Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Toothpastes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Effectiveness of an oral health education and caries prevention program in kindergartens in China.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of a 2-year oral health education and caries prevention program implemented in kindergartens in China. METHODS: Seven hundred and thirty-one 3-year-old children were recruited from 10 kindergartens in Miyun County, Beijing, China. The kindergartens were randomly divided into two groups. Oral health education was provided to teachers in the test kindergartens every 3 months. Oral health education sessions were conducted for the test children monthly and for their parents semiannually. Children in the test kindergarten brushed their teeth twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste (1100 ppm F-) in their kindergarten under the supervision of teachers during weekdays. No oral health education session and no supervised tooth brushing activities were carried out in the control kindergartens. A clinical examination of the study children and a questionnaire survey of their parents were conducted at baseline and after a 2-year program. RESULTS: Five hundred and fourteen children remained in the study after 2 years. The mean caries increments of the test group (n = 258) and the control group (n = 256) were 2.47 and 3.56 dmfs, respectively. The reduction in dmfs increment was 30.6% (P = 0.009). At the evaluation, a significantly higher percentage of children in the test group than in the control group reported brushing their teeth twice a day (87.6% vs. 69.0%; P < 0.001). Parents of children in the test group had better oral health knowledge and attitude than the parents of children in the control group. CONCLUSION: This oral health education program was effective in establishing good oral health habits among preschool children and in increasing oral health knowledge of their parents, in conjunction with supervised daily tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste, which could reduce the development of new dental caries in preschool children in China.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Dental fluorosis in cohorts born before, during, and after the national salt fluoridation program in a community in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis, as well as factors associated with its occurrence, in seven cohorts of children before and after the implementation of a fluoridated salt program in 1991. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1,373 children aged from 6 to 12 years in Campeche, Mexico. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire administered to mothers and a dental examination of the children. Modified Dean's criteria were used to diagnose dental fluorosis. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between dental fluorosis and independent variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 51.9%. The most common degree of dental fluorosis was very mild, with 84.7%, followed by mild, moderate, and severe with 13.1%, 1.7%, and 0.6%, respectively. The multivariate model adjusted by number of additional sources of fluoride, age at the beginning of use of toothpaste, and level of schooling of the mother, showed that children born in 1990 (OR = 1.74; CI 95% = 1.36-2.22), 1991 (OR = 4.03; CI 95% = 2.58-6.28), and 1992 (OR = 10.41; CI 95% = 5.77-18.78) were more likely to have dental fluorosis than those born in the period 1986-1989. The frequency of toothbrushing (OR = 1.63; CI 95% = 1.37-1.95) was also associated with dental fluorosis. CONCLUSIONS: A close relationship was found between exposure to toothpaste and dental fluorosis. Implementation of the fluoridated salt program greatly increased the risk of fluorosis.

Child↗
PubMed2005

A prospective, randomized clinical study on the effects of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste/mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis and initial caries lesion development in orthodontic patients.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of combined use of a toothpaste/mouthrinse containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2; meridol) on the development of white spot lesions, plaque, and gingivitis on maxillary anterior teeth in orthodontic patients. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with 115 orthodontic patients (42 males and 73 females, average age 14.4 years, drop outs 18) was designed. Group A (50) brushed twice daily with an AmF/SnF2 toothpaste (1400 ppm F) and rinsed every evening with an AmF/SnF2 solution (250 ppm F). Group B (47) brushed twice daily with a sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste (1400 ppm F) and rinsed every evening with a NaF solution (250 ppm F). Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and white spot lesion index (WSL) were recorded on the six maxillary anterior teeth at bonding and after debonding, and evaluated with t tests. In group A no significant differences between bonding and debonding were recorded for WSL (1.02 +/- 0.08 versus 1.05 +/- 0.13, P = 0.14), VPI (0.10 +/- 0.21 versus 0.12 +/- 0.21, P = 0.66) or GBI (0.13 +/- 0.21 versus 0.16 +/- 0.22, P = 0.47), whereas statistically significant differences were found in group B between bonding and debonding for WSL (1.00 +/- 0.02 versus 1.08 +/- 0.17, P = 0.01), VPI (0.06 +/- 0.13 versus 0.17 +/- 0.25, P = 0.01) and GBI (0.06 +/- 0.12 versus 0.16 +/- 0.21, P = 0.01). The increase in lesions on the upper anterior teeth was 4.3 per cent in group A and 7.2 per cent in group B. It was concluded that the combined use of an AmF/SnF2 toothpaste/mouthrinse had a slightly more inhibitory effect on white spot lesion development, plaque and gingivitis on maxillary anterior teeth during fixed orthodontic treatment compared with NaF.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Risk factors for enamel fluorosis in optimally fluoridated children born after the US manufacturers' decision to reduce the fluoride concentration of infant formula.

This case-control study investigated risk factors for enamel fluorosis in optimally fluoridated children, born after the US infant formula industry voluntarily reduced the fluoride content of their products. Analysis was performed on 233 children, aged 10-14 years. Case-control status was determined using the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI). Risk factor exposure was ascertained via a mailed questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses revealed a strong association between mild-to-moderate enamel fluorosis on early forming (FRI classification I) enamel surfaces and both fluoride supplement use (odds ratio (OR)=5.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-33.53), and early fluoride toothpaste use (OR=6.35, 95% CI 1.21-33.40). The authors found a suggestive, but nonsignificant, association between fluorosis on these enamel surfaces and infant formula in the form of powdered concentrate (OR=4.33, 95% CI 0.73-25.66). There was a strong association between mild-to-moderate fluorosis on later forming (FRI classification II) enamel surfaces and infant formula use in the form of powdered concentrate (OR=10.77, 95% CI 1.89-61.25), fluoride supplement use (OR=10.83, 95% CI 1.90-61.55), and early fluoride toothpaste use (OR=8.37, 95% CI 1.68-41.72). No association was observed between the use of ready to feed infant formula and enamel fluorosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Cervical enamel: a danger zone.

The British Standards Institutions's document (1974) recommending toothpaste specifications states that 'There is no evidence that any toothpaste ever produces a level of abrasion causing harm to dental enamel'. This paper questions the assumption that the enamel crown, especially at the cervical margin, is able to cope with modern dietary insult and a 'good' oral hygiene regimen, regardless of the enamel abrasivity of the dentifrice used. Once the enamel crown is breached the underlying dentine is sensitive and vulnerable to physical damage. In this work the potential rates of erosive and abrasive loss are related to the thickness of the protective enamel and to the relevance of fluoride treatments for adults. It is suggested that improvements in dental care and an increased tooth life expectancy now make the loss of tooth tissues at the cervical margin more important than is apparent at first sight.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed1991

Effectiveness of fortnightly tooth brushing with amine fluorides in caries-prone subjects.

The aim of this study was to assess the caries incidence and plaque accumulation in schoolchildren at caries risk, after brushing the teeth fortnightly with gels containing 0, 0.4% F, 1.25% F as amine fluoride (AmF) or the common amine fluoride toothpaste containing 0.125% F. The study was conducted double blind over an 18-month period, and after 6 months discontinuation of brushing. Only the group that brushed with the 1.25% AmF gel showed a significant decrease in caries development compared to the group that brushed with the 0.125% AmF toothpaste. During the 6-month discontinuation period, the incidence of caries increased in all groups; the differences in caries development between all groups were not significant. Plaque indices were significantly lower in the AmF-treated groups. The highest fluoride concentration in the gel reduced the development of caries to zero, probably due to increased fluoride levels in the oral milieu of caries risk children. In order to maintain a positive effect of fluoride over an extended time period, caries-prone subjects should continue an initiated fluoride programme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An in vitro study into the effect of a limited range of denture cleaners on surface roughness and removal of Candida albicans from conventional heat-cured acrylic resin denture base material.

This study evaluated the abrasiveness of four denture cleaners on the surface of denture base material and assessed their ability to remove Candida albicans. Acrylic resin discs 20 mm diameter and 2 mm thick were identically produced and polished. Four cleaners were evaluated: conventional toothpaste; toothpaste with stain remover; denture cleaning paste and an immersion type cleaner, and water were used as control. These were used at dilutions of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 with water. An electric toothbrush was used, and the discs cleaned to simulate 1 years' cleaning. The surface roughness of the discs were then measured, before and after cleaning, using a stylus profilometer, then inoculated with 1.2 x 10(6)C. albicans cells. The effectiveness of the denture cleaners to remove C. albicans cells was assessed following a single cleaning event. The immersion cleaner was significantly less abrasive than paste cleaners (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between any dilutions for any cleaner used (P > 0.05). Immersion and paste cleaners removed almost all recoverable C. albicans from the discs, as cleaning with water alone was less effective (P < 0.05). An immersion type cleaner was found to be the most suitable cleaner because of its low abrasivity and effective removal of organic debris.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1993

The use of topical flurbiprofen as an adjunct to non-surgical management of periodontal disease.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been used as systemic and topical preparations to control chronic periodontal disease in both animal and clinical human trials. Equivocal findings have failed to confirm whether any one NSAID is particularly efficacious, although flurbiprofen appears to be one of the most promising. 49 patients were allocated at baseline to test (25) and control (24) groups in a 12-month, controlled clinical trial. The groups were of similar age and sex distributions. During the first 3 months, both groups were given oral hygiene instruction and received scaling and root planning. The test patients were prescribed a 1% w/w flurbiprofen toothpaste to use 2 x daily for the entire 12 months. Control subjects were prescribed a placebo dentifrice. Plaque scores, bleeding scores, crevicular fluid flow, probing pocket depths and attachment levels were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Radiographs were taken at baseline and 12 months using a modified intraoral, repositionable film holder. Both the flurbiprofen and placebo showed significant improvements in the clinical parameters over 12 months and there were no significant differences between the groups. Flurbiprofen-treated patients however, demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of sites (8.0%) with bone gain when compared to the placebo group (3.3%). There were no significant differences between the groups in the number of sites showing bone loss or no change. It is concluded that the 1% w/w flurbiprofen toothpaste exerts a small, yet significant effect on bone metabolism in the absence of any apparent effects on clinical parameters.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis. III. Response of "high responders" and "low responders" to therapy.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to characterize the subject-based clinical behavior of the gingiva in response to a tooth-cleaning regimen in two subpopulations, "high-responder" (HR) and "low-responder" (LR) groups, presenting a different inflammatory response to plaque accumulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population comprised of 96 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects, 46 males and 50 females, non-smokers, enrolled in an experimental gingivitis trial. At completion of the experimental gingivitis period (day 21), all subjects were prescribed the same 21-day treatment regimen of amine/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF(2))-containing toothpaste and mouthrinse. Plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF), and angulated bleeding score (AngBS) were recorded on three selected teeth. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in the overall population as well as in HR and LR groups, separately. RESULTS: A statistically significant decrease of PlI was observed after treatment (p<0.001), with PlI reversing to baseline levels. Changes in PlI revealed the same trend in both HR and LR groups, without differences between groups. Treatment also resulted in a significant decrease of all gingivitis parameters (p<0.001 for all comparisons). After treatment, GI, AngBS, and GCF were comparable with baseline condition. However, when the two groups were compared, day 42-GCF was significantly higher in the HR group than the LR group. CONCLUSIONS: A treatment regimen based on mechanical plaque control supplemented with AmF/SnF(2)-containing toothpaste and mouthrinse is effective in reducing plaque accumulation and re-establishing healthy gingival conditions after experimentally induced gingivitis, even in subjects with different inflammatory response to plaque accumulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Enamel mineralization disturbances in 12-year-old children with known early exposure to fluorides.

Enamel changes and caries experience were studied in 134 12-year-old children with a known early exposure to fluoride tablets and/or fluoride containing toothpaste. The influence of birth weight and breast-feeding period was also analyzed. A clinical intact enamel was found in 32% of the children. Enamel fluorosis was found in 45% and localized opacities or hypoplasias in 40%. Children who had consumed fluoride tablets for a period of at least 12 months from the age of 6 months ran a 5.4 times greater risk of developing enamel fluorosis than children with no such consumption. No such risk could be shown in children who at 6 or 12 months of age started to use fluoride toothpaste. There was no statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of smooth surface caries or fillings in children with an exposure to fluoride tablets.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1999

Fluoride supplements and caries in a non-fluoridated child population.

In Norway, there is no water fluoridation and little naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride toothpaste is used by 95% of the population and there is a long tradition of use of fluoride supplements. The purpose of this study was to analyse whether children who used fluoride toothpaste regularly and complied with the recommendations for use of fluoride supplements had less caries than other children at the age of 8 years. Most fluoride supplements sold in Norway are lozenge-type tablets, which allow for extended enamel exposure to fluoride. All children (n = 551) born in 1988 living in a suburban community in Norway were invited to participate. In those who participated (n = 470), caries was registered clinically and radiographically and parents provided data on use of supplements. Thirty-eight percent of the children had used fluoride supplements regularly during the period 0.5 to 4.0 years of age and 66% used supplements regularly at the age of 6 to 8 years. Multivariate analyses showed that the children complying with the recommendations for use of fluoride supplements during the period 0.5 to 4.0 years of age had lower caries experience (dmfs) and fewer decayed surfaces (ds) in primary teeth than other children. No significant associations were found between supplement use in childhood and caries prevalence (DMFS) or number of decayed surfaces (DS) in permanent teeth at the age of 8 years. Supplement use from 6 to 8 years of age was not associated with caries occurrence either in primary or in permanent teeth. Both mother's education and the quality of dental hygiene were inversely associated with caries occurrence.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

A European perspective on fluoride use in seven countries.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to collate data on national policies for the use of fluoride in the seven European countries participating in the FLINT project. METHODS: Policies on the use of fluoride were obtained for each of the study areas. Data collected included the presence of water fluoridation and regulations governing fluoride toothpaste and fluoride supplements. RESULTS: In Ireland 74% of the population had a fluoridated water supply but in all the other countries fluoride toothpaste was the principal form of delivering fluoride, usually recommended as a dose of a pea-sized amount. Fluoride supplement use varied considerably between countries. The Netherlands had the clearest regulations covering the use of fluoride supplements and definition of at-risk individuals. Most countries, even if they recognized particular caries-risk did not define the term clearly. In Iceland all children were regarded as being at high risk of developing caries. CONCLUSION: Considerable variation exists between European countries in their policies for fluoride use and no clear definitions of high-caries-risk individuals were found. The results show that there is even a lack of coherent thought and planning within the different countries, let alone between them.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Evidence for putting the calculus: caries inverse relationship to work.

OBJECTIVES: To report previously unpublished data from three different types of clinical study to show the strength of the evidence purporting to demonstrate the existence of an inverse relationship between subjects' calculus and caries experience. METHODS: Data have been analysed from: a 3-year caries clinical trial of six toothpastes conducted in Lanarkshire, Scotland that involved 3000 children, Study 1; a caries epidemiological study in the Isle of Lewis that involved 228 children, Study 2; a calculus formation study carried out at Port Sunlight using a wide age range of adults, Study 3. RESULTS: Baseline data taken from Study 1 show that caries prevalence is highly significantly lower in calculus-prone than in calculus-free subjects (P < 0.0001). The inverse relationship is also demonstrated by the 3-year caries increment data for subjects who had used non-zinc toothpastes. Results from Study 2 show that a similar association arose for 8-year olds over a 6-year period, based on their erupting teeth alone. Finally, data from Study 3 show that whilst the extent of caries and calculus experience are both positively linked to age, within specific age groups the relationship between the two dental conditions on an individual subject basis is clearly of an inverse nature. CONCLUSIONS: The present work confirms that calculus status has a direct bearing on both current and future caries experience. Baseline calculus status could be, and has subsequently been demonstrated to be, a useful stratifying factor for caries clinical trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Is the fluoride/creatinine ratio of a spot urine sample indicative of 24-h urinary fluoride?

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to determine how representative the fluoride/creatinine (F/Cr) ratio of a spot urinary sample is of the fluoride content of a 24-h urine sample in young children aged 12-36 months. Subsidiary objectives were to: (a) evaluate the use of 24-h urine samples in monitoring fluoride exposure and (b) estimate the retention of fluoride in very young children. METHODS: Seven healthy children residing in a fluoridated area completed the study. Dietary information was obtained using a 3-day estimated food diary followed by an interview on the fourth day. Samples of foods and drinks were analysed for fluoride content. Ingestion of fluoride from toothpaste was also measured. A 24-h urine sample and a morning spot urine sample were collected from each child. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 32 months (range: 16-36 months). The mean total daily intake of fluoride was 0.71 (+/-0.41) mg or 0.05 (+/-0.02) mg/kg bodyweight, of which 37% came from the diet, the remainder being from toothpaste ingestion. None of the children used any other sources of fluoride such as fluoride tablets or fluoridated salt. The mean F/Cr ratio was 1.49 (+/-0.63) mg F/g creatinine. A positive correlation (Pearson's correlation=0.76, P=0.05) between fluoride excretion estimated using the F/Cr ratio in a morning spot urine sample and fluoride excretion in a 24-h urine sample was found. There was also a positive correlation (Pearson's correlation=0.83, P=0.02) between total daily fluoride intake and 24-h urinary fluoride excretion. Less than half (43%) of the total daily fluoride intake was retained in the body. CONCLUSIONS: The F/Cr ratio of a morning spot urine sample may be used to estimate mean 24-h urinary excretion of fluoride and therefore has potential application for larger-scale epidemiological studies where 24-h samples are impractical. Estimates of 24-h urinary fluoride excretion can be used to gauge fluoride exposure.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Teaching received in caries prevention and perceived need for Best Practice Guidelines among recent graduates in Finland.

The present study evaluated teaching that recent graduates in Finland had received in caries prevention and their perceived need for updated Best Practice Guidelines. A two-page questionnaire was mailed to all dentists in Finland who had graduated from 1995 to 1998 (n = 390). After one reminder, the response rate was 46%. The closed questions covered teaching in 14 caries-preventive methods and its suggestions as to when and on whom to apply such methods. Each dentist's own opinion on the three most important methods for caries prevention in patients with various types of dentition was sought in open questions. The respondents reported that at dental school, on average 12.5 (SD = 2.4) of 14 aspects of caries prevention were covered in theoretical teaching, 5.5 (SD = 3.8) in demonstrations and 8.5 (SD = 3.0) in clinical training. The top four methods teaching suggested for every patient were toothbrushing (100%), use of fluoridated toothpaste (99%), interdental cleaning (98%), and use of xylitol (97%); followed by fluoride varnish (77%) and fissure sealants (54%). The three caries-preventive methods the respondents felt to be most useful were the same for all types of dentitions, in order of importance: (i) toothbrushing and use of fluoridated toothpaste, (ii) supplementary use of fluorides at home and (iii) healthy dietary habits, in particular, avoidance of sucrose. As regards clinical work, such teaching had served the respondents' real-life needs in patients' caries prevention either extremely (44%) or moderately (54%) well; 91% said, however, that they would benefit from nationwide Best Practice Guidelines. In conclusion, the recent graduates' emphasis on patient-active methods in caries prevention may indicate a change in the current policy favouring patient-passive methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Intraoral spread of the antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine gel.

The aim of the study was to determine the range of the antimicrobial effect of Hibitane Dental Gel (ICI, Macclesfield, England), containing 1% chlorhexidine, when used as a dentifrice while brushing. A standard toothpaste with no claim for antibacterial activity (Pepsodent) was used as a control. Twenty-four dental students brushed their teeth during two 4-day periods using the closed mouth technique, i.e. they kept their teeth tightly clenched and brushed only the facial tooth surfaces twice daily. Before and after each test period the lingual and linguomesial surfaces of the mandibular teeth were scored for clearly visible plaque. The facially applied chlorhexidine gel had no more effect on plaque growth lingually than the standard toothpaste which was used as control. The lack of effect of the gel was suggested to be due to an insufficient spread and penetration capacity of its antimicrobial component.

Biguanides↗
PubMed1996

Factors for changes of caries prevalence among adolescents in Germany.

Data on caries prevalence among adolescents in East and West Germany before and after unification (1990) were compared with changes in etiologic and preventive parameters. The postwar increase of total sugar consumption resulted in an increase of caries prevalence among adolescents in both East and West Germany until 1970. Parallel to the introduction of preventive measures, especially systemic fluoridation, the national caries level in East Germany stabilized at 4-5 DMFT (in 13-14-year-olds) with significant regional differences. The introduction of fluoridated toothpaste after 1973 in West Germany was followed by a caries decline in children (1970s) and in adolescents (1980s) from very high caries levels (8.8 DMFT in 13-14-year-olds in 1983) to moderate levels (5.1 DMFT in 1989). The sudden increase from 10% to 90% fluoridated toothpaste in East Germany in 1990 was also accompanied by a caries decline in adolescents. Group prevention, which included fluoride varnish programs and the introduction of free prevention (brushing instructions, fluoridations, sealants) at private dentists for 6-19-year-olds since 1983, seems to be responsible for the latest caries reductions all over Germany.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Restoring oral health. On the rise and fall of dental caries in Iceland.

During the last decade, a continuous decrease in dental caries has been observed among schoolchildren in Iceland. In this paper, various epidemiological studies have been reviewed and summarized to illustrate caries prevalence, and how it has changed during the last decades. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to describe some of the factors involved and their possible effects on caries disease. During this period, sugar consumption increased, especially in the form of sweets and soft drinks. At the same time, the import of toothpaste increased, and preventive measures such as fissure sealants and fluoride rinsing programs were intensified. Other factors likely to have had an impact were changes in treatment philosophy and increased personnel resources. There does not seem to be any single factor responsible for the onset of the caries decline. It rather looks as if this was a multifactorial effect due to a number of different preventive measures. During recent years, a change in treatment philosophy, the evident increase in fluoride toothpaste consumption, and possible changes in the oral microbial flora, together with the use of fluoride varnishes, sealants, and increased manpower, may explain the decline.

Adolescent↗