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PubMed2002

Effects of equivolume isometric training programs comprising medium or high resistance on muscle size and strength.

Isometric unilateral elbow extension training was conducted for 10 weeks (3 times per week) on 12 young adult men to investigate the effects of equivolume exercise programs with different combinations of intensity and duration on the morphological and functional aspects of the triceps brachii muscle. One group of 6 subjects trained by developing maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 6 s per set with 12 sets per session (100%G), while the other group of 6 subjects trained at 60% of MVC for 30 s per set with 4 sets per session (60%G). Training significantly increased the muscle volume ( V(m)), fascicle pennation angle of the triceps brachii, and torque output during concentric and eccentric elbow extensions at three constant velocities of 0.52, 1.57, and 3.14 rad.s(-1) as well as under the training condition, with no significant differences in the relative gains between the two programs. However, 100%G showed significantly greater V(m) than 60%G after training, when V(m) before training was normalized. Thus, only 60%G significantly increased the ratio of torque to V(m) developed in the eccentric actions at the three velocities and concentric action at 1.57 rad.s(-1). The present results indicate that isometric training programs of medium resistance/long duration and high resistance/short duration produce different effects on V(m) and dynamic strength relative to V(m), even if the training volume is equalized between the two protocols.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

The long-term effects of human sexuality training programs for public school teachers.

The current study evaluated long-term effects of a training model in human sexuality on public school teachers' knowledge and attitudes. The data indicated that, although significant changes were found from the pretest to posttest assessment of knowledge and attitudes on two standardized measures, attitudinal changes for teachers could not be maintained over time. In addition, knowledge decreased with most drastic changes occurring in the educator who, while trained, did not teach the material in a classroom setting. The results of this model staff development program suggest factors that may alter sex education training effects for professionals who work in public school settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A comprehensive resident training program in operative endoscopy.

We describe a structured and uniform resident experience in operative endoscopy and analyze the costs of implementing such a program at an urban academic medical center. The residency curriculum at Northwestern Memorial Hospital incorporates a five-part approach to endoscopy training: weekly endoscopy rounds, an annual animal laboratory for residents, an individual animal laboratory, supervision by skilled endoscopic surgeons, and a laparoscopic training facility. Thirty-two residents have completed the training over 4 years. The annual cost of the entire program is $34,500, which can be offset partially by vendor support. A comprehensive and continuous endoscopic training program is an important and affordable part of resident education.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A survey of physician clinical nutrition training programs in the United States.

This survey contacted 90 medical schools and 241 universities believed to offer physicians special training in human nutrition. Seventy-two of the medical schools described an existing (67/72) or planned (5/72) clinical fellowship program. In 40 of these 67 programs, nutrition was a major clinical and research focus (greater than 30% and up to 100% of trainees time) and in 27, the nutrition emphasis was definite but more modest (about 30% of time). Between 1976 and 1981, 470 physicians completed training from these programs. Fifty-two of the universities described graduate degree courses (PhD, MPH, MS) in human nutrition open to physicians. Between 1976 to 1981 24 of these schools had enrolled and graduated 152 physicians. The results are discussed in terms of the need for standardization of the content of training programs and a certification process, recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.

Certification↗
PubMed1996

Planning, development, and execution of an international training program in laparoscopic surgery.

In the late 1980s, minimally invasive surgery experienced unprecedented growth. Centers appeared worldwide, providing a variety of training opportunities and laboratory experiences. Because standard surgical training varies greatly from country to country, it became apparent that this variety was even more pronounced in the area of minimally invasive and laparoscopic surgery, posing significant credentialling difficulties for professional standards committees wishing to certify surgical staff who submit unevaluable credentials from all over the world. In January 1993, the Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery at New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine was asked to plan and execute a program of education, training, and credentialling for a multispecialty surgical staff in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. A four-stage program was designed and developed to provide credentialling from the technician level through the instructor surgeon level. A multidisciplinary course was developed and a team placed on site for 1 month to execute the program. This program began with an 8-h didactic/video session in basic laparoscopy, covering areas common to the involved subspecialties: surgery, urology, and gynecology. This session was followed by hands-on training sessions in general surgery and urology and credentialling in gynecology. Physicians who successfully completed the examination in basic laparoscopy were later eligible for credentialling at one of three clinical specialty levels: basic clinical laparoscopy, advanced clinical laparoscopy, or instructor in clinical laparoscopy. Education and credentialling in minimally invasive surgery can be accomplished by executing a program of basic science and clinical training for physicians, technicians, and nurses that accommodates a wide range of experience of participants, from novice to master surgeon. Support from the hospital administrators and department chairs was instrumental in the program's success. Among the goals we accomplished was identification of persons in an institution who could serve as future instructors and certifiers for the hospital's self-sustaining program as well as providing a relationship in which international institutions can serve as a resource for further continuing medical education and clinical and laboratory training. This program may well serve as the model template for international credential standards of the future.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1992

Education of general practitioners in psychosomatic medicine. Effects of a training program on the daily work at Swedish primary health care centers.

Two interrelated studies are reported. One reports the results of a questionnaire interview with a reference group of 51 general practitioners. The respondents express a considerable dissatisfaction with their previous medical training as it concerns their knowledge of the psychosomatic medical paradigm. The other study evaluates the effects of a 5-year education program concerning psychodynamic theories and an integrative psychosomatic approach to treatment. Six general practitioners participated in this educational program, which included both theoretical seminars and practical training in psychotherapy (under supervision) with patients suffering from chronic idiopathic pain syndrome. All the participants reported developing substantial skill in treating such patients and in handling other kinds of patients with multifactorial etiology of symptoms. The participants of the training program did not initially differ from the larger reference group as to the previous knowledge and practice in integrative psychosomatic medicine, and it may be concluded that many physicians would profit from such post-graduate training. The self-reports of all these experienced physicians also indicate that there is too little theory and practice of the psychesoma interaction in the basic medical education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of training programs.

This chapter has provided examples of practical and theoretical considerations that should be made when developing evaluation activities concomitant to training. Evaluation choices have been described based on considerations and experiences from others in the training field, sound rationale for program and policy research, and realistic constraints and demands of training. The discussion has presented some of the basic technical issues associated with the collection and analysis of trainee, program, and test data. It also has presented some basic considerations in optimizing procedures and in interfacing within and beyond programs for data collection. Finally, it has presented options available for data analysis from other models and methods in the training field. Whenever possible, select standard variables should be used to facilitate the advancement of training and reporting. Many variables and procedures will differ between programs based on training objectives; others should be part of basic activities. The authors conclude that use of demographic, program, and tests and nontest effectiveness measures are all important in assessing the quality of training efforts and the instruments themselves. When possible, such efforts should expand to include behavior assessment at the worksite, as occurs with behavior-based training developed and provided at the work-site. Most issues relating to evaluation in general are amenable to modification. Indeed, by responding to the issues cited, both in support of and in opposition to various methods, it is possible to address valid technical concerns and maximize data strength. The value of program evaluation will ultimately be based on the selection of critical variables and the use of data collection and analysis activities that maximize their potential. The value of program evaluation to policy development will largely be dependent upon the quality of program evaluation and the extent to which similar programs collaborate and report their outcomes.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1985

Biennial survey of physician clinical nutrition training programs.

A survey was conducted of 50 medical centers providing postgraduate clinical training in nutrition. Each program director completed a questionnaire that requested information on major program affiliations and interests, available positions, number of trainees, sources and level of funding, and general aspects of the curriculum. The results are assembled into a geographic listing of the 50 centers, and the tabulated data provides a current profile of postgraduate clinical training in nutrition.

Directories as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Exercise adherence for a strength training program in older adults.

The first purpose of the present investigation was to examine initiation of a moderate intensity strength training and flexibility program in older adults. The second purpose was to assess adherence to training six months after conclusion of the initiation period. Forty-six apparently healthy older adults (mean age = 71.3; 33 women; 13 men) trained one hour, three days a week, for 4 months on a Nautilus Multi-Station Unit. The subjects trained on five upper extremity, three trunk, and three lower extremity stations. Training sessions consisted of 50 minutes of strength training and 10 minutes of flexibility exercises. Baseline exercise habits were obtained from the subjects using the Physical Exercise Profile (PEP). Subjects also completed portions of the PEP immediately following the conclusion of the 4-month intervention and 6 months later. The data were analyzed by chi square contingency tables. The subjects had over a 95% initiation rate during the study. Exercise leadership and program organization were found to be the most important reasons for the high initiation rate. Two determinants that influenced older adults to continue training were identified: satisfaction with the exercise routine and body image. These results indicate that exercise programs designed for older adults should emphasize exercise leadership to facilitate program initiation and subsequent exercise adherence.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The effects of 20 weeks basic military training program on body composition, VO2max and aerobic fitness of obese recruits.

Forty of the most obese recruits going through a 20 weeks Basic Military Training (BMT) program were selected from a cohort of 197 obese recruits. Their TBW, BF, FFW, VO2max, time taken to achieve VT (VTTime) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) were measured before, in the middle, and at the end of the program. The means for each of these variables measured in the 3 occasions were analysed for significant differences with the repeated measures analysis of variance. Variables that achieved significant difference were further analysed for pairwise difference with the post-hoc Tukey test. The critical value was set at p < 0.05. Mean TBW and BF decreased from 108.33 +/- 13.1 kg to 90.82 +/- 12.3 kg (p < 0.001), and 34.3 +/- 1.2% to 23.9 +/- 2.3% (p 0.001) respectively. Mean FW decreased from 37.4 +/- 4.8 kg to 22.0 +/- 4.5 kg (p < 0.001). FFW decreased slightly from a mean of 71.5 +/- 8.6 kg to 69.2 +/- 8.8 kg, which was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Mean VO2max increased from 28.1 +/- 6.3 ml.kg-1.min-1 to 32.1 +/- 5.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 (p < 0.001), and mean VTTime on similar exercise protocol increased from 13.3 +/- 2.7 minutes to 15.8 +/- 3.8 minutes (p < 0.001). Mean HRmax decreased from 183.5 +/- 12.1 beats.min-1 to 177.3 +/- 10.1 beats.min-1 (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of once-a-week training program on physical fitness and metabolic control in children with IDDM.

To examine whether a physical activity program could improve physical fitness and glycemic control, 32 children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were examined before the program and 3 mo later. Fifty percent of the subjects (n = 16) participated in the training for 1 h/wk (exercise group), whereas the remaining subjects were engaged in nonphysical activities for an equal amount of time (nonexercise group). Age of the subjects ranged from 8.2 to 16.9 yr, (mean 11.9 yr), with mean duration of diabetes 0.6-13.1 yr (5.2 yr). During the 3-mo program peak oxygen consumption (VO2) rose from 40.0 to 43.8 ml.min-1.m-2 (P less than .01) in the exercise group but only by 1.3 ml.min-1.m-2 in the nonexercise group (NS). Metabolic control did not improve in either group, with glycosylated hemoglobin level rising from 9.8 to 10.5% (P less than .01) in the exercise group and from 9.4 to 9.7% (NS) in the control group. When subjects were stratified according to their participation, metabolic control was significantly better among diabetic subjects participating frequently (greater than or equal to 11 of 13 sessions) than among those participating infrequently (less than 11 of 13 sessions), regardless of the type of activity. It was concluded that a training program of 1 h/wk for 3 mo does improve physical fitness but not the metabolic control of diabetes. On the other hand, glycemic control appears to be best among diabetic subjects who are motivated to participate in any kind of program related to the treatment of their disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effects of an active ergonomics training program on risk exposure, worker beliefs, and symptoms in computer users.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an active ergonomics training (AET) program in computer users. Two constructs from the social-cognitive theory were adopted to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the proximal markers of behavior change. METHOD: Eighty-seven symptomatic and asymptomatic employees who worked at a computer for a minimum of 10 hours per week took part in a prospective randomized controlled study. Subjects participated in a six-hour training intervention at their workplace. Key elements of the AET intervention were skill development in workstation analysis, active participation, and implementation of multiple prevention strategies. RESULTS: After receiving AET, risk factor exposure was significantly reduced for participants at higher risk [F(1,82) = 6.42, p < 0.01]. Significant increases in knowledge [F(1,74) = 8.39, p < 0.01], self-efficacy [F(1,73) = 6.95, p < 0.01], and outcome expectations [F(1,75) = 8.75, p < 0.01] were found in the intervention group. When the participants were stratified according to the presence of symptoms at baseline, the group with pain that received the AET intervention had significantly less upper back pain intensity (z = -2.03, p < 0.05), pain frequency (z = -2.70, p < 0.01), and pain duration (z = -3.25, p < 0.01) post-intervention than the control group with pain. CONCLUSION: Results from this study provide evidence that participative training in workstation ergonomics can improve work postures, work practices, risk factor exposure, and pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effects of a twenty-four-week aquatic training program on muscular strength performance in healthy elderly women.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of a 24-week aquatic training (AT) program, which included both aerobic and resistance components, on muscle strength (isometric and dynamic), flexibility, and functional mobility in healthy women over 60 years of age. Twenty-two subjects were assigned randomly to either an AT (n = 12) or a control (C, n = 10) group. Volunteers participated in a supervised shallow-water exercise program for 60 minutes a day, 3 days a week; the exercise program consisted of a 10-minute warm-up and stretching, 25 minutes of endurance-type exercise (dancing) at 80% of heart rate (HR)(max), 20 minutes of upper- and lower-body resistance exercises with specialized water-resistance equipment, and a 5-minute cool down. Maximal isometric torque of knee extensors (KEXT) and knee flexors (KFLEX) were evaluated by a Cybex Norm dynamometer, grip strength (HGR) was evaluated using a Jamar hydraulic dynamometer, and dynamic strength was evaluated via the 3 repetition maximum (3RM) test for chest press, knee extension, lat pull down, and leg press. Jumping performance was evaluated using the squat jump (SJ), functional mobility with the timed up-and-go (TUG) test, and trunk flexion with the sit-and-reach test. Body composition was measured using the bioelectrical impedance method. The AT induced significant improvements in KEXT (10.5%) and KFLEX (13.4%) peak torque, HGR strength (13%), 3RM (25.7-29.4%), SJ (24.6%), sit-and-reach (11.6%), and TUG (19.8%) performance. The AT group demonstrated a significant increase in lean body mass (3.4%). No significant changes in these variables were observed in the C group. The results indicate that AT, with both aerobic and resistance components, is an alternative training method for improving neuromuscular and functional fitness performance in healthy elderly women.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Results of the Qualitative Evaluation of all-fit--a group education and training program for elderly people with chronic illness].

Chronic illness in elderly people is often associated with activity limitations, impairment, and mood changes. There is strong evidence that chronic disease self-management programs enhance health behaviour and stabilize or improve health status. A new program in Zurich, called all-fit, is a community-based program consisting of eight educational group sessions and physical training, held over two months. It is designed for elders with chronic illness. The program is led by a specially trained nurse. This study was undertaken to evaluate the program. The qualitative methodology emphasizes the experiences of the participants. Sixteen participants, drawn from the diabetes and arthritis groups, engaged in in-depth interviews before and after their participation in the program. The aim of the study was to assess the outcomes of the program and to identify the ways by which the outcomes occurred. Interview data were analyzed by content analysis. Most participants reported several positive outcomes and described dynamic pathways that led to these outcomes. In analyzing the pathways, the following steps emerged: (1) Motivation to change stems from, for example, activities such as sharing vicarious experiences within the group, or taking on other participants or significant events during the sessions as exemplars. (2) To move on, certain intermediate steps are important, such as cognitive reframing and experimenting with the new behaviour. (3) The resulting change can be attributed to two domains: (a) behaviour change in self-management, such as more time spent exercising or eating healthy; and (b) improvement in psychological well-being, such as having less feelings of depression or new perspectives for future coping. (4) Factors such as remembering highlights and additional group activities contribute to the sustainability of the effects. The results demonstrate that all-fit can be considered as a self-management program that improves health behaviour and physical and psychological well-being. There is a significant dynamic underway which is facilitated by the group setting with participants with similar conditions, social interactions, and concrete, practical learning.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Infectious disease epidemiology education and training Programs. FETP and EPIET].

The German Field Epidemiology Training Programme (FETP) and the European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) were founded to develop a network of epidemiologists for the surveillance and control of communicable diseases. During their 2-year training, FETP or EPIET fellows are based at the Robert Koch-Institut or other European host institutes and have to conduct outbreak investigations, carry out surveillance and research projects and publish the results. Since 1995, all 22 FETP and 94 EPIET fellows have conducted and published numerous outbreak investigations, surveillance and research projects, for example on pathogens inducing salmonellosis, influenza, SARS or avian influenza. Currently, 70% of FETP and EPIET alumni are working in key positions in communicable disease control on a regional, national or international level. The German FETP and the European EPIET programme offer high quality practical training in applied epidemiology. The expert knowledge of the alumni of both training programmes will be incorporated into the new European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC) and determine the future direction of infectious disease epidemiology in Germany and Europe.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2001

The Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) in Germany.

The German Field Epidemiology Training Programme (FETP), which started in January 1996, is part of a national effort to improve research capacity for the epidemiology of infectious diseases in Germany. The aim of the two year programme is to develop a cadre of epidemiologists capable of performing outbreak investigations, epidemiological research, and surveillance at an international standard measured in articles published in international peer-reviewed journals. These epidemiologists will also be instructed to train future epidemiologists and public health personnel. The programme is similar to the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and the European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET). The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research funded the costs of a senior epidemiologist who was seconded from the CDC to help initiate this programme.

Communicable Disease Control↗