are broadly Fregean in their motivation. We conclude that since essentialism is not vindicated by ordinary word use, it fails to undermine the cognitive psychology of concepts.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Professional self-concept of nurses: a comparative study of four strata of nursing students in a Canadian university.

This study represents an effort to refine our understanding of measurement of professional self-concept by testing a tool across various strata of nursing students. The Professional Self Concept of Nurses Instrument, developed in studies of Australian nursing students, was applied to samples of basic undergraduate, post-basic and graduate students in a Canadian university nursing programme. The findings suggest that the tool is sensitive to the predictable development of professional self-concept as students advance through professional education, especially in the dimensions of professional practice and satisfaction. The authors propose that the instrument may have specific applications in evaluating the effects of traditional and innovative educational strategies upon the evolution of professional self-concept in nurses.

Analysis of Variance↗