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Conducting a successful workshop is a rewarding accomplishment. To be successful, organization and planning are key factors. Important steps are started early and performed systematically. This article outlines the steps for a successful workshop.
An organizational climate that fosters mutual respect can be created. But respect does not mean the same thing to all people. This article describes a workshop design that guides facilitators through the process of examining individual and group behaviors related to respect, and for creating individual and organization wide approaches for getting respect and giving it. Readers will learn how to conduct this nine-step workshop. They will learn how to guide participants in the development of their personal, individual prescriptions for getting and giving respect, and in the establishment of consensus regarding their own organizational climate.
The Quality of Life Measurement Workshop was designed to address a number of specific questions relating to measurement and use of quality of life indicators among persons with chronic and severe mental illnesses. The issues surrounding measurement of quality of life among severely and persistently mentally ill people proved to be considerably more complex than originally imagined. Workshop discussions concentrated on the clear elaboration of the scope and nature of these complexities rather than on their complete resolution. Important themes that emerged were: the importance of quality of life for consumers/survivors and their family members, and as a basis for evaluating program effectiveness and the progress of mental health reform; the fact that persons with mental illness experience lower life satisfaction than the population as a whole; the importance for consumers/survivors of having a sense of control, companionship, feelings of optimism, and a purposeful and meaningful life; the subjective and personal nature of quality of life perspective and the need for flexible measurement instruments that permit differential weighting of factors to take account of these different views; the lack of attention to social stigma and family or caregiver burden in current conceptualizations and measurement approaches and the importance of these factors to consumers/survivors and family members; the overt focus on psychiatric symptomatology and the relative neglect of key quality of life considerations that are important to consumers/survivors and their families; the need for more operational measures, such as those in the health-related quality of life field, to be used as a basis for evaluating the worth of new and alternate models of service delivery; the potential for competing interests with respect to program accountability to consumers/survivors and their families, on the one hand, and funders on the other, and the importance of striking a balance; the importance of including quality of life measurements within the context of controlled clinical trials; the need for multiple measurement approaches, ensuring that scales are appropriately matched to study goals and objectives, recognizing that scales differ in their sensitivity to treatment change; commonly used measures such as rates of hospital recidivism or psychiatric symptomatology are ultimately too narrow and, when used alone, are un-satisfactory measures of quality of program outcomes; the importance of minimizing data collection burden by ensuring that routine data collection systems have clinical utility within the context of the consumer/provider encounter; the need for extreme caution when directly linking quality of life outcomes to program funding within the context of outcomes-management systems; the need to gain a greater understanding of determinants of quality of life such as gender, age, diagnosis, comorbidities, stage of illness, or cognitive and emotional impairments; the importance of normative data and the need to develop statistical benchmarks; the importance of distinguishing quality of life outcomes on which specific interventions can have an impact (proximal outcomes) from the broader socioeconomic determinants of quality of life over which programs and interventions have little direct control (distal outcomes); the added cost of collecting quality of life outcome data on a routine basis and the general lack of technical resources available to most intervention programs; the potential for quality of life outcomes to be misused within the context of accountability frameworks given their embryonic stage of development, a lack of understanding of what constitutes appropriate clinical or statistical benchmarks, and the risk of data degradation when outcomes are tied to program funding; and the need for client-based research which incorporates consumers/survivors and their family members into all facets of the research process from study design to interpretati
At the first chromosome 18 workshop held at the 1997 World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics (WCPG) in Santa Fe, NM, several studies were presented that suggested the presence of a bipolar disorder (BP) as well as a schizophrenia (SZ) susceptibility locus on chromosome 18. Although the fact that several independent studies all pointed to a susceptibility locus (or loci) on chromosome 18, the observation that these studies identified nonoverlapping candidate regions was disappointing at least from the viewpoint of molecular genetics aiming at cloning the respective gene(s). Together, the data suggested four possible regions of considerable size that contained a susceptibility gene. At the 1998 WCPG chromosome 18 workshop in Bonn, Germany, less data were submitted and with the exception of a few studies, most data were nonsupportive or negative. Although some refinements were made to the previous candidate loci, overall the picture has not changed in that we are still confronted with the same four potential loci on chromosome 18 for BP and/or SZ, i.e., 18p11.2 and 18q12.1-q12.3 for BP and SZ, and 18q21-q22 and 18q23-qter for BP. So far, no other psychiatric phenotypes show evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 18.
The chromosome 22 workshop took place at the Sixth World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics from October 6th-10th, 1998 in Bonn, Germany. Aim of the workshop was to summarize the findings in psychiatric genetics on chromosome 22. Four reports concerning a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and one report on bipolar disorder were given. A potential locus for nocturnal enuresis has been suggested to reside on chromosome 22.
The International Workshop "Ethical Issues in Health Research among Circumpolar Indigenous Peoples" was held in Inuvik on June 2-3, 1995 (1). Its purpose was to bring together researchers, representatives of aboriginal organizations and First Nations leaders to discuss problems in the current ethical review process and to develop new frameworks which would increase community participation in the research process. The paper summarizes some of the ethical and political issues involved in developing such frameworks. It describes developments which have occurred since the Inuvik workshop reflecting the changing process of ethical review and new relationships between researchers, participants and aboriginal communities.
OBJECTIVE: To test the utility of cognitive stimulation in a group of healthy older people. DESIGN: A pilot study in 11 healthy women from Conchali council. All of them were evaluated before and after stimulation using Minimental State Examination of Folstein (MM), Memory Wechsler Scale (MW) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). PARTICIPANTS: Were selected from a group of regularly participants in center for seniors, aged 60 years or more (mean 66.6 years old), able to read and write (mean scholarship 5.3 years). INTERVENTION: 16 workshop of 90 minutes, twice a week during 2 months. They had motivation pantomime plays, memory activities and so on. RESULTS: Wilcoxon signed rank pre and post workshop for MM was -2.633 (p = 0.008), for MW was -2.938 (p = 0.003) and for GDS was -2.943 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive stimulation could be useful in older people. It is necessary to increase the sample.
In Japan, we have a growing field called 'Information Education,' but people are paying too much attention to computers and the internet. That's why I am proposing unplugging the computer and thinking about the more essential aspects of learning and information design. 'Unplugged' means that technology and multimedia need not be limited to digital forms. Pencil-and-paper and traditional 'by hand' media also have important roles to play. In the Multimedia Unplugged workshop, participants use different forms of expression and media, including paper and styrofoam cubes, freeform construction kits and a wide variety of everyday objects, like bamboo leaves and post-it papers. Through this workshop, participants can understand that each medium has its own constraints and opportunities, and have a change to rethink the roles of multimedia from new perspectives. They can then replug and thus be able to choose appropriate media--digital or physical or both--to express their ideas.
Short term psychotherapy is increasingly recognized as a socioeconomic necessity. Problem-oriented treatments, particularly if applied in problem-homogenous groups, are one means of economizing and sometimes even improving psychotherapy. They also require a re-evaluation of the nature of the patient-therapist dyad. The "task-oriented small group" as a basic field of human interaction has been studied intensively in experimental social psychology. Nevertheless, group psychotherapy and behavior therapy have largely neglected group-specific aspects of such variables as cohesion, task-orientation, modelling, mutual self-help, risk-taking, motivation and insight. This paper outlines some recent changes in this respect, and discusses in particular the "symptomoriented peer workshop" as a treatment milieu. The general therapeutic potential of the peer workshop is briefly assessed with regard to the application of the above mentioned group variables in peer self-help groups, rehabilitation programs for the chronically hospitalized, symptom or depth-treatment in short-term psychotherapy, and in re-education programs for problem-children. The main concern is with its specific application to the treatment of phobias. Phobias are comparatively easy to define, yet are often connected with other personality problems. This has made them a model-problem in the arguments about symptom-substitution between "psycho"- and "behavior" -therapists, and it has stimulated discussion as to how behavior-focused treatments affect cognition and emotion, and to what extend depth and insight-oriented therapies change behavior. The interaction between treated and non-treated problems, and the behavioral, cognitive and emotional effects of differential treatment ingredients are discussed with special reference to the first controlled study in behavior therapy, that applied behavior-focussed confrontation with reality (flooding in vivo) under the sociodynamics of the small gsoup. Problem-focussed retraining under real-life conditions (reality testing) as group-therapeutic fieldwork can be a means of treatment in its own right may open up the patient for subsequent attempts to tackle more complex problems, or may just be an adjuvant in a multi-level approach. This certainly applies for phobias and can probably be generalized to other problems.
This report provides recommendations regarding public health surveillance and research on violence against women developed during a workshop, "Building Data Systems for Monitoring and Responding to Violence Against Women." The Workshop, which was convened October 29-30, 1998, was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Justice.
With regard to the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement, art. 231 of the Council Directive 86/609/EEC on the Protection of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes, is of utmost importance. This article states that "The Commission and Member States. would take steps. to encourage research into the development and validation of alternative techniques.". In order to carry into effect this article, the Commission of the European Communities (EC) has established the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) on October 29, 1991. The centre is located at the Joint Research Centre (DG XI) at Ispra (Italy), its first director is Michael Balls from the UK. The main goal of ECVAM is to promote the regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. The activities of the centre are focused on facilitating, co-ordinating, supporting and/or organising international validation studies, preferably in collaboration with other bodies. A working program has been made for 1993 and 1994 by ECVAM"s scientific advisory committee. Animal testing in the quality control of vaccines was selected as one of the area"s of interest. As a first step it was decided to organise a workshop, with the aim to evaluate potential alternatives, to identify obstacles in development, validation and implementation and to discuss possible solutions. The workshop was held in Utrecht, April 16-17 and the 20 invited participants came from national control laboratories, regulatory bodies, vaccine manufacturers and academic world. (article in English) (The main conclusions and recommendations in the field of the quality control of veterinary vaccines have been published in ATLA 22, 420-434, 1994)
The aim of this project was to develop and implement a workshop for dietitians who guide students through the achievement of professional practice competencies in the Stage component of a university dietetics program. The specific objective was to offer an intervention that would emphasize the importance of the guiding/facilitating function as an integral part of the dietitian's role. The intent was to provide information on, and an opportunity to hone, facilitating skills, and to offer a continuing education opportunity with application in other practice areas, such as employee training, staff development and patient education. The six topics of the one-day workshop, "Fostering Professional Development in Students and Others," were: the art of mentoring; what to do on a student's first day; using questions to promote thinking; feedback as a form of teaching; teaching strategies; and evaluating yourself as a facilitator. Participants' initial reactions, learning and behaviour changes were assessed using self-administered questionnaires; positive results were indicated. Ensuring that qualified professionals are given the tools for effectively training students, interns and staff may encourage learners to model what they have seen when they are in a position to foster the professional development of others.
The landscape structure and greenland spatial pattern in the workshop district of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company were investigated and analyzed on the basis of landscape ecological theory. The results showed that the main parts of the landscape structure were the artificial landscape elements such as building and concrete covering patches, highway and railway bed corridors, and industrial reservations. All of these artificial landscape elements accounted for 74.37% of patch area and 57.70% of patch dominance. In the landscape, the building and concrete covering land had the maximum percentage of patch area (56.43%) and the maximum dominance (35.59%). The special purpose greenlands had the highest fragmentation index (5.0591 ind.hm-2) and the wide-ranging distribution. The corridor density (13.78 km.km-2) was high, and the highway had more effects on landscape than the railway. All the results reflected not only the essential landscape features of industrial region, but also the rational trend of landscape structure in the workshop district of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. In the greenland, the road greenbelts had the maximum patch number, area percentage (66.07%), and dominance (75.31%), the shelter forests being mainly composed of tree species had high patch average area (8454.45 m2) and environmental benefit, and the ornamental greenlands had abundant plant species and varied scenery. The greenland system was initially formed by four afforestation districts, using shelter forests and ornamental greenlands in large patch as a center connected by road greenbelts. It should be attached importance to the relatively high dominance of wild grasslands, the low area percentage of shelter forests and the imperfect road greenbelts to develop the uncovered lands and to improve the quality of the greenland system.
A select group of investigators attended a structured workshop, the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW), at Park City, Utah, USA, in July 2001, which addressed the need in women for a staging system as well as the confusing nomenclature for the reproductive years.
Schistosomiasis remains a problem for public health in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite past efforts, cases have not decreased significantly. Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni are endemic in all the West African countries. The distribution of both parasites is focal. During a workshop held at CERMES in Niamey, in February 2000, a group of experts recommended that schistosomiasis control be considered as a public health priority in all the endemic West African countries, and National Control Programmes rapidly implemented. The objective of these control programmes would be to reduce schistosomiasis-related morbidity. Case detection should be based on clinical symptoms such as haematuria or bloody diarrhoea, and be carried out at two levels: health care centres and schools, in order to reach patients and school-age children. Health workers should be trained in case detection and community based control of schistosomiasis. The assembled experts advocated the use of praziquantel dosed at 40 mg.kg-1, which therefore must be made available and accessible in outlying areas. Associated measures consist of sanitation, water supply and health education, especially aimed at improving patients' treatment-seeking behaviour. A West African network for schistosomiasis control was created during the workshop. It runs on the Web site of CERMES as network co-ordinator. (http://www.mpl.ird.fr/cermes/).
The OMERACT 6 Minimal Clinically Important Difference/Low Disease Activity Workshop was organized with the aim of meeting the many challenges that exist in determining a low disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This article presents an overview of that workshop, including results of the voting, a summary of associated discussions, recommendations, and a proposed research agenda.
This report summarizes the presentations and discussions at a recent workshop entitled 'Functional Brain Connectivity', held in Düsseldorf, Germany. The aims of the workshop were to bring together researchers using different approaches to study connectivity in the brain, to enable them to share conceptual, mathematical and experimental ideas and to develop strategies for future work on functional integration. The main themes that emerged included: (1) the importance of anatomical knowledge in understanding functional interactions the brain; (2) the need to establish common definitions for terms used across disciplines; (3) the need to develop a satisfactory framework for inferring causality from functional imaging and electroencephalographic/magneto-encephalographic data; (4) the importance of analytic tools that capture the dynamics of neural interactions; and (5) the role of experimental paradigms that exploit the functional imaging of perturbations to cortical interactions.
Children who live in contaminated areas or whose cohabitants are occupationally exposed to lead are at a higher risk of lead absorption. The present study examined the blood lead levels of 539 nursery and primary school children living in three towns in the Umbria region (central Italy): Deruta, Corciano and Perugia. Deruta is a small town with a high number of ceramic workshops; Corciano is a mainly agricultural centre; Perugia is the largest town in Umbria. The lead concentrations of house dust, soil, air and water ducts of Deruta and Corciano were also examined. The blood lead levels were significantly increased in children in Deruta (9.7 S.D. = 3.6 micrograms/dL, p < 0.05) and Perugia (9.6 S.D. = 4.0 micrograms/dL, p < 0.05) compared to Corciano (8.3 S.D. = 1.9 micrograms/dL). In Deruta the blood lead levels were higher in children whose cohabitants worked in small ceramic factories or workshops near or in the homes (10.7 S.D. = 4.1 vs 9.0 S.D. = 3.0 micrograms/dL, p < 0.05). The mean concentration of lead in the house dust in Deruta was higher than in Corciano (2.8 S.D. = 2.5 vs 0.8 S.D. = 3.8 micrograms/m2, p < 0.01); the highest values were found in the house dust of the homes of children whose cohabitants worked in small ceramic factories either near or in the same building. There was no significant difference between the concentrations of lead in street dust or tap water of Deruta and Corciano. We conclude that the production of handworked ceramics could lead to an increased risk of lead absorption in children, particularly those who live with workers from this sector.