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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Novel and re-emerging respiratory infections.

Over the last decade a number of novel viral respiratory pathogens have appeared or been recognized. Most of these are zoonoses, which have the capacity to infect humans directly or via an intermediate host. All but metapneumovirus are known to have caused epidemics of severe disease and at least two (the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and influenza H5N1) have the potential to cause global pandemics. Possible preventive measures and treatment options against these new diseases are discussed in this review.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Toxocara sp. eggs and Ancylostoma sp. larva in public parks, Brazil].

Visceral and cutaneous larva migrans are parasitic zoonoses caused by the infection of larval nematodes Toxocara sp. and Ancylostoma sp. respectively. The objective of this study was to investigate the contamination by Toxocara sp. eggs and Ancylostoma sp. eggs and larva of soil samples collected from public parks and children's playground areas in state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using both Baermann's method and centrifugal flotation technique. Toxocara sp. and Ancylostoma sp. eggs were observed in soil samples collected from public squares in 17.4% (4/23) and 69.6 (16/23) respectively. In schools and child day care settings the contamination by Ancylostoma sp. larva in sand samples was 11.1% (2/18). Public parks are settings of more potential risk of Toxocara sp. eggs and Ancylostoma sp. infection. Stool parasitology testing of 174 stool samples showed 58% and 23% of Ancylostoma sp and Toxocara sp eggs infection respectively.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of standard reagents for radial-immunodiffusion assays. In vitro control of rabies vaccines.

The RID assay is one of the in vitro methods used for in-process control in the production of rabies vaccines for veterinary use. It has been shown to be very useful for determining antigen concentration in the final bulk product. The work presented in this paper, including the production and standardization of candidate standard reagents for use in the Radial Immunodiffusion Assay (RID) was carried out at the Pan American Institute for Food Protection and Zoonoses (INPPAZ/PAHO/WHO). The study was completed with the cooperation of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (NULP), Argentina, where the validation of the proposed standards and the quality control of samples from 28 different batches of rabies vaccines produced with Pasteur strain rabies virus (PV) in BHK cells were performed. The activity of the vaccines was determined by in vivo (NIH) and in vitro (RID)assays. The results of the candidate reagents for the reagent standardization tests showed stability, sensitivity and reproducibility. The Relative Potency the 1.2 between the problem vaccines and the reference vaccine was estimated by variance and regression analysis. The results of our validation study show that the INPPAZ (PAHO/WHO) is capable of producing and distributing the above-mentioned standard reagents, as well as of providing support for the incorporation of the RID technique (sensitive, rapid and inexpensive) to the laboratories that manufacture rabies vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

"Multiplex PCR" identification of the atypical and monophasic Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- in São Paulo State, Brazil: frequency and antibiotic resistance patterns.

Salmonella spp. are the etiologic agents of salmonellosis, a worldwide spread zoonoses causing foodborne outbreaks and clinical diseases. By serological identification, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- accounted for 8.8% of human and 1.6% of nonhuman Salmonella strains isolated in São Paulo State, during 1991-2000. A total of 28.6% of them amplified a fragment corresponding to H:1,2 (flagellar phase two) through PCR analysis and were further assigned as S. Typhimurium. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 36.3% of the 369 PCR-negative strains tested, including the multiresistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a low-income community in the São Paulo municipality, SP, Brazil.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses worldwide. The seroprevalence for T. gondii in human population from Brazil might range from 40 to 80%. The aim of this paper was to study the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in children from age one to 15 living in a low socioeconomic community, named community of Jardim São Remo in the year of 2002. The community is located in the West area of São Paulo municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 110 (32.4%, CI 95%: 27.5 - 37.7) of the 339 children tested with indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. The titration of the samples revealed 29 children with serum titer equal to 16, 14 children with 32, 18 children with 64, 21 children with 128, 20 children with 256 and eight children with serum titer > 512. The age dependence of the prevalence of T. gondii infection and the association between seroprevalence for T. gondii and seroprevalence for T. canis suggest that the infection is chiefly postnatal. Seroconversion in infant population of community Jardim São Remo occurs in children as young as two years old, earlier than in the children attended at health centers of São Paulo city. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in children from Jardim São Remo was compared to the prevalence in children from other urban centers of Brazil.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay biotin/avidin method standardization, for identification of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis bloodmeals (Lutz & Neiva, 1912)].

Bloodmeals taken by insects constitute an important parameter for clarifying aspects of the transmission of zoonoses, including leishmaniases. Immunological assays can be used to investigate the attraction of vectors to animals, which may be hosts of these parasitoses. The objective of this study was to standardize a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and titer samples with different time periods of digestion, in laboratory-bred Lutzomyia longipalpis fed on rats. In the light of the high sensitivity that the biotin-avidin method permits, the technique provided at least ninety repeat tests for each sample and identified recent bloodmeals taken by these insects. Bloodmeals were detectable up to 12 and 24 h after blood ingestion, and a significant difference between these titers was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Evidence of dog as a reservoir for human leptospirosis: a serovar isolation, molecular characterization and its use in a serological survey].

Canine leptospirosis has been known as Stuttgart disease since 1898, and dogs are considered to be the second principal source of infection in man. The isolation of a pathogenic serovar from dog urine that was diagnosed clinically and laboratorial as having leptospirosis and its utilization to test serological samples of human and canine cases of leptospirosis, has demonstrated its importance to the ecosystem of the southern region of Brazil. The results of the serological microscopic agglutination test indicated that 100% of human serum samples from 12 patients from the serum bank of 2001 at the Center for Control of Zoonoses, that had titers between 25 and 3,200 with the canicola serovar, and 72% of 105 canine serum samples from the same serum bank, also reacted with the new isolate. The mean and median titers of the human serum samples tested with the battery of antigens recommended by WHO was 630 and 100 respectively, and when tested with the isolate it was 1,823 and 400. In the dog sera, the values were respectively 347 and 100 with the battery, and 1,088 and 200 with the isolate.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dermal leishmaniases of Brazil, with special reference to the eco-epidemiology of the disease in Amazonia.

Six species of Leishmania are at present known to cause cutaneous and/or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, and they are all to be found in the Amazon region of this country. The eco-epidemiology of each is discussed, with the observation that the Amazonian leishmaniases are all zoonoses, with their source in silvatic mammals and phlebotomine sandfly vectors. With man's destruction of the natural forest in southern Brazil, some sandfly species have survived by adapting to a peridomestic or domiciliary habitat in rural areas. Some domestic animals, such as dogs and equines are seemingly now involved in the epidemiology of the disease. No such process has yet been reported in the Amazon region, but may well take place with the continuing devastation of its forest.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Spatial distribution of leptospirosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-1999].

Leptospirosis, one of the most widely disseminated zoonoses in the world, is endemic in Brazil and is characterized by outbreaks during seasons with the greatest rainfall. In 1996 the city of Rio de Janeiro experienced one of the largest urban epidemics in the country, shortly after heavy rainstorms in the month of February, with 1,732 reported cases and 51 deaths. The objective of this work was to describe the spatial distribution of leptospirosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the period 1996-1999. Data were from the National Information System for Reportable Diseases. The kernel ratio for cases and population generated a smoothed surface, which estimates the intensity of the leptospirosis incidence rate. In the resulting maps over the course of the study period, the sites with the highest leptospirosis intensity were not repeated, and the sites normally considered as having the highest risk -- slum areas and flooded areas -- were not always the most heavily affected. The techniques used can represent an important methodological acquisition for establishing territory-based surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cell culture medium composition and translational adult bone marrow-derived stem cell research.

The growing body of adult bone marrow-derived stem cell research in regenerative medicine has recently entered the clinical transplantation setting. The need for a robust flow of data from basic to translational scientists is imperative. All animal- and/or human-derived products should ideally be excluded and synthetic recombinant alternatives used instead. A variety of reasons make such an approach favorable, including achievement of sounder control levels, reduction of any prion, viral, or zoonose contamination risk, avoidance of possible immunological reactions, as well as decrease in demand on animal supplies. At a preclinical level, investigative cell culture protocols must incorporate serum-free media groups alongside control conditions. Finally, autologous serum should not be neglected until an "off-the-shelf" alternative becomes available in the future.

Bone Marrow Cells↗
PubMed2005

Spatial variation of Trichinella prevalence in rats in Finnish waste disposal sites.

Trichinellosis is 1 of the most widespread parasitic zoonoses in the world and can be lethal to humans. Trichinella spp. are also parasites of considerable economic importance. Because rats may play a role in the transmission of trichinellosis to swine and farmed wild boar, 767 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) from 13 Finnish waste disposal sites were examined for Trichinella spp. by a HCl-pepsin digestion method. Trichinella spp. were found to be a common parasite in trapped rats (overall prevalence, 19%) detected in 12 of 13 dumps. Significant differences were observed between sites in the prevalence (0-49%) of Trichinella spp. Female rats were more often and more heavily infected than males, but age was not shown to be a risk factor for trichinellosis. In addition, positive correlation was demonstrated between rat population density and prevalence. Trichinella spiralis was identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in 28 rats. The median density of infection was 42 (range, 0.5-6,925) larvae/ g of host tissue, but neither the occurrence nor the density of the parasite was related to the physical condition of the animal.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

The role of international and regional organisations in the regulation of veterinary biologicals.

The authors discuss the role played by international and regional organisations in the registration and testing of veterinary biological products. International organisations which contribute significantly to this field include the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)--through the work of the Standards Commission and the publication of the Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines--, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO)--through the work of the Joint FAO/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture in standardising enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, as well as through WHO Expert Committees. In Europe, the most important regional organisations are the European Commission and the European Pharmacopoeia. In the Americas, the most significant contribution is made by the two specialised institutes of the Pan American Health Organisation (namely INPPAZ [Pan American Institute for Food Protection and Zoonoses] and PANAFTOSA [Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Centre]), and by the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture. In Africa, PANVAC (the Pan-African Veterinary Vaccine Centre) continues to perform valuable work in testing veterinary vaccines. For the industrialised countries, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is involved in the regulation of biotechnology products and in standardising "good laboratory practice' for vaccine manufacture. A table is presented which summarises and compares the respective roles of these organisations in the harmonization of licensing and testing procedures, the distribution of reference reagents, vaccine testing and the creation of vaccine banks.

Africa↗
PubMed1997

Public health hazards from small ruminant meat products in Europe.

Foodborne diseases, in particular those related to meat and meat products, have recently become a matter of great public concern. Sheep and goat meat can transmit infections and diseases either through handling during preparation procedures or as a result of ingestion by the consumer. The authors highlight the second route of contamination in relation to meat and meat products from small ruminants in European countries. Among the most important diseases transmitted by mutton and goat meat, toxoplasmosis remains the greatest threat, particularly in immuno-compromised people and in pregnant women. Other pathogens which may be associated with the consumption of meat from small ruminants include: Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium parvum and Campylobacter jejuni. As with other ruminant species, Escherichia coli O157:H7 can be considered as an emerging pathogen, for which control efforts must be made. The classical zoonoses (brucellosis, Q fever, hydatidosis) are also presented here, although the major source of contamination for these diseases remains contact with infected animals or the handling of carcasses. The fact that the association of foodborne diseases with mutton and goat meat is less frequent than with the meat of other animal species should be noted, for the following reasons: a) lower levels of production; b) less intensive production, leading to a weaker microbial contamination; c) mutton and goat meat are subjected to processing less often than other meats; d) the usual boiling or cooking processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiological processes involved in the emergence of vector-borne diseases: West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.

Over the past few decades, the geographical distribution of arthropod-borne zoonoses has dramatically expanded. The influence of human-induced or ecological changes on the risk of disease outbreaks is undeniable. However, few hypotheses have been proposed which address the re-emergence of these diseases, the spread of these viruses to previously uninfected areas and their establishment therein. Host and vector movements play an important role in the dissemination of pathogens, and the ability of these diseases to colonise previously uninfected areas may be explained by the diversity of hosts and vectors, the presence of favourable ecological conditions, and the successful adaptations of vectors or pathogens to new ecosystems. The objective of this paper is to describe the epidemiological processes of the vector-borne diseases Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immunodiagnosis of nematode infections and prospects for vaccination, with special reference to Trichinella spiralis.

Within the phylum Nematoda are species not only responsible for several chronic, debilitating diseases of man, but also for significant economic losses resulting from parasitaemias of livestock. Parasitic zoonoses caused by nematodes, such as trichinosis, present a public health concern as well. In an effort to combat these diseases, much research has been directed towards the development of vaccines that will protect man and animals from selected parasitic infections. Concomitantly, sensitive, reproducible diagnostic assays are required to assess accurately the maturation of a putative protective immune response generated by prophylactic vaccine therapy. This review emphasises studies on the epidemiology and control of Trichinella spiralis in swine as a paradigm for the diagnosis of nematode infections in livestock, and the potential implementation of vaccines in control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The current status of parasitic diseases in Japan.

In Japan parasitic diseases have been considered to be successfully controlled in the last 30 years. However, some parasitic diseases, such as food-borne zoonoses and/or larva migrans, are emerging and/or re-emerging in Japan. Furthermore, imported parasitic diseases like malaria are also gradually increasing. Unfortunately accurate numbers of parasitic diseases other than echinococcosis, malaria, amebiasis, giardiasis, or cryptosporidiosis are obscure in Japan because of the lack of a legal registration system. Since symptoms and diagnostic imaging patterns of parasitic diseases are non-specific and have similarities with other infectious diseases or cancer, parasitic diseases are sometimes overlooked or left misdiagnosed. In this review, the current status of parasitic diseases in Japan is briefly summarized based on the analysis of the accumulated cases seen in our department. We also outline the clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of representative parasitic diseases for the better understanding and management of the parasitic diseases in Japan.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed2005

Rift Valley fever virus.

Rift Valley fever is considered to be one of the most important viral zoonoses in Africa. In 2000, the Rift valley fever virus spread to the Arabian Peninsula and caused two simultaneous outbreaks in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It is transmitted to ruminants and to humans by mosquitoes. The viral agent is an arbovirus, which belongs to the Phlebovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. This family of viruses comprises more than 300 members grouped into five genera: Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, and Tospovirus. Several members of the Bunyaviridae family are responsible for fatal hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever virus (Phlebovirus), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Nairovirus), Hantaan, Sin Nombre and related viruses (Hantavirus), and recently Garissa, now identified as Ngari virus (Orthobunyavirus). Here are reviewed recent advances in Rift Valley fever virus, its epidemiology, molecular biology and focus on recent data on the interactions between viral and cellular proteins, which help to understand the molecular mechanisms utilized by the virus to circumvent the host cellular response.

Animals↗