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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Experience with veterinary vaccines in warm climates.

After a short description of the African laboratories manufacturing veterinary vaccines, the authors explain the main constraints for the use, in the field, of veterinary vaccines in warm climates. The need to respect the cold chain from the supplier of vaccines to the recipient animal is emphasised. In the Ivory Coast, during national vaccination campaigns, it has been proved that the quality of the rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccines is satisfactory when there is no disruption in the cold transport services. The data of this survey are exposed. In the framework of a project entitled "Thermostable rinderpest Vaccine, Transfer of Technology", a thermostable vaccine has been developed. It is manufactured in different African laboratories and integrated in some Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) vaccination programmes. On the other hand, the prospects offered by new thermotolerant attenuated vaccines against Newcastle disease are exposed. Finally, the authors present an outlook on the development of thermoresistant veterinary vaccines, such as those produced by genetic engineering, in particular with pox virus vectors.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Comparative steady state study with 2 fenofibrate 250 mg slow release capsules. An example of bioequivalence assessment with a highly variable drug.

Twenty healthy male volunteers were treated with 2 different oral preparations of fenofibrate according to a randomized 2-way crossover design. The test preparation was Fenofibrate 250 mg retard capsules, batch No. YXF 001, provided by MTT Medical and Technological Transfer GmbH, Unterhaching, Germany. The reference preparation was Lipanthyl 250 mg retard capsules, batch No. R9110071, manufactured by Fournier Pharma, Sulzbach, Germany. On 12 consecutive days divided in 2 periods the volunteers received 6 doses of the test and reference formulation, respectively. The daily dose of 1 capsule contained 250 mg of fenofibrate and was administered together with a standardized high calory breakfast. Blood samples were taken immediately prior to each administration and at 14 points after the last administration of each period. The concentration of the pharmacologically active compound, fenofibric acid, was determined by means of HPLC with UV detection. The calibration curve was linear in the range 0.1-20.0 micrograms/ml (r = 0.99997). A lower limit of quantification of 0.1 microgram/ml was established. The following mean values were obtained after administration of the test preparation: AUC tau 184.68 microgramsh/ml; Cmax 13.11 micrograms/ml; PTF: 125.0%. After administration of the reference formulation the following values were observed: AUC tau 175.91 microgramsh/ml, Cmax 12.27 micrograms/ml, PTF: 120.0%. AUC tau, Cmax and PTF were tested for bioequivalence parametrically after logarithmic transformation. The preparations were found to be bioequivalent.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Clinical evaluation of the Modular Electromechanical Lock Actuator (MELA) for above-elbow prostheses: a final report.

The Modular Electromechanical Lock Actuator (MELA) is the result of research and development (R&D) conducted under the direction of Dudley S. Childress, PhD, at the Northwestern University Prosthetics Research Laboratory (NUPRL), Chicago, Illinois. NUPRL, based upon experience with prostheses for persons with high-level, above-elbow amputations, developed the MELA to assist those persons with amputation who experience difficulty in operating existing manual elbows, whether with a conventional harness, nudge control, excursion amplifier, or other arrangement. Technology Transfer Section, VA Rehab R&D, with collaboration from Frederick Downs, Jr., Director, and John Clements, Prosthetic Regional Manager, VA National Prosthetic and Sensory Aids Service, managed a multicenter clinical evaluation of the MELA. The purpose was to objectively assess and affirm its performance, safety, clinical application, and commercial readiness. The following VA Prosthetic Treatment Centers served as evaluation sites: Baltimore, MD, Huntington, WV, and New York, NY. A VA-wide screening process yielded 10 candidates for review. A total of seven subjects met the selection criteria and were accepted for participation. In addition, several prosthetists provided their comments on the MELA. Overall, the performance of the MELA demonstrated that it could be fit to existing body-powered arms and used as an alternative control method for manual elbows. Consensus of participant feedback indicated general satisfaction and improved elbow lock function. In addition, several modifications were identified for the commercial version. The primary issues focused on 1) increasing speed (alternating response time); 2) unloading forearm (sometimes required to cycle the MELA); 3) providing mechanical back-up in case of unit failure; 4) reducing gear-motor noise; 5) improving integrity of wiring and retaining clip; and 6) marketing the MELA as a stand-alone product. Hosmer-Dorrance Corp., in collaboration with the developer, has indicated that resolution for most of the identified issues is readily achievable. Increasing speed (response time) and unloading forearm will require more investigation and consumer feedback from the commercial market. Based upon the clinical findings, the MELA was recommended for commercial production and availability, upon prescription, to appropriate veteran beneficiaries.

Arm↗
PubMed1996

Gene therapy for malignant neoplasms of the CNS.

Five different gene transfer protocols have progressed into human clinical trials for the treatment of brain tumors. Two utilize the in vivo transfer of the Herpes Simplex-thymidine kinase (HS-tk) gene by either retroviral or adenoviral gene transfer. HS-tk confers a sensitivity to the anti-herpes drug ganciclovir (GCV). Insertion of HS-tk into tumors and subsequent treatment with GCV has successfully eliminated tumors in experimental animal models despite less than a 100% gene transfer efficiency. This phenomenon, the 'bystander effect', allows the destruction of neighboring tumor cells not transduced with HS-tk. Two other approaches use ex vivo gene transfer of either the IL-2 or antisense insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) genes into autologous tumor cells. In animal models, tumor cells genetically altered with antisense IGF-1 or IL-2 genes induce a potent cell-mediated antitumor response. The fifth approach uses the genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells instead of tumor cells. In this approach, the multiple drug resistance (MDR-1) gene is transferred into stem cells to protect them from the toxic effects of certain chemotherapy drugs. This may allow the administration of higher doses without increasing bone marrow toxicity. Together, these clinical trials will provide critical information needed to develop improved gene transfer technologies for humans and to attain clinical benefit for cancer patients.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The case for dissemination research in health promotion and disease prevention.

The case for dissemination research stems from the major imbalance in research funds available for preventive medicine, relative to needs. For examples, in the United States in 1992 prevention research was only 0.32% of the health care budget and dissemination research was a small proportion of prevention research. The Canadian Heart Health Initiative is an excellent example of successful dissemination research, based on needs assessment and evaluation of widespread demonstration projects. Other examples include the California Tobacco Tax Initiative, community projects and practitioner training. Continued professional and public education are needed to counter the prevalent philosophy favouring curative medicine; such policy documents as the Victoria Declaration for Heart Health and the Catalonia Declaration Investing in Heart Health are steps in this direction. The dissemination research agenda is broad, including replication of success in different geographic and cultural setting. The final goal is to hasten technology transfer of useful health promotion methods throughout the world.

California↗
PubMed1996

[Human factors and heart surgery: a Cartesian dream].

It is postulated that high technology medicine can be assimilated to complex socio-technical systems such as the aviation industry, nuclear power or chemical plants etc. It is proposed to apply to cardiac surgery the techniques of human reliability and human error analysis that have been acquired over the past two decades to enhance safety in those areas of high technology. It is now widely accepted that in complex socio-technical systems accidents are due to human factors in 60-80% of the cases. Accident theories and, in particular theories of organisational accidents, have been applied prospectively to negative surgical outcomes in an attempt to understand their causation ad to establish defence mechanisms to prevent them or at least mitigate their consequences. The philosophical issues raised by this endeavour will be outlined.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1997

[Global and historical development of the IMETAF (International Molecular Epidemiology Task Force) in Mexico].

IMETAF or International Molecular Epidemiology Task Force was created upon the enthusiasm of Janice Dorman, molecular epidemiologist at Pittsburgh University. Also, she was in charge of the WHO type I Diabetes world project called DIAMOND. As a result of this project done with Mexican scientists. The Scientific Committee of IMETAF was formed on July 28, 1993. The activities began. A national infrastructure survey was done to analyze the epidemiology and molecular biology capabilities; a directory of scientist in epidemiology and molecular biology was elaborated; a theoric and practical course on molecular epidemiology was organized during 1996 and a second one will be held in 1997; and a series of Workshops were done: cancer and leukemias; bacterial diseases; trypanosomiosis and leishmaniosis and viral diseases. The results of these academic activities were brought to the National Academy of Medicine to a 2 days workshop and to an International Symposium called Projection of molecular epidemiology in medicine, held on April 17, 1996. The papers are published in this number. The goal of IMETAF will continue promoting transfer of technology, stimulating formal training in molecular epidemiology and helping getting funds for collaborative projects.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Genetically modified tumor cell vaccines.

Recent progress in identifying tumor antigens and understanding the host-tumor relationship have catalyzed a dramatic expansion of efforts to develop cancer vaccines. Gene transfer technologies have figured prominently in the design of many of these novel immunization schemes. This article highlights some of the key principles and controversies raised by experiments involving genetically modified tumor vaccines and speculates about future directions for investigators in this field.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Transcriptional targeting for cancer gene therapy.

Novel treatment strategies incorporating gene transfer technology represent a new frontier in the treatment of cancer made possible through recent developments in molecular biology. Targeting of gene therapy strategies that rely on in situ gene modifications can theoretically occur at the gene entry or gene expression level. Regulation of gene transcription is made possible through the incorporation of cell-specific promoter and enhancer sequences within the transgene construct. This article provides a brief review of transcriptional processes and a description of the most widely studied cell-specific regulatory elements.

Gene Targeting↗
PubMed1998

Technology for health in the future.

Developments in biogenetics, medical devices, information and communication technologies, and in environmental technologies will have a profound impact on health in the coming decades. However, there are major barriers to the appropriate and effective utilization of current and future technologies, particularly for developing countries. This paper intends to strike a balance between the exciting potential of technologies and the conditions that need to be fulfilled to ensure that technologies are utilized appropriately and effectively. It will emphasize the significance of knowledge associated with technologies, the importance of technology assessment and the need for a broad and comprehensive technology management policy.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1991

[Appropriate technologies in food: conceptual framework for their generation and transfer in Central America and Panama].

A conceptual framework is presented, expressing the relationship between food availability and the food and nutritional status of a population. As element of the model, the generation and transfer of appropriate food technologies were included. Based on the conceptual framework, three successful cases of food technology transfer in the Central American area were analyzed. The most important aspects of each case were identified, and a critical review of the characteristics and conditions required to generate and transfer appropriate technologies, was carried out. An inventory was made of those factors which are essential for a food technology to be appropriate; this analysis resulted in the postulation of a model describing the life cycle of appropriate food technologies. On these bases, several guidelines are postulated, which could constitute a conceptual framework to help guide actions in the generation and transference of appropriate food technologies in Central America and Panama. Essential elements of the proposed framework are: identification and characterization of the problem of the group of "users" of the technology; problem solution by a multidisciplinary group; test of the technology and evaluation of its feasibility (technical, economical, political, social and cultural), and controlled transference to the group of "users".

Central America↗
PubMed1984

Applications of embryo transfer and related technologies to cattle.

It is possible to recover embryos from superovulated cows nonsurgically, divide each embryo in half, and routinely obtain pregnancy rates of greater than 50% per half embryo after nonsurgical transfer, which is equivalent to greater than 100% per original embryo. It is also possible to freeze and sex embryos, although the cryopreservation process kills some embryos and the sexing process is so new that efficacy under field conditions is unknown. Embryo transfer techniques are applied to thousands of dairy cows, but in 1982 only about one dairy calf per thousand born in North America was from embryo transfer. Nevertheless, use of this technology is increasing, in part because of simplification of procedures, increased efficacy, and lower costs. It is difficult to predict when additional technologies will become available for commercial use, but it is likely that several additional exciting developments will occur in cattle breeding before the end of the century.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cryopreservation of pig embryos: adaptation of vitrification technology for embryo transfer.

Great advancements in cryopreservation of pig embryos have been made since the last International Conference on Pig Reproduction (ICPR). In 1997, there were standard methods to cryopreserve germplasm and embryos of most livestock species, except for the pig, and development of this technology for use in the international pig industry was slow and in the early stages. Since 1997, there have been advancements in cryopreservation of pig embryos, with reports of production of live offspring after transfer of frozen-thawed and vitrified-warmed pig embryos. This review summarizes the progress in cryopreservation of pig embryos since 1997. Cellular and molecular biology have been used to understand the hypothermic sensitivity of pig embryos. Development of delipation technology has provided the first evidence that intracellular lipids are linked to hypothermic sensitivity. Cytoskeletal stabilization and vitrification have led to the production of live offspring from vitrified-warmed and transferred embryos. Recently, technology has been developed for cryopreservation of pig morulae. Development of open pulled straws has provided more rapid rates of cooling during vitrification and has been effective for cryopreservation of pig embryos. Although improvements and refinements of the technologies will continue, it is now time for the pig industry to consider cryopreservation of pig embryos as a tool for pig production and for propagation of select herd genetics, while maintaining germplasm resources for the future.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Technology for gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells (Part 2)].

A hematopoietic stem cell is considered to be one of the ideal targets for gene therapy, and there is expectation that gene therapy will be established based on the technology of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, in recent clinical trials of stem cell gene therapy for monogenic diseases, significant clinical improvement has not been reported. One of the main obstacles is the low efficiency of gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells. Many investigators have been trying to improve the transduction efficiency to the clinically applicable level. Another approach to solve this problem is to develop the method for selective expansion of transduced hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. We are currently developing novel regulatory genes (selective amplifier genes) for stem cell gene therapy.

Gene Transfer Techniques↗
PubMed1996

Applications and transfer of information technology in veterinary research in developing countries: the Nigerian experience.

An overview and analysis of the current status of information technology (IT) and its role in animal health research and development (R & D) projects in developing countries have been undertaken. This study is based mainly, but not exclusively, on the Nigerian situation and experience, which are considered to be typical of those in the majority of developing countries where IT is still in its infancy, and few individuals and institutions engaged in R & D projects have access to computing and modern, reliable telecommunications facilities. The analysis has emphasised the following: the limited impact of IT on large-scale field projects; the major factors militating against its successful acquisition, application and transfer; short- and long-term needs and priorities for IT; IT inputs for effective implementation of field projects and exchange of R & D information. Of the numerous factors which have hindered the growth and transfer of IT in much of the developing world, the most important are: (1) weak science and technology (S & T) base; (2) shortage of highly skilled front-line scientists, technologists and information professionals; (3) inadequate financial resources. Experience gained from three field projects highlighted the fact that although IT inputs, such as computers, are vital for the efficient management and rapid communication of research information, careful planning of projects, adequate financial and logistic support, availability of skilled manpower and basic infrastructural facilities are indispensable for the effective utilisation of the inputs. A promising and cost-effective method of transfer of IT inputs to those countries which can hardly afford them at present is through the establishment of institutional research links between developed and developing countries. Successful partnerships usually provide, among other things, computing facilities and manpower training for the latter and opportunity for genuine research collaboration. This form of IT transfer is an important step towards increased application of IT inputs in R & D projects, creation of the much needed inventory of databases and information systems on animal health projects in developing countries. Only then can meaningful exchange of R & D information, in an acceptable format and at affordable price, be realised within and between them. A possible role is envisaged for the major international organisations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in ensuring the success and sustainability of these developments.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Biomedical applications of NASA technology.

Through the active transfer of technology, the Technology Utilization (TU) Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) assists private companies, associations, and government agencies in using NASA's technological resources effectively to improve U.S. economic competitiveness and to provide societal benefit. This article discusses several examples of how aerospace technology has been adapted to solve health care problems.

Aerospace Medicine↗