[Research on the anthelmintic activity and toxicity of diphenyl tin oxide].
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Anthelmintics↗
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[The molluscacidal properties of triphenyl tin chloride and acetate in the prevention of bilharziasis].
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Acetates↗
Genetic variation in the susceptibility to mercury and other metal compounds in Drosophila melanogaster.
The tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster to heavy metal compounds was investigated with special emphasis on methylmercury. A pronounced variation in tolerance to CH3HgOH, HgCl2, (C2H5)3PbCl, (CH3)3SnCl, and CdCl2 was recorded between 12 wild-type strains. After ranking the tolerance of the strains with respect to the five compounds rank correlations for experiments within and between compounds were calculated. The results showed a high degree of correlation within compounds but no unequivocal indication of a correlation between compounds, indicating that different mechanisms of genetic control for tolerance were operating for the five compounds. Rank correlations for experiments with 12 different mercury, lead, tin, and cadmium compounds and the same 12 wild-type strains only indicated one significant correlated response, between tripropyltin and tributyltin. A selection experiment for tolerance to methylmercury was performed with a foundation population, synthesized from four wild-type strains, showing a high initial tolerance. One control and two levels of treatment doses were used. A distinct selection response was obtained and a high tolerance was reached particularly for the high-dose selection line after 12 generations, when the experiment ended. Genetic analysis of the tolerance indicated a dominant and polygenic inheritance. Investigation of the uptake and excretion of CH3Hg203OH showed that the level of tolerance to methylmercury was correlated with the uptake of the mercury but apparently not with the rate of excretion. Cystein increased the susceptibility to methylmercury. Inorganic mercury and trimethyl lead exhibited a synergistic toxic effect, evidently as the result of an in vitro transmethylation of mercury. A high somatic susceptibility to methylmercury also applied to the induction of nondisjunction and sex-linked recessive lethals.
Animals↗
[Marine pollution by organometallic compounds: the case of mercury, lead and tin derivatives].
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Animals↗
Solid-state 29Si, 113Cd, 119Sn, and 31P NMR studies of II-IV-P2 semiconductors.
Solid-state 29Si, 113Cd, 119Sn, and 31P MAS NMR spectra are reported on a series of II-IV-P2 compounds. In favorable cases (e.g., high degree of crystallinity, low concentration of unpaired electrons), well-defined spectra, with sharp lines for each specific nearest-neighbor configuration, are observed; in such cases, expected J coupling patterns are also seen. High-resolution solid-state NMR studies of this type provide useful information on structure (disorder), doping, and electron-mediated coupling in semiconductor systems.
Cadmium↗
The accumulation of organotins in adult and seed oysters from selected estuaries prior to the introduction of U.K. regulations governing the use of tributyltin-based antifouling paints.
Between April and November, 1985, a study of the levels of organotins in adult and seed Crassostrea gigas grown in the southwest and southeast of England was carried out. This work corresponds with a similar study of organotin water levels (reported separately). The analytical procedure used was directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Individual adult oysters and groups of 20-40 seed oysters were taken for analysis on a monthly basis. The profiles of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) are discussed in relation to each other and levels found in the waters. In general, levels of all three organotin species were found to be higher in the seed oysters. Mean levels of TBT reached 3.1 micrograms g-1 in seed oysters from the Exe, Devon, in October, whereas mean levels of DBT and MBT reached 16.1 and 16.7 micrograms g-1 in Teign, Devon, seed oysters in October. Bioconcentration factors of approximately 1000 were found, but seem to be greater when lower levels of TBT were present in the water, perhaps indicating a more 'efficient' removal from the water. The degree of shell thickening was calculated for all oysters submitted for analysis. The highest percentage of adult oysters with severely thickened shells was found at Tollesbury Fleet, where 61% of oysters showed shell thickness index values of six or less. Generally, two peaks in TBT levels in the oysters were observed, in the late spring and early summer: these seem to correlate with peak levels of TBT in the waters immediately preceding these times. A large proportion of the DBT and MBT found in the oysters seems to come from the metabolism of the TBT ingested. It is suggested that high sediment loadings may contribute to the severe deformation of oysters grown at Tollesbury Fleet, but only in the presence of TBT.
Aging↗
The biochemistry of organotin compounds: effect of triethyltin sulphate on tissue phosphates in the rat.
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Animals↗
Amine and tin fluoride inhibition of Streptococcus sanguis adhesion under continuous flow.
This study evaluated the ability of topically applied amine fluoride (AmF) and AmF-tin fluoride to inhibit the adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis within a parallel plate flow cell system. One of three AmF compounds and two tin fluoride preparations significantly reduced the net bacterial adhesion to conditioned glass over a 1-h period. Tin(IV) fluoride inhibited S. sanguis adhesion to the greatest extent, and this was shown to be dependent on the formation of the conditioning film prior to agent application.
Bacterial Adhesion↗
Functional changes implicating dopaminergic systems following perinatal treatments.
A series of experiments, involving diverse perinatal treatments of either rats or mice, have been performed in order to investigate the effects of these treatments upon certain selected spontaneous and learned behaviors in the laboratory. Rat dams were administered either metallic mercury, organic tin or neuroleptic compounds, and the offspring of these dams was studied with behavioral tests at adult ages, prenatal studies. Newborn rat pups were administered either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (at various doses), or metallic mercury and then tested at adult ages. Newborn mice were administered either metaclopramide, an antiemetic compound, or haloperidol, a neuroleptic compound, and tested for spontaneous and d-amphetamine induced activity as adults. The behavioral battery the rats were tested with consisted of measures of spontaneous motor activity, including locomotion/ambulation, rearing, and head dipping behaviors, and a parameter under which diverse behaviors were collected, total activity. Alterations to instrumental maze learning performance were studied through application of the spatial learning tasks: the radial arm maze and the circular swim maze. Possible changes in dopaminergic pathways were assessed by measuring the effects of perinatal treatments upon d-amphetamine-induced activity. It was shown that prenatal metallic mercury, organic tin and the neuroleptic compounds, haloperidol and remoxipride altered various parameters of spontaneous motor activity, retarded maze learning in the radial arm maze and potentiated d-amphetamine-induced activity. Metallic mercury rats were not subjected to the amphetamine test and remoxipride rats were not retarded according to the learning task. Postnatal metallic mercury, 6-OHDA, haloperidol and the antiemetic compound, metaclopramide, also altered spontaneous and d-amphetamine-induced activity as well as radial arm maze performance, excluding in this case haloperidol and metaclopramide. None of these treatments altered performance in the circular swim maze, except for 6-OHDA where doses inflicting severe depletions (greater than 85% depletion compared to control values) caused notable impairments. One tentative conclusion from the pattern of behavioral changes, generally in the absence of any measurable neurochemical changes, observed after these treatments is that the functional development of dopaminergic systems had, to a greater or lesser degree, been altered.
Animals↗
Behavioural retardation in the neuropathology of mental retardation.
A series of experiments, involving diverse perinatal treatments of either rats or mice, have been performed in order to investigate the effects of these treatments upon certain selected spontaneous and learned behaviours in the laboratory in order to derive animal models of behavioural retardation. Rat dams were administered either methylazoxymethanol, metallic mercury, organic tin or neuroleptic compounds, and the offspring of these dams were studied on the behavioural tests at adult ages, prenatal studies. Newborn rat pups were administered either 6-OHDA (at various doses), or metallic mercury and then tested at adult ages. Newborn mice were administered either metaclopramide, an antiemetic compound or haloperidol, a neuroleptic compound, and tested for spontaneous and d-amphetamine induced activity as adult. The behavioural battery that the rats were tested with consisted of measures of spontaneous motor activity, including locomotion/ambulation, rearing, and head dipping behaviours, and a parameter under which diverse behaviours were collected, total activity. Alterations to instrumental maze learning performance were studied through application of the spacial learning tasks: the radial arm maze and the circular swim maze. Possible changes in dopaminergic pathways were assessed by measuring the effects of perinatal treatments upon d-amphetamine induced activity. It was shown that prenatal methylazoxymethanol, metallic mercury, organic tin and the neuroleptic compounds, haloperidol and remoxipride, altered various parameters of spontaneous motor activity, retarded maze learning in the radial arm maze and potentiated d-amphetamine induced activity. Metallic mercury rats were not subjected to the amphetamine test and remoxipride rats were not retarded on the learning task. Postnatal metallic mercury, 6-OHDA, haloperidol and the antiemetic compound, metaclopramide, also altered spontaneous and d-amphetamine induced activity as well as radial arm maze performance, excluding in this case haloperidol and metaclopramide. None of these treatments altered performance in the circular swim maze, except for 6-OHDA where doses inflicting severe depletions (greater than 85% depletion compared to control values) caused notable impairments. These diverse findings seem to implicate dopaminergic processes in brain development.
Animals↗
Determination of tri-, di-, and monobutyltin and inorganic tin in biological materials and some aspects of their metabolism in rats.
A chromatographic method to separate and determine simultaneously trace amounts of tri-, di-, and monobutyltin and inorganic tin (IV) in biological materials has been established. These compounds were eluted stepwise on a silica gel column with an organic solvent system and were sensitively determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The calibration curves show linearity up to 6 mumol/L. The detection limit was 1.5 ng of tin for each of the tin compounds. The reproducibility and recovery were satisfactory. Tetra- and tributyltin were also sensitively determined by the gas chromatographic application of this method. This new method was applied to the study on the metabolism of tributyltin in rats. The contents of tributyltin in the liver of rats, to which a single oral dose of tributyltin fluoride had been administered, showed a rapid decrease following an initial transient increase. The tributyltin, once transported to the liver, seemed to be rapidly dealkylated. The most significant finding was the remarkable retention of monobutyltin and inorganic tin (IV) in the brain.
Animals↗
Controlled synthesis of star-shaped L-lactide polymers using new spirocyclic tin initiators.
The reaction between pentaerythritol ethoxylate compounds and dibutyltin oxide was developed as a route to synthesize two new spirocyclic tin initiators. The initiators were successfully synthesized and they were characterized by (1)H NMR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The (1)H NMR spectra showed the characteristic signals for the methylene protons in the ether chains. Furthermore, the usefulness of the new initiators was examined in ring-opening polymerizations of L-lactide in chloroform at 60 degrees C. L-Lactide was polymerized at monomer-to-initiator ([M]/[I]) ratios between 20 and 500. The results indicated that the initiation was instantaneous and that the molecular weight distribution was very narrow, <1.13. The number average molecular weight could be controlled by the [M]/[I] ratio, and the yield was very high. (1)H NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and DSC were used to clarify the architecture. The expected results were obtained. The star-shaped polymers had a smaller hydrodynamic volume, and the melting point was lower than that obtained for the corresponding linear poly(L-lactide).
Biocompatible Materials↗
Effect of triethyl lead chloride on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase.
The effect of various organic metal compounds on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD, porphobilinogen synthetase) activity has been studied. Various organic tin and lead compounds have little effect on this enzyme. However, triethyl lead chloride has a potency similar to that of inorganic lead nitrate in inhibiting ALAD both for in vitro study and after in vivo dosing. Liver and blood ALAD have a similar sensitivity to lead compounds, which is reduced in the presence of zinc. Trimethyl lead chloride inhibits ALAD in vitro to a lesser extent. The results suggest that amphiphilic organic lead compounds may directly inhibit ALAD without prior degradation to inorganic lead. The diffusibility and persistence of triethyl lead combine to make it an especially hazardous lead compound.
Animals↗
A stable neutral stannaaromatic compound: synthesis, structure and complexation of a kinetically stabilized 2-stannanaphthalene.
A kinetically stabilized 2-stannanaphthalene, the first example of a stable, neutral aromatic compound containing a tin atom, has been synthesized and fully characterized. The results of spectroscopic and crystallographic structural analyses of the compound and theoretical calculations using model compounds strongly suggest that it has a delocalized 10pi-electron ring system as does naphthalene. In addition, it was found to behave as an eta6-arene ligand in the ligand exchange reaction with [Cr(CH3CN)3(CO)3] giving the first stable eta6-2-stannanaphthalene chromium complex.
Journal Article↗
Dentine hypersensitivity: effect of interactions between metal salts, fluoride and chlorhexidine on the uptake by dentine.
A large number of compounds may be applied to the teeth for preventive or therapeutic purposes, most notably in dentine hypersensitivity. The uptake of any one compound by tooth substances may clearly be affected by another to produce synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects. This study determined whether uptake interactions occurred between fluoride, chlorhexidine, strontium, tin and zinc. All compounds, in particular tin, showed considerable affinity for dentine. Fluoride reduced the uptake of zinc but not tin, strontium or chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine increased the uptake of zinc, but not tin, strontium or fluoride. Zinc and tin decreased fluoride uptake but strontium had no such effect. Finally, chlorhexidine uptake was increased by zinc and tin but not by fluoride or strontium. Based on the theories proposed for the reaction of these various compounds with calcified tissues, explanations for the interactions can be made. The results appear relevant to some reported clinical effects of combinations of these compounds and indicate that such interactions may have advantageous or disadvantageous consequences depending on the basis for treatment.
Chlorhexidine↗
Bivalent tin metabolism and toxicity after intravenous injection in rats.
With progressing advances in radioisotope diagnostic methods in nuclear medicine new radiopharmaceutic agents have been introduced containing inorganic soluble compounds of bivalent tin (Sn+2). An important problem is to study the metabolism and toxicological effects of Sn+2. In the presently reported work the distribution of Sn+2 was determined in the organism of rats at different time intervals after intravenous administration of 113SnCl2 (from 10 minutes to 4 months) and the rate of its elimination from the whole body was studied. Sn+2 toxicity was determined calculating the LD50/30 dose of Sn+2 and by means of the OCT test (ornithine-carbamyltransferase level in the serum). The investigation demonstrated selective accumulation of Sn+2 in the liver and spleen where it remained for a long time, phasic elimination of tin from the whole body, and its moderate toxicity after intravenous administration.
Animals↗
Electric field directed layer-by-layer assembly of highly fluorescent CdTe nanoparticles.
An electric field directed layer-by-layer assembly technique has been developed by combining electrophoretic deposition and the layer-by-layer self-assembly method. This technique is employed to realize spatially selective deposition of CdTe nanoparticles on electrodes of indium-tin oxide (ITO). The fluorescence measurements prove that the selectivity of the film deposition increases against applied voltage and reaches 99% when the voltage is 1.4 V. Upon further increase of the voltage, the selectivity slightly decreases. This decrease occurs because high voltage leads to a degradation of CdTe particles and thus reduces fluorescence intensity of the resultant CdTe film. However, fluorescence investigation indicates that a spacer layer of polyelectrolyte complex between the ITO electrode and the CdTe film is useful to protect the CdTe from being destroyed under high voltages.
Ammonium Chloride↗
Synthesis of 3-(triethylstannyl)propanoic acid: an organotin mass label for DNA.
The synthesis of 3-(triethylstannyl)propanoic acid (TESPA), an organometallic reporter group that enables the mass labeling of oligonucleotides with stable isotopes of tin, is described. Synthesized from commercially available isotopically-enriched SnO2 in a five step process, the NHS ester of TESPA is produced with an overall yield of 40%. This simplification of the standard synthetic scheme, with two less synthetic steps and a coincident 60% yield increase, is accomplished through the use of the reagent N-(acryloxy)succinimide and the free radical initiator AMPN. The conditions for the attachment of the reporter group to priming oligonucleotides and the subsequent HPLC isolation of the labeled primers are also detailed.
Alloys↗