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PubMed2006

Effects of moisture degree and rubbing action on the immediate resin-dentin bond strength.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of moisture and rubbing action on the microtensile bond strength (BS) of an ethanol/water-based (Single Bond [SB]) and an acetone-based system (One-Step [OS]) to dentin. METHODS: On 60 human molars, a flat superficial dentin surface was exposed by wet abrasion. Two coats of the adhesives were applied on either a dry (D) or rewetted surface (W), under no rubbing action (NRA), slight (SRA) or vigorous rubbing action (VRA). After light curing (600 mW/cm2/10 s), composite build-ups were constructed incrementally and specimens were stored in water (37 degrees C/24 h). They were longitudinally sectioned in the "x" and "y" directions to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) to be tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min. Resultant BS was expressed as an index that includes bond strength values of the different fracture patterns and the specimens that failed during preparation for testing. The data were analyzed by a three-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests (95%). RESULTS: The interactions moisture/agitation and adhesive/agitation were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In D groups, the highest BS was obtained under VRA (37.11 +/- 7.3). In W groups, the BS at SRA (41.82 +/- 8.4) and VRA (38.89 +/- 8.2) were similar. For SB system, the SRA (33.6 +/- 8.3) and VRA groups (41.26 +/- 5.9) yielded similar BS while for OS the VRA was essential to reach high BS (34.2 +/- 8.4). SIGNIFICANCE: High BS to dentin can be obtained, under dry conditions, when ethanol/water and acetone-based systems, are vigorously agitated in the surface. On wet dentin, slight agitation seems to be enough to provide high BS to dentin.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Technique sensitivity associated with air-drying of HEMA-free, single-bottle, one-step self-etch adhesives.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effect of air-drying on bond strength to dentin and nanoleakage in resin-dentin interfaces using HEMA-free one-step self-etch adhesives. METHODS: Twelve teeth had their occlusal dentin exposed and split in half. In the group of G-BOND (GB), the adhesive was dried gently or vigorously on each slit half tooth, and then light-cured. In the group of the experimental adhesive (EX), three coats of adhesive were dried using a single air-drying process prior to light-curing or dried after each of three coats of adhesive before light-curing. The split specimens were built-up with resin composite and then subjected to microtensile bond strength testing and TEM examination. RESULTS: GB showed significantly higher bond strength after vigorous drying than after gentle drying. Three teeth of from EX group showed higher bond strength after triple drying than after single drying, while two teeth showed no significant difference. Droplets were revealed in the adhesive layer after gentle drying with GB, and silver deposits existed along the interfaces in all groups. SIGNIFICANCE: The bonding quality to dentin may be improved by using an accelerated air-drying technique; although it is impossible to remove intrinsic dentin moisture that is drawn upwards from dentin tubules.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Stretch reflexes in the human masticatory muscles: a brief review and a new functional role.

Stretch reflexes play a vital role in fine-tuning movements and in automatically maintaining posture. This article briefly reviews the operation of the stretch reflex in the human masticatory system. The conventional approach of stretching muscles in an open-loop manner has yielded much valuable information on the operation of this reflex. In particular, it has revealed that stretching the jaw-closing muscles evokes a reflex response with two major components. The short-latency reflex is favoured when stretches are brisk, but slower stretches evoke an additional long-latency component. In the hand muscles, the long-latency response is transcortical: in the masticatory muscles, it is not. In addition to its role in servo-control of muscle length during chewing, the stretch reflex in the jaw-closing muscles maintains the vertical position of the mandible during vigorous head movements such as those that occur during running, jumping, hopping and other vigorous whole-body movements in which the head moves briskly up and down. This is an interesting model system in which to investigate stretch reflexes with natural stimuli under unrestrained, physiological conditions.

Electromyography↗
PubMed2004

Brain natriuretic peptide kinetics during dynamic exercise in patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The kinetics of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) secretion in chronic heart failure (CHF) during dynamic exercise have been the subject of controversial debate. The present study was therefore aimed to further clarify whether marked changes in BNP levels occur during and directly after vigorous exercise in CHF patients. METHODS: We prospectively studied 37 patients with CHF (60+/-10 years, LVEF 26+/-6%) and 20 healthy controls (58+/-11 years, LVEF 60+/-3%). Standardized exercise testing was performed in all CHF patients and controls. Venous blood samples for measurement of BNP were obtained prior to symptom-limited exercise, at peak exercise and at 1 and 5 min of recovery time. RESULTS: BNP concentrations were significantly higher in CHF compared to controls at rest, peak exercise and at 1 and 5 min of recovery. BNP levels did not change significantly during exercise in the control group. In CHF patients, BNP levels showed no marked difference at rest (428+/-421 pg/ml), peak exercise (507+/-450 pg/ml, n.s.), 1 min (560+/-460 pg/ml, n.s.) and 5 min recovery (526+/-424 pg/ml, n.s.). Strikingly, 6 of 37 CHF patients (16%) showed a decrease in BNP at exercise compared to rest but none of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: BNP levels in CHF patients and healthy controls are not significantly altered by vigorous exercise. In contrast to controls, 16% of CHF patients showed a decrease in BNP levels at exercise. In CHF, BNP levels were inversely correlated with peak VO(2), VO(2)-AT and LVEF.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal intravenous cocaine and the heart rate-orienting response: a dose-response study.

Attentional dysfunction is a persistent behavioral abnormality that is emerging as one of the cardinal features in the investigations of the teratogenic effects of cocaine in humans and rodents. The present study sought to extend this work by using a dose-response design with an alternate strain of rat. Virgin Long-Evans female rats, implanted with an IV access port prior to breeding were administered saline, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg of cocaine HCl from gestational day (GD) GD8-21 (1x per day-GD8-14, 2x per day-GD15-21). Cocaine had no significant effect on maternal or litter parameters. At 14-15 days of age, 1 male and 1 female from each litter were tested to evaluate the heart rate orienting response (HR-OR). Following 20 min for acclimation, pups were presented an olfactory stimulus for 20s per trial, across four trials, and with an intertrial interval of 2 min. The initial baseline HR was not significantly different across the treatment groups, although cocaine did alter the stability of the QRS complex duration. The magnitude of the HR-OR averaged across trials increased as a linear function of dosage of cocaine. A more complex (quadratic) interaction between cocaine dose and sex of the offspring was also noted. When examined across trials, the controls failed to display any significant within-session variation in the HR-OR; in contrast all of the prenatal cocaine treated groups displayed either sensitization (low and high dose) or habituation of the response (middle dose). Analysis of the peak HR-OR confirmed that the controls were indeed displaying the response on at least one trial of the session, albeit not consistently on any specific trial. The more vigorous HR-OR of the prenatal cocaine groups, relative to vehicle controls, most likely reflects an alteration in development of the neural basis of response; as previously shown, the most vigorous response to the olfactory stimulus is seen early (12 days of age) and progressively decreases across the preweaning period. In sum, prenatal exposure to cocaine, at least when administered by the IV route, provides reproducible alterations in attentional processes, as indexed by the noradrenergically-mediated HR-OR. The documentation of a linear dose-response function suggests that there is likely no threshold for the drug-induced alteration. Moreover, the sex of the animal also appears to play some role in the nature of the expression of the altered HR-OR.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between psychosocial variables and working conditions, and nurses' coping methods and distress in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis in Canada. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: The sample consisted of 333 nurses (315 women, 18 men) who completed an Internet-mediated questionnaire that was posted on the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO) website between March and May 2004. The questionnaire was restricted to respondents who had to authenticate their RNAO membership with a valid username and password before accessing the questionnaire. This served a dual purpose: to ensure that only RNAO nurses completed the questionnaire and thereby safeguarding the generalizability of the findings; and second, to prevent any one nurse from contributing more than once to the overall sample. RESULTS: Correlational analysis yielded several significant relationships between psychosocial variables and working conditions, and the traditional correlates of burnout and stress. Three multiple regression analysis revealed that the model we evolved--including higher levels of vigor, organizational support, and trust in equipment/infection control initiative; and lower levels of contact with SARS patients, and time spent in quarantine--predicted to lower levels of avoidance behavior, emotional exhaustion, and state anger. CONCLUSIONS: By employing models of stress and burnout that combine psychosocial variables and working conditions, researchers can account for significant amounts of variance in outcomes related to burnout. These findings highlight the importance of vigor and perceived organizational support in predicting nurses' symptoms of burnout. For healthcare administrators, this means that a likely strategy for assuaging the negative outcomes of stress should address nurses' psychosocial concerns and the working conditions that they face during novel times of crisis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Subjective well-being before and after the onset of diabetes mellitus: results of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study.

Previous research has documented that people with diabetes mellitus report lower psychological well-being than do people with no reported disease. Very little empirical evidence is available to support the conclusion that the low well-being is a consequence of diabetes per se. In this article, we analysed changes in psychological well-being among people who developed diabetes between 1984-1986 and 1995-1997. On these two occasions, the entire adult population of one county in Norway was invited to health screenings (the Nord-Trøndelag Health Studies, HUNT 1 and HUNT 2). The participants were 77,224 (90.7%) in HUNT 1 and 65,599 (71.0%) in HUNT 2. A total of 46,320 people participated in both studies and were included in the analyses. The participation rate at HUNT 2 was lower among people with diabetes at HUNT 2 than among people without diabetes. The participants responded to questionnaires, including questions on several diseases, as well as self-assessed health and psychological well-being. In this article, the question is raised whether people who developed diabetes in the period between HUNT 1 and HUNT 2 reported lower well-being than people who did not. The analyses show that they did, but the differences were small, except for reported subjective health and vigor. Moreover, we found that people who reported diabetes in HUNT 2 but not in HUNT 1 reported lower well-being and more comorbidity, already in HUNT 1. They also reported a slight decline in well-being in the period, that is, poorer subjectively judged health and life satisfaction, less vigor and cheerfulness, and more use of tranquilizers than before they received the diabetes diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth.

OBJECTIVES: To review the effects of physical activity on health and behavior outcomes and develop evidence-based recommendations for physical activity in youth. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic literature review identified 850 articles; additional papers were identified by the expert panelists. Articles in the identified outcome areas were reviewed, evaluated and summarized by an expert panelist. The strength of the evidence, conclusions, key issues, and gaps in the evidence were abstracted in a standardized format and presented and discussed by panelists and organizational representatives. RESULTS: Most intervention studies used supervised programs of moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30 to 45 minutes duration 3 to 5 days per week. The panel believed that a greater amount of physical activity would be necessary to achieve similar beneficial effects on health and behavioral outcomes in ordinary daily circumstances (typically intermittent and unsupervised activity). CONCLUSION: School-age youth should participate daily in 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity that is developmentally appropriate, enjoyable, and involves a variety of activities.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of four highly cited energy and fatigue mood measures.

This paper evaluates four highly cited measures of energy and fatigue moods. Substantial experimental and correlational evidence supports the conclusion that scores from the vitality scale of the SF-36 Health Survey can provide a valid measure of the recalled frequency of month-long feelings of energy and fatigue. Substantial experimental and correlational evidence supports the conclusion that scores from the fatigue and vigor scales of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) can provide reliable and valid measures the intensity of both week-long and "right now" fatigue and energy mood states, respectively. A smaller body of evidence supports the conclusion that scores from the energy scale of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Checklist (AD-ACL) can provide a valid measure of the "right now" mood of energy; however, the energy scale of the AD-ACL has several limitations compared to the POMS vigor scale. All the measures lacked integration within a compelling theory of the mood of energy-fatigue. It is concluded that progress in understanding of energy and fatigue mood states will be aided by advances in both the psychobiological conceptualization of fatigue and energy mood states and their measurement.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Impaired natural immunity, cognitive dysfunction, and physical symptoms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary evidence for a subgroup?

OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic criteria of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) define a heterogeneous population composed of several subgroups. Past efforts to identify subgroup markers have met with mixed success. This study was designed to examine natural killer cell activity (NKCA) as a potential subgroup marker by comparing the clinical presentations of CFS patients with and without clinically reduced NKCA. METHODS: Forty-one female CFS patients were classified into having either low or normal NKCA levels. These subgroups were then compared on objective measures of cognitive functioning and subjective assessments of fatigue, vigor, cognitive impairment, and daytime dysfunction. RESULTS: Relative to CFS patients in the normal-NKCA subgroup, low-NKCA patients reported less vigor, more daytime dysfunction, and more cognitive impairment. In addition, low-NKCA patients performed less on objective measures of cognitive functioning relative to normal-NKCA patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results are offered as preliminary evidence in support of using NKCA as an immunological subgroup marker in CFS. Findings are also discussed in terms of known associations between dysregulated immune functions, somatic symptoms, and psychological stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Validation of a 24-h physical activity recall in indigenous and non-indigenous Australian adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concurrent validity of a modified version of the widely used previous day physical activity recall (PDPAR-24) self-report instrument in a diverse sample of Australian adolescents comprising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (A&TSI) and non-indigenous high school students. A sample of 63 A&TSI and 59 non-indigenous high school students (N=122) from five public secondary schools participated in the study. Participants completed the PDPAR-24 after wearing a sealed electronic pedometer on the previous day. Significant positive correlations were observed between the self-reported physical activity variables (mean MET level, blocks of vigorous activity, and blocks of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) and 24-h step counts. Validity coefficients (rho) ranged from 0.29 to 0.34 (p<0.05). A significant inverse correlation was observed for self-reported screen time and 24-h step count (rho=-0.19, p<0.05). Correlations for A&TSI students were equal to or greater than those observed for non-indigenous students. The PDPAR-24 instrument is a quick, unobtrusive, and cost-effective assessment tool that would be useful for evaluating physical activity and sedentary behaviour in population-based studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Interplay between parasite cysteine proteases and the host kinin system modulates microvascular leakage and macrophage infection by promastigotes of the Leishmania donovani complex.

Kinins, the vasoactive peptides proteolytically liberated from kininogens, were recently recognized as signals alerting the innate immune system. Here we demonstrate that Leishmania donovani and Leishmania chagasi, two etiological agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), activate the kinin system. Intravital microscopy in the hamster cheek pouch showed that topically applied promastigotes induced macromolecular leakage (FITC-dextran) through postcapillary venules. Peaking at 15 min, the parasite-induced leakage was drastically enhanced by captopril (Cap), an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a kinin-degrading metallopeptidase. The enhanced microvascular responses were cancelled by HOE-140, an antagonist of the B2 bradykinin receptor (B2R), or by pre-treatment of promastigotes with the irreversible cysteine proteinase inhibitor N-methylpiperazine-urea-Phe-homoPhe-vinylsulfone-benzene (N-Pip-hF-VSPh). In agreement with the above-mentioned data, the promastigotes vigorously induced edema in the paw of Cap-treated J129 mice, but not Cap-B2R-/- mice. Analysis of parasite-induced breakdown of high molecular weight kininogens (HK), combined with active site-affinity-labeling with biotin-N-Pip-hF-VSPh, identified 35-40 kDa proteins as kinin-releasing cysteine peptidases. We then checked if macrophage infectivity was influenced by interplay between these kinin-releasing parasite proteases, kininogens, and kinin-degrading peptidases (i.e. ACE). Our studies revealed that full-fledged B2R engagement resulted in vigorous increase of L. chagasi uptake by resident macrophages. Evidence that inflammatory macrophages treated with HOE-140 became highly susceptible to amastigote outgrowth, assessed 72 h after initial macrophage interaction, further suggests that the kinin/B2R activation pathway may critically modulate inflammation and innate immunity in visceral leishmaniasis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Rapid and transient activation of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Johne's disease positive cows exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in vitro.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. M. paratuberculosis is a slow-growing intracellular bacterium and infections with M. paratuberculosis can persist in a subclinical state for several years. An early and appropriate T cell-mediated cytotoxic response (Th1-like) to M. paratuberculosis infection is often replaced with an antibody or Th 2-like response as infected animals move toward a progressively more clinical state. The reasons for this shift in immune response are unknown. Recent studies suggest that in vitro exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Johne's disease positive cows to M. paratuberculosis for 18-24 h results in suppressed expression of numerous immune cell genes. This effect appears at odds with the notion that immune cells from infected cows would respond to M. paratuberculosis-specific antigens in a vigorous and positive manner. In this report, we detail experiments designed to test the hypothesis that many positive changes in PBMC gene expression induced by M. paratuberculosis in vitro are transient, being rapidly suppressed by as yet unknown mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that, indeed, in vitro stimulation with M. paratuberculosis induces rapid changes in infected cow PBMC gene expression (within 2-4 h of exposure) and that many of these changes are no longer evident by 8-16 h of exposure to M. paratuberculosis. Although precise mechanisms responsible for rapid M. paratuberculosis-mediated activation of PBMC gene expression and the loss thereof remain to be determined, our novel results suggest that PBMCs from Johne's disease positive cows are indeed capable of vigorously responding to M. paratuberculosis and that, for many genes, this response is tempered within 8 h of exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Appearance of high-frequency alpha band with disappearance of low-frequency alpha band in EEG is produced during voluntary abdominal breathing in an eyes-closed condition.

This study examined the effects of voluntary abdominal breathing (VAB) on the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 22 healthy subjects. VAB was characterized by prolonged rhythmic contraction of abdominal muscles for 20 min in an eyes-closed condition. The breathing rate was instructed to be very slow, i.e., 3-4 breaths/min (inspiratory time for 6-8s and expiratory time for 9-12s). A low-frequency alpha band appeared immediately after eye closing, but it later disappeared and was replaced by a new development of a high-frequency alpha band 4-5 min after the onset of VAB. The subjects had a feeling of vigor-activity with a tendency of reduced anxiety during and/or after VAB, as assessed by POMS and STAI questionnaire scores. On the other hand, during resting in the eye-closed condition, the disappearance of the low-frequency alpha band was replaced by the occurrence of a theta/delta band. The subjects became drowsy in this condition. We therefore conclude that the increase in high-frequency alpha activity is linked to the state of vigor-activity with a tendency of reduced anxiety. Since the urinary serotonergic level significantly increased after the VAB, we suggest that the serotonergic neurons within the brain may produce the changes in the EEG patterns.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2006

Attitudes toward physical activity in adolescents with cystic fibrosis: sex differences after training: a pilot study.

This study compared the attitudes of 16 adolescents (8 males and 8 females) with cystic fibrosis (CF) toward exercise and physical activity (PA) before and after a 6-week exercise program. Although the boys and girls had similar ages (12-18 years), the boys were fitter and leaner and had higher pulmonary function. Subjects reported both positive exercise attitudes of self and perceived attitudes of parents/friends that remained essentially unchanged after strenuous training. Boys reported higher vigorous activities at baseline than girls, but all subjects increased participation in very hard PAs after training. Girls had small but nonsignificant increases in PA at each (mild-vigorous) level. Results emphasize that adolescents with a mild to moderate lung disease can significantly increase PA in a nursing intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Opposite effect of negative and positive affect on stress procoagulant reactivity.

Exaggerated procoagulant responses to acute mental stress may contribute to coronary thrombosis, and continuing low-grade systemic coagulation activation may link negative affect with the development of coronary artery disease. We investigated whether negative and positive affect and perceived social support would moderate stress procoagulant reactivity. Psychological functioning, exhaustion, negative affectivity, depression, anxiety, worrying, vigor, and social support were assessed in 27 apparently healthy men (mean age 47 +/- 8 years) who underwent the 13-min Trier Social Stress Test combining preparation, speech, and mental arithmetic. Plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag), fibrinogen, factor VII clotting activity (FVII:C), FVIII:C, FXII:C, and D-dimer were measured immediately before and after stress. Acute stress elicited significant increases in hemodynamic, cortisol, and coagulant activity (p values < 0.05). VWF:Ag reactivity showed inverse relationships with exhaustion (r = -0.63, p < 0.001), negative affectivity (r = -0.53, p = 0.005), and worrying (r = -0.53, p = 0.005). Exhaustion and negative affectivity emerged as independent predictors of VWF:Ag reactivity explaining 54% of its variance. Fibrinogen reactivity showed inverse relationships with negative affectivity (r = -0.59, p = 0.002) and anxiety (r = -0.54, p = 0.005); negative affectivity emerged as an independent predictor of fibrinogen reactivity explaining 35% of its variance. Psychological functioning and FVII:C reactivity were also correlated (r = -0.52, p = 0.006). Whereas FVIII:C reactivity correlated positively with vigorous mood (r = 0.48, p = 0.012), positive associations between social support and procoagulant reactivity did not reach significance. Negative affect was associated with attenuated procoagulant reactivity to stress and the opposite was observed for positive affect. Negative affect is not likely to enhance the acute procoagulant stress response in healthy men.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Microdialysis of the lateral and medial temporal lobe during temporal lobe epilepsy surgery.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to establish whether, in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), there are relative differences between the lateral and ipsilateral medial temporal lobe in the extracellular levels of 3 of the human brain's major neuroactive amino acids. METHODS: Seven generally anesthetized patients with TLE undergoing anatomically standardized resective surgery had at operation microdialysis catheters inserted within the middle temporal gyrus (ie, lateral temporal lobe) and anterior hippocampus (ie, medial temporal lobe). Surface electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings were also obtained. Samples of 10-minute dialysate were quantified for glutamate, aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using high-performance liquid chromatography; corresponding ECoG data were assessed for epileptiform activity. Where available, resection tissue was subjected to histopathological analysis. RESULTS: The ratio of mean "sample 3" dialysate levels of glutamate, aspartate, and GABA was approximately 20:2:1, respectively, in both the minimally epileptiform lateral (n = 7) and medial (n = 5) temporal lobe; between the 2 sets of samples, these levels were not significantly different (P > 0.05 for each amino acid studied). From the vigorously epileptiform medial temporal lobe of 2 patients, sample 3 dialysate levels of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate were found in considerably greater concentrations (between 15- and 37-fold) with correspondingly less dramatic increases of the inhibitory amino acid GABA (more than 11- and 13-fold). Laterally resected tissue (obtained in 3 cases) did not demonstrate significant cortical or subcortical abnormalities; medial resection tissue from all patients demonstrated, in varying degrees, hippocampal sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of significant tissue hyperexcitability, despite known differences in local cellular and/or histopathological architecture, the extracellular relationship among glutamate, aspartate, and GABA is not dissimilar in both the lateral and ipsilateral medial temporal lobe of TLE patients. Considerable disparity in dialysate levels recovered (eg, from the vigorously epileptiform medial temporal lobe) may be related to the functional (ie, hyperexcitable) status of the sampled tissue.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2006

Morphological and functional characteristics of chilled semen obtained from domestic feline epididymides (Felis catus).

The objective of this study was to determine morphological and functional characteristics of semen retrieved from the feline epididymis before and after cooling. Sixteen adult male cats were orchiectomized. The distal portion of the epididymis and proximal part of the deferent ducts were dissected and squeezed to obtain their content. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, sperm were resuspended in a 0.9 mL Tris-fructose-citric acid extender containing 20% egg yolk, aliquoted into three 0.3 mL samples, placed in a refrigerator (4.8 degrees C) and cooled (0.5 degrees C/min). Semen evaluations were performed on four occassions: immediately after epididymal sperm retrieval (T0), and at 24 h (T1), 48 h (T2) and 72 h (T3) after cooling. On each occasion, progressive motility, vigor and sperm morphology were determined. Mean motility and vigor decreased (P < 0.05) between each successive examination. Although the majority of sperm cell damage occurred within the first 24 h, there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in mean percentage of morphologically normal sperm between T0 and each evaluated time (T1, T2, T3) after cooling, due to an increase in coiled and bent sperm tails. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of cooling on the fertilizing capacity of cat epididymal spermatozoa in assisted reproduction programs.

Animals↗