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During a 5-year period, 909 fractures of the mandible were treated by the Department of Plastic Surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. A simple technique based on Gilmer wiring was evolved to deal with those fractures where sufficient teeth were present. This technique is extremely simple and proved efficacious.
This study investigated the relationship between urinary catecholamine levels and dentofacial injuries in 221 children, boys and girls, aged 8 to 10 years. Dentofacial injuries were recorded by a questionnaire and a clinical examination. Three 24-h urine samples, taken with an interval of 1 year between each, were available for each subject. A representative urine sample from each examination was analyzed by the high-performance liquid chromatography technique to assay the catecholamine content. Socioeconomic factors were recorded by a questionnaire. Of the examined children 58 (24 boys and 34 girls) with complete 24-h urine samples showed neither historical nor clinical evidence of dentofacial injuries and constituted the control group. Two case groups, A and B, with historical and/or clinical evidence of dentofacial injuries were matched by age and gender. Differences in the quantitative and qualitative data were tested by the paired t-test and the chi 2 test, respectively, while a regression analysis was applied to measure the effects of norepinephrine on epinephrine and dopamine. The 95% probability level was used. The results showed significant differences between control and case group A in the epinephrine and norepinephrine levels of the second urine sample. Significant differences were also found between control and case group B at the first urine sample in epinephrine and dopamine and at the second in epinephrine. Injured boys had significantly higher values of all catecholamines except for epinephrine in the second urine sample than injured girls. The only significant difference found between boys and girls without dentofacial injuries was in norepinephrine in the second urine sample. The data suggested that children with dentofacial injuries are more frequently under emotional stress and consequently emotionally stressful children run a greater risk of sustaining such injuries.
Sports dentistry is a new discipline that involves the prevention and treatment of sports-related dental diseases and trauma. As dental professionals, we have responsibility to educate ourselves, and the public community on issues related to sports dentistry, and specifically to the prevention of sports-related dental traumatic injuries. It is incumbent upon us to take the lead in conducting this type of educational and research activities. It is crucial for dental professionals to educate and promote all phases of sports dentistry to the public. Dental professionals should emphasize the continued susceptibility of individual to sports-related dental trauma and the importance of implementing appropriate preventive measures; and seeking early intervention of individual who requires preventive treatments.
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Traumatic dental injuries in children and adolescents are a common problem, and several studies have shown that the prevalence of these injuries is increasing. The aim of this study was to make a cross-sectional investigation of all traumatized permanent teeth in children living in a rural area and to estimate the time required for each treatment. Patient records from all children aged between 7 and 17 years living in the district of Boxholm were examined. Patients with documentation concerning any traumatic injury were invited to an examination and interview. The following variables were examined: age, sex, etiology, organized sport activity, type of injury, treatment, number of dental visits, and time utilized for dental care. Dental injuries were recorded in 11.7% (88) of children (63% boys, 37% girls) and prevalence was highest in the 8-12 year-old age group for boys (75%) and the 7-9 year-old age group for girls (63%). The most frequent etiological factors were collision during play, and falling over. In boys, 10% of all dental injuries were caused by violence. Simple enamel fractures of maxillary central incisors were the most common type of injury. The mean treatment time was 74 minutes for each trauma incident, and in 35% of cases, only one dental visit was required. It was concluded that the frequency of traumatic dental injuries in a rural area is lower than in urban areas.
Sports-related orofacial trauma is a serious problem that can be prevented by wearing protective mouthguards and headgear. While this equipment is available, few studies have been done of wearing practices. This study assesses the wearing practices using data from the Child Health Supplement of the 1991 National Health Interview Survey. Results indicate that football was the only sport in which the majority of children used mouthguards and headgear. While statistically significant differences (p<.05) were found in use of the equipment in all sports by grade level, gender, parent's education, ethnicity, and by region of the the country, these differences were not consistent across sports. Healthy People 2000 calls for extending requirements for use of orofacial protective devices to all organizations sponsoring sports that pose risk to injury. Given the complex nature of the findings, multifaceted initiatives that include the promulgation of rules must be developed and tested to determine what approaches are effective in ensuring consistent use.
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The traumatic dental injuries in children represent the second, after dental caries, most common reason of attending the dental surgeries. The paper presents the statistical analysis of the patients attending the Department of Pedodontics, Medical Academy in Lublin due to the traumatic dental injuries.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the expression and functions of nerve growth factors during teeth injury. METHODS: Twenty male Wistar rats were given mechanical irritation in upper first molar and their molecular and biological changes were examined in different periods. Four of them were killed immediately after the teeth were irritated, the other four were killed 3 days, 5 days, and 9 days respectively after the teeth were stimulated. The perfusion was performed through the left ventricle with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% picric acid in 0.1% phosphate buffer. The maxilla was decalcified and embedded. Sections of 15 microns in thickness were cut with freezing macrodome in the sagittal planes. Then the sections were stained with immunohistochemical method to observe changes of NGF in the injured dental pulp, comparing with that in the normal dental pulp. In the end, we observed the NGF distribution in the pulp under optical microscope, and analyzed the expression level of NGF with the image pattern analysis instrument. The results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the normal group, the NGF expression was not observed. In the experimental group of zero hour, the NGF expression could be observed, but was very low. In the experimental group of three days, the NGF expression increased greatly, and the positive sites mainly distributed in the odontoblastic and the sub-odontoblastic layer. They also distributed in dentinal tubules. But in the group of 5 days, the level of NGF decreased. In the group of 9 days, it was the same as that of the normal group. Using the image pattern analysis instruments and statistical analysis, the results clearly showed that the expression level were lower in the group of three days than that of the other groups, and the expression levels of the groups 0 and 5 days were lower than that of the normal control group, however, that of 9-day group was the same as the normal group. CONCLUSION: NGF may play a role in the reaction and nerve restoration after teeth injury and, the expression change in different stages.
There are considered the principles to be noticed in the expert opinion on teeth injuries resulting from accidents. The corresponding table of physical damage is shown and 3 clinical cases are presented.
Child abuse is more common than previously supposed, and non-accidental injuries may also present in the oral cavity. Results of physical abuse are most commonly diagnosed as such, but injuries from sexual abuse and results of neglect may be observed in the mouth. Bruises are the most common types of non-accidental injuries, the lips and frena being specially exposed, through burns may be cause by over-hot food or caustic liquids. The teeth may fracture, be avulsed, displaced or discoloured as a result of non-accidental injury. Sexually transmitted diseases in children's mouths are strong indications of sexual abuse. Children exposed to oral sexual activities over a considerable period of time may develop higher caries rates and erosion on the palatal surface of the maxillary teeth. Dental neglect may be part of general neglect. The dentist's role is to treat the oral injuries and take appropriate action to prevent continued abuse.
The aim of this work was to conduct a comparative study between Switzerland and Germany about the frequency of dental injuries in handball, athletes' habits of wearing mouthguard, as well as the general level of information about first emergency measures after a dental trauma and the resulting consequences for athletes and their coaches alike. For this, using interviews, seven handball teams each in two countries (Switzerland/Germany) belonging to the amateur and semiprofessional leagues were surveyed. A total of 112 individuals, 28 females and 84 males, were interviewed. Thirty-two of the 112 interviewees have once observed a dental injury; 12 have experienced a dental injury themselves. Only 10 individuals wore a mouthguard. The results show that the area of handball still requires more information and education.
The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Nigerian dentists towards mouthguard protection. A pre-tested 15-item, one-page questionnaire was distributed to 185 dentists practising in different parts of the country with government hospitals or private establishments, by 'hand-delivery' system. Filled and returned forms were 170 (response rate of 92%). The period of the survey was between April and August 2003. Dental graduates from the different dental schools in the country responded to this survey. About 49% of the respondents indicated having only classroom lectures on mouthguards during their undergraduate trainings, 11% said they had some laboratory sessions in addition while no form of education on mouthguards was received by 40%. About 82% had never recommended mouthguard protection for athletic patients, and the major reason was no formal training in the subject. Only 58.5% were familiar with the different types of mouthguards, 75.9% would not be able to supervise or fabricate mouthguards and 50.6% would prefer custom-made mouthguard for their athletic patients. About 84% felt the current training on mouthguards in Nigerian dental schools is inadequate. Over 98% agreed that mouthguard usage in contact sports should be encouraged with the involvement of the dentists. The knowledge and attitudes of the respondents towards mouthguard protection did not vary significantly across years of postqualification from dental schools as well as the professional status of the dentists (P > 0.05). Although Nigerian dentists support mouthguard protection in contact sports and want to be involved in the provision of mouthguards for athletes, their knowledge of the protective device is inadequate. There is need for attention to be given to this subject in the undergraduate curricula of our dental schools.
Although suspension laryngoscopy (SL) is routinely used in operative laryngology, no prospectively gathered data on the complications of this procedure have so far been available. We prospectively analyzed 339 consecutive procedures for intervention-related complications. The survey included preoperative dental status and assessment of postoperative dental, mucosal, and nerve injuries. Minor mucosal lesions were found in 75% of all patients. All healed spontaneously within a few days. Dental injuries occurred in 6.5% of all patients. These were more frequent in therapeutic laryngoscopy than in diagnostic procedures (6.8% versus 6.0%). Highly significant correlations were found between dental injury rate and preoperative dental disease (p < .04) and grade of periodontitis (p <.001). Temporary nerve lesions were observed in 13 patients (9 of the lingual nerve and 4 of the hypoglossal nerve). Although minor complications frequently occur during SL, it is a relatively safe procedure with a low risk of significant morbidity.
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