Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Weight Perception”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of perinatal chlordiazepoxide exposure on rat preweaning and postweaning behavior.

The effects of perinatal chlordiazepoxide (CDZ) exposure were studied in 3 to 30 day old F344 rats. Pregnant primaparous rats were treated daily on days 1-21 of pregnancy with CDZ (1 mg/kg) or saline (IP). Lactating females were treated with CDZ or saline in order to expose pups on postnatal days 1-21. Behavioral measures on all litters included: cliff avoidance (postnatal days 4-10), swimming (postnatal days 6-10), open field activity (postnatal days 14 and 21) and active avoidance (beginning postnatal day 30). Neonates perinatally exposed to CDZ were significantly slower in cliff avoidance development as measured by latency to meet criterion. Swimming development was impaired by both prenatal and postnatal CDZ exposure. Open field activity was minimally affected on day 14 but only for males exposed postnatally to CDZ. Postnatal CDZ exposure significantly affected active avoidance performance as reflected in faster response latencies and an increased number of avoidance responses to reach criterion for extinction. Only the postnatally exposed male pups were significantly affected on the avoidance behavior. These results are consistent with the suggestion that CDZ is a potential behavioral teratogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[A case of microscopic polyangitis accompanied by hearing loss as the initial sign of the disease].

Here we report a case of microscopic polyangitis (MPA) with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies against myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA) accompanied by perceptive dominant hearing loss as the initial sign of the disease. A 52-year-old woman was admitted to Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hospital in April 1996 because of bilateral progressive hearing loss. On admission, she had presented bilateral perceptive hearing loss, fever, myalgia, and weight loss. Laboratory data showed accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, leukocytosis, hypoproteinemia, and elevated creatinine level. Serum level of MPO-ANCA was elevated. Chest X-ray and computed tomography showed mild pleural effusion and interstitial shadow in bilateral lung fields. The biopsy findings detected that focal glomerulonephritis, and necrotizing angitis of small artery in kidney. The diagnosis of MPA was made with clinical course, laboratory findings, radiographic findings, and biopsy finding. Treatment was initiated with 45 mg of prednisolone, followed by marked improvement of hearing loss and decreased titer of serum MPO-ANCA. There are only seven reports showing hearing loss as the initial sign of the disease occurred in polyarteritis nodosa and MPA. The present case suggests the possibility that hearing loss may be the symptom of MPO-ANCA associated vasculitis.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1998

Relation of self-image to body size and weight loss attempts in black women: the CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

It has been suggested that the prevalence of obesity in black women is high partly because self-image in black women is not strongly dependent on body size. To determine associations between self-image, body size, and dieting behavior among black women, the authors assessed an Appearance Evaluation Subscale (AES) score (range, 1-5), a Body Image Satisfaction (BIS) score (range, 2-11), and reported dieting behavior in a population-based sample of 1,143 black women aged 24-42 years from the fourth follow-up examination (1992-1993) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Lower AES and BIS scores indicate poorer self-image and lower body size satisfaction, respectively. After adjustment for age, education, smoking, and physical activity, women in the lowest, middle, and highest tertiles of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) had mean AES scores of 3.7, 3.3, and 2.9, respectively (p < 0.001), and mean BIS scores of 7.8, 6.7, and 5.9, respectively (p < 0.001). After additional control for body mass index as a continuous variable, both AES and BIS scores were inversely related to ever dieting, current dieting, and previous weight loss of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) or more in all tertiles of body mass index. These results suggest that among black women, a higher body mass index is associated with poorer self-image and lower body size satisfaction and that these perceptions may be an avenue to promoting weight control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A spectral network model of pitch perception.

A model of pitch perception, called the spatial pitch network or SPINET model, is developed and analyzed. The model neurally instantiates ideas from the spectral pitch modeling literature and joins them to basic neural network signal processing designs to stimulate a broader range of perceptual pitch data than previous spectral models. The components of the model are interpreted as peripheral mechanical and neural processing stages, which are capable of being incorporated into a larger network architecture for separating multiple sound sources in the environment. The core of the new model transforms a spectral representation of an acoustic source into a spatial distribution of pitch strengths. The SPINET model uses a weighted "harmonic sieve" whereby the strength of activation of a given pitch depends upon a weighted sum of narrow regions around the harmonics of the nominal pitch value, and higher harmonics contribute less to a pitch than lower ones. Suitably chosen harmonic weighting functions enable computer simulations of pitch perception data involving mistuned components, shifted harmonics, and various types of continuous spectra including rippled noise. It is shown how the weighting functions produce the dominance region, how they lead to octave shifts of pitch in response to ambiguous stimuli, and how they lead to a pitch region in response to the octave-spaced Shepard tone complexes and Deutsch tritones without the use of attentional mechanisms to limit pitch choices. An on-center off-surround network in the model helps to produce noise suppression, partial masking, and edge pitch. Finally, it is shown how peripheral filtering and short-term energy measurements produce a model pitch estimate that is sensitive to certain component phase relationships.

Cochlea↗
PubMed2004

The development of eating pathology in Chinese-Australian women: acculturation versus culture clash.

OBJECTIVE: Recent research suggests there has been an increase in the incidence of eating pathology among Asian women residing in the West. Two alternate explanations for the development of this eating pathology have been proposed; acculturation versus culture clash. The current study was designed to further examine the influence of acculturation versus culture clash on the development of eating pathology in Chinese-Australian women. METHOD: Eighty-one Chinese-Australian women completed a questionnaire investigating their level of eating pathology, perceived sociocultural influences to lose weight, parental overprotection and care, self-perceptions of physical appearance, sociability and global self-worth, and the strength of their ethnic identity. RESULTS: It was found that, overall, low levels of satisfaction with physical appearance, high levels of parental overprotection, and high levels of perceived pressure from best female friends to lose weight predicted greater eating pathology in both acculturated and traditional women. However, acculturated women who perceived higher levels of pressure from their fathers and best male friends to lose weight and traditional women who experienced higher levels of parental care reported the greatest eating pathology. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that there are both similarities and differences between the risk factors that correlate with eating pathology between acculturated and traditional women.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1968

Auditory detection and perception in normal man and in patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency: effect of adrenal cortical steroids.

Auditory detection thresholds for sinusoidal tones and various tests of auditory perception were determined in 12 patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency (seven with Addison's disease and five with panhypopituitarism) and compared to those in normal volunteers. In adrenal cortical insufficiency auditory detection sensitivity was significantly more acute than normal, and judgments of loudness and of the contralateral threshold shift were made at levels more than 20 db below those of normal subjects. Thus both the lower and the upper limits of the dynamic auditory range are significantly decreased in these patients. Speech discrimination ability of the patients was significantly impaired as was their difference limens, their alternate binaural loudness balances, and their ability to localize tones in space. Treatment of the patients with deoxycorticosterone acetate decreased serum potassium concentration, raised serum sodium concentration, and produced gains in body weight but did not alter auditory detection or perception. Treatment with prednisolone or with maintenance doses of carbohydrate-active steroids returned auditory detection and perception to normal in every patient tested. The inability of the untreated patients to perform the various auditory perception tasks indicates that they have a defect in their ability to integrate incoming sensory stimuli. This defect may be related to the alteration in the timing of transmission of neural impulses along axons and across synapses which occurs in these patients when their carbohydrate-active steroid is removed. This decreased integrative capacity occurs at the same time that they are able to detect many types of sensory stimuli significantly better than normal subjects. This interrelationship between increased detection sensitivity and decreased perceptual ability is dependent upon the absence of carbohydrate-active steroids, for when these steroids are replaced both detection sensitivity and perceptual ability revert to normal.

Addison Disease↗
PubMed1986

Doctor-patient communication in rheumatology: studies of visual and verbal perception using educational booklets and other graphic material.

Patients (n = 404) with osteoarthrosis and control subjects (n = 233) were studied to examine the communicational value of five styles of illustration (cartoon (C), matchstick (M), representational (R), symbolic (S), photographic (P) and two levels of text ('easy', 'hard'), presented as educational booklets about osteoarthrosis. Booklet comprehension was tested with a multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ) scored by two raw score and two, more sensitive, weight-of-evidence methods. Further studies assessed perception of image detail, tone, and colour by ranking, rating, latency, and questionnaire methods. A subgroup was tested psychometrically. The main findings were: pictures in booklets enhance communication; perception of pictorial style depends on its vehicle of presentation, cartoons being most effective in booklets, photographs overall; simplifying text does not significantly enhance communication; certain picture-text 'interactions' appear to increase comprehension (e.g. 'hard' text with 'easy' pictures); several 'endogenous' factors are associated with increased comprehension: 'psychological' (e.g., intelligence, memory, reading skill); 'demographic' (e.g., the young, males, higher social grades, higher educational levels); 'disease' (e.g., longer disease duration, previous information about the disease).

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Strength training in adolescent learners with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of an eight-week strength training program targeting multiple muscle groups using basic inexpensive free weights and resistance devices, on gait and perceptions of body image and functional competence. DESIGN: A randomized control trial. SETTING: A school for children with special needs in a disadvantaged suburb in Cape Town. SUBJECTS: Thirty-one independently ambulant senior learners with spastic cerebral palsy (19 males, 12 females; aged 13-18 years; 15 diplegics and 16 hemiplegics). INTERVENTION: Eight-week strength training programme in circuit format executed during school hours, one to three times per week for 40-60 min per session. Programmes were individually designed and included 8-12 exercises selected from a 28-station circuit to target upper and lower limbs and trunk. Twenty-one subjects took part in the strength training programme and were compared with 10 control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three-dimensional gait analysis and a questionnaire were used to evaluate the various parameters of gait and perceptions of body image and functional competence respectively. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and bootstrap analysis. RESULTS: The experimental group differed significantly from the control group for measure of crouch gait (sum of the ankle, knee and hip angles at midstance) (P= 0.05) and perceptions of body image (P= 0.01). Walking velocity, cadence and stride length as well as perceptions of functional ability did not change significantly after training. CONCLUSION: Participation in a school-based strength training programme targeting multiple muscle groups can lead to improved degree of crouch gait and improve perception of body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

When texture takes precedence over motion in depth perception.

Both texture and motion can be strong cues to depth, and estimating slant from texture cues can be considered analogous to calculating slant from motion parallax (Malik and Rosenholtz 1994, report UCB/CSD 93/775, University of California, Berkeley, CA). A series of experiments was conducted to determine the relative weight of texture and motion cues in the perception of planar-surface slant when both texture and motion convey similar information. Stimuli were monocularly viewed images of planar surfaces slanted in depth, defined by texture and motion information that could be varied independently. Slant discrimination biases and thresholds were measured by a method of single-stimuli binary-choice procedure. When the motion and texture cues depicted surfaces of identical slants, it was found that the depth-from-motion information neither reduced slant discrimination thresholds, nor altered slant discrimination bias, compared to texture cues presented alone. When there was a difference in the slant depicted by motion and by texture, perceived slant was determined almost entirely by the texture cue. The regularity of the texture pattern did not affect this weighting. Results are discussed in terms of models of cue combination and previous results with different types of texture and motion information.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

Body image perception and preference in anorexia nervosa.

Nineteen female anorexics (10 restrictors and 9 with episodes of bulimia) and 19 matched normal weight females participated in a study of dimensions of body image perception and preference. Nineteen silhouettes which varied systematically in size of breasts, abdomen, buttocks, and legs were sorted according to perceived similarity and ordered according to preference by the subjects. Subjects also selected the silhouette which resembled themselves most. Multidimensional scaling analyses were performed. Five dimensions of perception were interpreted: four dealt with size of buttocks and abdomen and one with breast size. The perceptual dimensions were similar for both groups. No group differences were found regarding body image preference. Preference ratings of own body silhouette were lower for anorexic restrictors than for bulimic anorexics and normals. Thus, a distorted body image and a thin body ideal may not be as critical to anorexia nervosa as has been assumed.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1991

A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception.

Consensus refers to the extent to which 2 judges agree in their ratings of a common target. A general model of interpersonal perception based on Anderson's (1981) weighted-average model is developed. The model shows that increased acquaintance does not always lead to large changes in consensus. Degree of overlap between the target behaviors observed by the judges and similarity of meaning systems are key but neglected parameters. The model can also be used as a basis for determining the accuracy of person perception. In some cases, accuracy can increase with greater acquaintance, whereas consensus may not.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of smoking cessation success.

PURPOSE: To evaluate Smoking Cessation Clinic success rate and attitudes toward smoking among current and quitters enrolled at the clinic. METHODS: Telephone survey among a random sample of 61 subjects enrolled at the Smoking Cessation Clinic in the San Juan Veterans Affairs Hospital. The questionnaire was validated and standardized for Hispanic subjects. RESULTS: Twenty eight percent of the subjects interviewed referred they had quit smoking. Quitters used to smoke more cigarettes than current smokers do. Quitters perceived their general health to be worse than current smoker's perception. Even though Quitters were concerned about weight gain after quitting, it was not a negative outcome for smoking cessation. No association was found between active smoking and use of ethanol, neither socializing with friends nor feeling anxious. CONCLUSION: The Smoking Cessation Clinic at the San Juan Veterans Affairs Hospital has a success rate similar to other clinics reported in the literature. Poor health perception and consumption of more than one pack per day predicted smoking cessation. There was no single strong factor associated to smoking cessation. The idiosyncrasy of targeted population should be taken in account when designing smoking cessation program.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mothers' child-feeding practices influence daughters' eating and weight.

BACKGROUND: Childhood overweight has increased dramatically, particularly among young girls. Genetic and environmental factors produce the overweight phenotype. Nonshared environments appear to account for a substantial proportion of the population variance in overweight but remain largely unspecified and unmeasured. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the influence of maternal control in feeding, an aspect of nonshared family environment, on daughters' eating and relative weight. DESIGN: Structural equation modeling was used to test models that describe maternal influences on daughters' eating and relative weight. The participants were 197 white, non-Hispanic families with 5-y-old daughters. The mothers' own dietary restraint and their perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight were used to predict maternal control in feeding, which was used to predict the daughters' eating and weight outcomes. RESULTS: Maternal body mass index was a modest predictor of daughters' relative weight. The addition of the family-environment pathway provided a good fit and showed additional, independent prediction of daughters' relative weight. Mothers' dietary restraint and perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight predicted maternal child-feeding practices, which in turn predicted daughters' eating and relative weight. CONCLUSIONS: Child-specific aspects of the family environment, including mothers' child-feeding practices and perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight, may represent important, nonshared, environmental influences on daughters' eating and relative weight. The environmental effects noted were modest but comparable in magnitude to the direct association between maternal and child weight, which indicates that measuring family environmental factors can enhance our understanding of the etiology of childhood overweight.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Development of the Impact of Weight Loss Scale (IWLS): a psychometric study in a sample of men with HIV/AIDS.

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the newly developed Impact of Weight Loss Scale (IWLS), a subjective measure of perceived weight loss and related behaviour, body image perception, and affect, as well as the scale's relationship to mental health and nutritional measures in an HIV sample. Seventy-five HIV-positive men were administered the IWLS along with measures of depression, quality of life and nutritional status. Half (51%) of the sample had a CD4 count below 200 cells/cu.mm, and 80% had significant loss of body weight (> or = 10% body weight loss) or body cell mass (< or = 90% of normative body cell mass). The IWLS demonstrated good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88) and had a unidimensional factor structure. Higher IWLS scores, which indicate a more detrimental impact of weight loss, were correlated with greater depression (r = 0.29), reduced quality of life (r = -0.37), and objective nutritional deficits (ratio of body cell mass/height, r = -0.28; amount of weight loss, r = 0.30). The IWLS is a brief self-report measure with good psychometric characteristics and has potential utility in both research and clinical applications.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Quality of life, appetite, and weight change in patients receiving dose-intensive chemotherapy.

Quality of life was assessed by self-report questionnaires in 30 patients receiving dose-intensive chemotherapy for either non-small-cell lung cancer (20 patients) or recurrent head and neck cancer (10 patients). Megestrol acetate was given daily to try to improve appetite and prevent the weight loss usually associated with this chemotherapy. Appetite did not change significantly overall during the first 4 weeks of chemotherapy, but it did improve in those patients still receiving chemotherapy at 8 weeks. Changes in global quality of life were significantly correlated with changes in appetite, fatigue, energy level, and physical function. Thus, these parameters may have more relevance to patients' perceptions of quality of life than does weight change, and should be used more frequently as endpoints in studies of supportive care and palliative treatment of patients with cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1997

Perceived coping capacity: a comparison between obese patients and patients on long-term sick leave.

Overweight is a significant health problem and perceived by many as a disability. While obese persons in the general population are no more likely to suffer from mental disorders, many obese individuals experience significant difficulties coping with their weight and weight-loss failures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the similarities and differences in coping capacity among obese and disabled individuals. We compared a group of obese adults (76 consecutive obese patients, 82% female) with unemployed long-term sick leave disability patients (59 consecutive patients, 46% female) who had an average of 13 +/- 9 months on disability. We used the Perception of Cognitive Structure, Emotion and Control questionnaire (PASEC), which assesses an individual's coping capacity for general problems in life and to specific health problems. Both groups significantly differed from PASEC normative data, suggesting that they had more negative and harmful emotional perceptions of their lives than individuals in the normative sample. Compared to long-term sick leave patients' perceptions of disabilities, obese patients perceived their weight problems with more negative and harmful emotional investment, even after adjustment for gender differences in the groups. This suggests that obese patients may experience substantial difficulties in coping with their weight problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Weight cycling, psychological health, and binge eating in obese women.

This study examined the relationship between weight cycling and psychological health in 120 obese women. Weight cycling was defined in 2 ways by retrospective self-report: total lifetime weight loss and total number of weight cycles > or = 20 lbs (> or = 9.07 kg). Psychological self-report measures assessed psychiatric symptoms, eating behavior, mood, stress, and perceptions of physical health. Of the 52 associations between weight cycling and psychological parameters, 8 were significant, with the most consistent association being between weight cycling and binge eating. Binge eating was also strongly associated with psychological distress, as found in previous studies. After adjusting for binge eating, however, weight cycling was independently related to only one of the psychological measures: perceived physical health.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

General practitioners' promotion of healthy life styles: what patients think.

The study examined the prevalence of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, exercising to keep fit and dieting to lose weight among general practice patients, and patients' perceptions of the role of the general practitioner in advising about life style. A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire was completed by 13,017 patients aged 18 to 70 years who were attending one of 119 general practitioners from 40 group practices in metropolitan Sydney over a six- to eight-week period. More women than men reported dieting to lose weight, just over half of the men and women were exercising regularly to keep fit, 35 per cent of men and 29 per cent of women reported smoking, and 12 per cent of men and 10 per cent of women were drinking alcohol at levels considered hazardous or harmful. More young people were smoking, drinking hazardously or harmfully, dieting to lose weight and exercising than the older age groups, and their smoking rates exceeded those of the general population. Most patients reported that general practitioners should be interested in their life-style behaviours, particularly smoking. Substantially fewer patients (particularly women who drank excessively) reported receiving advice about their habits. General practitioners were more likely to give advice when smoking and drinking levels were very high. There were discrepancies between patients' expectations of the doctor's role in promoting healthy life styles, and their likelihood of receiving advice. Doctors could reduce the diseases associated with unhealthy practices. Developments in medical training in the 1990s may extend the way they engage in advising on issues of life style.

Adolescent↗