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PubMed2005

Antioxidant potential of black tea against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene- induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice.

Oxygen free radicals and related reactive species have been implicated in the etiology of many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Antioxidant enzymes exist in cells to protect against the effects of these free radicals and other oxygen-derived species, which are produced during the oxidative stress. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most commonly consumed beverage worldwide. Both green and black tea are known to possess many pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antipyretic, antibacterial, and antineoplastic effects. In the present study, the preventive effects of black tea extract (BTE) was evaluated in Swiss albino mice against 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced oxidative stress. The animals were given 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% BTE as the sole source of drinking solution for 1 week prior to the administration of DMBA, which was given orally as a single dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. At the end of the study period, the liver, kidney, and prostate tissues were dissected out for the determination of antioxidant enzyme levels (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase), and lipid peroxidation. A dose-dependent protective effect of BTE against DMBA-induced depletion in enzymes activity was observed in all three tissues examined. Similarly, a significant dose-dependent inhibition of the lipid peroxidation caused by DMBA was observed in the BTE-administered animals in all three tissues examined. Our results revealed that BTE provides protection against oxidative damage induced by xenobiotics.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2002

Maté: a risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Maté is a tea-like beverage consumed mainly in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern Brazil and to a lesser degree in other areas of the world such as Germany, Syria, Lebanon and Northern Israel. It is brewed from the dried leaves and stemlets of the perennial tree Ilex paraguarensis ("yerba mate") a species that belongs to the Aquifoliaceae family. Maté consumption has been associated with an increased rate of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. The purpose of this study is to review the literature and discuss the role of Maté consumption in the development of oral and oropharyngeal cancer and the potential carcinogenic mechanisms. A review of the relevant literature linking Maté consumption with oral and oropharyngeal cancer and the carcinogenicity of Maté was performed. The search was performed using Medline, library catalogues, OCLC first search and ISI web of science databases. Case control studies on Maté drinking populations and, in vivo and in vitro studies on the carcinogenicity of Maté were reviewed. The populations reviewed in many of these studies also used alcohol and tobacco products confounding the influence of Maté as an independent risk factor. There is evidence in the literature that Maté consumption is in itself carcinogenic and plays a role in the development of cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Although the exact mechanism of carcinogenesis is still unknown, available information suggests that Maté drinking should be considered one of the risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

The effects of the spontaneous ingestion of particular foods or beverages on the meal pattern and overall nutrient intake of humans.

The influence of the ingestion of particular beverages and foods on the overall nutrient intakes and meal patterns of humans was investigated by paying 323 adults to maintain 7-day diaries of everything they ingested, time of ingestion, and subjective and social conditions. Ingestion of noncaloric beverages, diet sodas, and coffee or tea, were associated with low overall intakes but were not found to influence the amount eaten over the course of the day or in individual meals. Fifteen different caloric containing drink or food types were found, in general, to add to the total calories ingested in meals or over the day without displacing calories ingested in other forms. The results indicate that individual foods or beverages are ingested independent of other constituents and that intake within meals or over the entire day is elastic and readily influenced by nonregulatory factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effects of cigarette smoking, caffeine consumption, and alcohol intake on fecundability.

Data from the Ontario Farm Family Health Study were analyzed to determine whether smoking, caffeine, or alcohol use among men and women affect fecundability (the monthly probability of conception). In this retrospective cohort study of farm couples in Ontario, Canada, the farm operator, husband, and wife completed questionnaires during 1991-1992, yielding information on 2,607 planned pregnancies that had occurred over the previous 30 years. Fecundability ratios were calculated using an analog of the Cox proportional hazards model. Cigarette smoking among women and men was associated with decreased fecundability (fecundability ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82-0.98 and fecundability ratio = 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95, respectively). Caffeine consumption of 100 mg or less versus more than 100 mg in women and men was not associated with fecundability (fecundability ratio = 0.98, 95% CI 0.91-1.07 and fecundability ratio = 1.05, 95% CI 0.97-1.14, respectively). Decreases were observed among women who were coffee drinkers (fecundability ratio = 0.92, 95% CI 0.84-1.00) and men who were heavy tea drinkers (fecundability ratio = 0.85, 95% CI 0.69-1.05), regardless of caffeine content. Alcohol use among women and men was not associated with fecundability. These data are consistent with previous studies of the adverse effect of tobacco on fecundability in female smokers and suggest an effect of smoking among males. Continued evaluation of coffee and tea is warranted to address constituents other than caffeine.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Pattern of fluid consumption in a sample of Saudi Arabian adolescents aged 12-13 years.

OBJECTIVE: To study the pattern of fluid consumption in a group of Saudi adolescent boys and girls aged 12-13 years. DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: Three hundred forty-four boys and girls attending school in Riyadh recorded their fluid intake for three consecutive days, including one weekend day, in April and May 2002. Types of drink/beverage and total amount consumed were analysed and ranked in order of amount/quantity of consumption. Independent samples t-test was used to compare between genders. RESULTS: Mean daily fluid intake was 1,917 mL (SD 287). Drinking water provided 37%, whereas carbonated soft drinks and fruit juice/drink accounted for 26% and 25%, respectively. Seven percent of total fluid intake amounting to 134 mL came from milk and 5% (103 mL) was from tea/coffee. Fluid intake was higher in boys (2,006 mL) than in girls (1,821 mL) (P=0.049). This was also true for carbonated soft drinks (P=0.050) and tea/coffee (P=0.000). Girls consumed more milk (P=0.001) and fruit juice/drink (P=0.001) than boys. CONCLUSION: Both carbonated soft drink and fruit juice/drink accounted for the largest proportion of total fluid intake by the sampled Saudi adolescents to the detriment of nutritious milk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Oxidative deamination of benzylamine and lysine residue in bovine serum albumin by green tea, black tea, and coffee.

Oxidative deamination by various polyphenolic compounds is presumed to be due to the oxidative conversion of polyphenols to the corresponding quinones through autoxidation. Here we examined the oxidative deamination by the polyphenol-rich beverages green tea, black tea, and coffee at a physiological pH and temperature. Green tea, black tea, and coffee extracts oxidatively deaminated benzylamine and the lysine residues of bovine serum albumin to benzaldehyde and alpha-aminoadipic delta-semialdehyde residues, respectively, in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C in both the presence and absence of Cu2+, indicating the occurrence of an amine (lysyl) oxidase-like reaction. We also examined the effects of pH and metal ions on the reaction. The possible biological effects of drinking polyphenol-rich beverages on human are also discussed.

Benzylamines↗
PubMed1996

[The effect of preoperative oral fluid intake on the volume and pH of gastric contents in elective surgical patients--a comparison of tea with apple juice].

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 150 ml of either tea or apple juice on the volume and pH of gastric contents in 40 elective surgical patients, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years. They were given diazepam 5 approximately 10 mg and roxatidine 75 mg orally 2 hours before the start of isoflurane anesthesia or modified neuroleptic anesthesia. Immediately following the induction of anesthesia with thiopental and vecuronium, a nasogastric tube was placed to aspirate the gastric content to measure its volume and pH. The volume and pH of gastric contents were 6.4 +/- 8.5 ml, 6.0 +/- 2.2 in tea group and 17.1 +/- 18.4 ml, 4.4 +/- 2.6 in apple juice group, respectively. There was a significant difference in the gastric volume between the two groups (P < 0.05), while no significant difference in gastric pH was observed. This result suggests that apple juice is not appropriate as preoperative drink because apple juice increases gastric contents, and may cause aspiration pneumonia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of continuous ingestion of green tea or grape seed extracts on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam.

Limited systematic data on herb-drug interaction are available, despite many opportunities to concomitant use of herb with prescribed drugs. We investigated the effects of 15 herbal extracts in dietary supplements on CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activities in human liver microsomes. Strong inhibition of these CYP activities was found by the addition of green tea extracts (GTE) or grape seed extracts (GSE) in vitro. To examine the effects of these extracts on CYP3A activities in vivo, the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (MDZ) was analyzed in rats. Although single treatments with these extracts had negligible effects, 1 week of treatment with them resulted in a significant increase in the ke of intravenously administered MDZ, indicating the induction of CYP3A in the liver. In contrast, 1 week of treatment with GTE, but not GSE, caused a significant increase in the C(max) and AUC(0-infinity) of orally administered MDZ without change in the t(1/2), suggesting a reduction in CYP3A activity in the small intestines. These studies indicate that subchronic ingestion of GTE or GSE may alter the pharmacokinetics of MDZ, and the effects of GTE on CYP3A activity appear opposite between liver and small intestine, which could not be predicted from in vitro experiments.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Is there a correlation between dietary habits and hemorrhoidal disease?].

OBJECTIVES: It is empirically accepted that certain foods play a role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhoids or their acute exacerbation. The aim of this work was to determine whether there is a relationship between hemorrhoids and certain food-related or common toxin-related factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two groups of 50 subjects were compared. Group I was composed of 50 patients with hemorrhoid symptoms. Fifty volunteers with no proctologic abnormality were included in group II. We used a diet survey to compare total calorie, protein, carbohydrate, fat, food fiber, water, alcohol, salt, pepper, pimento, tea, and coffee intake was well as smoking habits. Episodes of constipation were also noted. RESULTS: Overall calorie intake, as well as protein, carbohydrate and fiber intake were similar in the two groups as were use of salt, coffee and tea. Dietary intake in group I was higher for fat (p = 0.02), alcohol (p = 0.01), pepper (p = 0.04, and pimento (p = 0.001). Subjects in group I drank less water (p = 0.008), smoked more (p = 0.01) and were more often constipated (p < 0.001) than those in group II. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide further arguments suggesting that dietary imbalance or smoking could be involved in the development of hemorrhoids. These factors should be evaluated in appropriate dietary inquiries. Epidemiological surveys would be required to confirm their possible causal effect.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

Effects of green tea catechins (Polyphenon 100) on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats.

Effects of green tea catechins (GTC) on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats were examined. The acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein (cerulein pancreatitis) was characterized by interstitial edema and vacuolation. When cerulein pancreatitis was induced, prior administration of 0.1% GTC in drinking water for 1 week before the induction significantly decreased the wet weight of the pancreas, the serum level of amylase, and the tissue concentration of lipid peroxides in the pancreas compared with those in nonmedicated rats supplied with plain tap water only. Furthermore, the pancreatic tissue alterations of the medicated rats were milder than those of the nonmedicated rats. These data suggest that GTC have a protective effect on the pathogenesis of cerulein pancreatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Joint association of coffee consumption and other factors to the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland.

OBJECTIVE: To examine joint associations of coffee consumption and other factors (including physical activity, obesity and alcohol consumption) with the risk of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study. SUBJECTS: In all, 10 188 Finnish men and 11 197 women aged 35-74 years without a history of stroke, coronary heart disease or diabetes at baseline. MEASUREMENT: A self-administered questionnaire data on coffee, tea, alcohol and other food consumption, physical activity, smoking, socio-economic factors and medical history, together with measured height, weight and blood pressure using standardized protocol. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 13.4 years, there were 964 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. Multivariate-adjusted (age, study year, systolic blood pressure, education, smoking, physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and fruit, vegetable, sausage, bread, alcohol and tea consumption) hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes in participants who drank 0-2, 3-6 and > or =7 cups of coffee were 1.00, 0.77 and 0.66 (P=0.022 for trend) in men, 1.00, 0.71 and 0.52 (P=0.001 for trend) in women, and 1.00, 0.75 and 0.61 (P<0.001 for trend) in men and women combined (adjusted also for sex), respectively. This inverse association was consistent in subjects with any joint levels of physical activity and BMI, and in alcohol drinkers and non-drinkers. Among obese and inactive people, coffee drinking of seven cups or more daily reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes to half. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee drinking was associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in both men and women, and this association was observed regardless of the levels of physical activity, BMI and alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cigarette smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk: a case-control study from Opole, Poland.

A population-based, case-control study of pancreas cancer was undertaken in Opole, Poland, within the framework of the SEARCH Programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer: this is the first aetiological study of pancreas cancer reported from Poland where the reported mortality rate has doubled since 1963. This study of pancreas cancer has provided some further supporting evidence of an association between increased pancreas risk with increasing levels of cigarette smoking. The risk rose with increasing lifetime cigarette consumption with a trend which was weakly significant (p = 0.061). Findings regarding lifetime tea and coffee consumption were not consistent with intake of either beverage increasing the risk of this disease. There was a strongly significant trend of decreasing risk with increasing lifetime consumption of tea (p < 0.001), which was also apparent when the analysis was restricted to subjects who were interviewed directly. For coffee consumption, which is low in Poland, there was also a negative association apparent in the data which was not statistically significant among the sub-set of subjects who were directly interviewed. The findings regarding alcoholic beverages were overall null, although the weakly positive trend in risk with spirits consumption (p = 0.71) may deserve further investigation in view of the special nature of the source of spirits (vodka) in Poland.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: a study of 3,530 cases and 7,057 controls.

The relationship between coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum was considered combining data from 2 case-control studies, one conducted between 1985 and 1991 in Northern Italy and the other between 1991 and 1996 in 6 Italian centers. Cases were patients below age 80, with histologically confirmed cancer of the colon (n = 2,166) or rectum (n = 1,364), and controls were 7,057 patients admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic, non-digestive tract diseases. Compared with coffee non-drinkers, the risk of colon cancer was reduced in drinkers of 4 or more cups/day [multivariate odds ratios (ORs) 0.73; 95% confidence intervals 0.60-0.89), with a significant trend in risk with dose; no significant association emerged between coffee drinking and risk of rectal cancer (OR 1.00 for drinkers of 4 or more cups/day). Decaffeinated coffee was consumed in small amounts by about 4% of cases and controls and the OR was 0.92 for colon and 0.88 for rectal cancers. Tea consumption was generally limited to 1 cup/day or to occasional intake and did not substantially modify the risk of colon and rectal cancers. No significant heterogeneity was found for the inverse relationship between coffee intake and colon cancer risk across strata of age at diagnosis, sex, smoking status, total alcohol and meat and vegetable intake, while the protection of coffee was stronger in people eating 3 or more meals/day. Thus, our results confirm that coffee intake has a quantifiable protective effect on colon cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Coffee use prior to myocardial infarction restudied: heavier intake may increase the risk.

Because of conflicting evidence about the relation of coffee use to coronary artery disease, the authors conducted a new cohort study of hospitalizations among 101,774 white persons and black persons admitted to Kaiser Permanente hospitals in northern California in 1978-1986. In analyses controlled for eight covariates, use of coffee was associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction (p = 0.0002). Compared with nondrinkers of coffee, the following relative risks (RRs) were found: at 1-3 cups/day, RR = 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.42); at 4-6 cups/day, RR = 1.42 (CI 1.10-1.84), p = 0.007; and at greater than 6 cups/day, RR = 1.41 (CI 1.00-1.99), p = 0.05. The relation remained significant when also controlled for blood cholesterol, blood glucose, blood pressure, and adiposity, singly or combined. Tea use was unrelated to myocardial infarction; neither coffee nor tea was related to other coronary diagnoses. Although causality remains unestablished and uncertainty remains, the authors conclude that 1) these data suggest a weak independent relation of coffee use to acute myocardial infarction, not mediated by an effect on blood cholesterol; and 2) persons at risk of myocardial infarction should consider limitation of coffee intake to less than 4 cups/day.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Scavenging action of zinc and green tea polyphenol on cisplatin and nickel induced nitric oxide generation and lipid peroxidation in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Toxic metal ions have been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Metallothionines (MT) and plant flavonoids have been reported in the intervention against oxidative damage. We investigated the effect of zinc induced MT and green tea polyphenol (GTP) in reducing the oxidative responses induced by nickel and platinum. METHODS: Zinc (10 mg/kg b. wt, sc) was administered to rats twice at a gap of 24 hrs and GTP (10 mg/100 mL in drinking water) was fed ad libitum for 8 days. Nickel chloride (150 umol/kgb.wt, ip) and cisplatin (50 mumol/kg b.wt, sc) was administered to rats 24 h after Zn or GTP pre-treatment. Animals of all the groups were sacrificed 16 hrs after treatment and biochemical markers for toxicity were monitored. RESULTS: Zinc or GTP pre-treatment caused significant protection against nickel or cisplatin enhanced mortality in rats, and reduction in lipid peroxidation and NO. CONCLUSION: It is proposed that inhibition of ROS and NO by GTP and zinc may prove useful as a selective pharmacological agent in the amelioration of metal toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Coffee, tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for cancer and adenoma of the large intestine.

Our aim was to estimate the association between smoking history, alcohol and tobacco smoking and tumours of the large intestine. Associations were studied at an early stage of colorectal cancer in order to avoid bias in the information. In order to estimate the link between adenoma and cancer the exposures were analysed separately for cancer and adenoma patients. The study was conducted as a case-control study within a randomized trial for colorectal cancer among males and females aged 45-74 years. Cases initially included all individuals with a positive Haemoccult-II test in three screens and an age- and sex-matched reference group was selected from the test negatives. Subsequent colonoscopy defined the final case group, which consisted of 49 colorectal cancer patients, 171 with adenoma and 177 test positives with no diagnosis or with non-adenomatous polyps or haemorrhoids. Controls were 362 age- and sex-matched test negatives. Data were collected by blind telephone interviewing before the first clinical examinations of test positives. Smoking history, coffee or alcohol intake were not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer. For adenomas, the odds ratios (OR) were between 2.0 and 2.7 in all smoking categories. For smokers with > 40 years duration OR = 2.7 (95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.6-4.7). Coffee consumption showed a clear protective effect. Consumers of 4-7 cups per day had an OR of 0.5 (95% Cl: 0.3-0.8) and heavy consumers of > or = 8 cups had an OR of 0.3 (95% Cl: 0.1-0.6). Neither tea nor alcohol consumption was related to adenoma risks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenoma↗
PubMed1969

Genetic control of the phenobarbital-induced shortening of plasma antipyrine half-lives in man.

The mean half-life of antipyrine in the plasma of four sets of identical and four sets of fraternal twins after a single oral dose of 16 mg/kg of antipyrine was 12.7 +/-(SD) 3.3 hr. After 2 wk on sodium phenobarbital (2 mg/kg daily) the half-life of antipyrine in the plasma of these twins was reduced to 8.0 +/-(SD) 1.5 hr. Shortening of the plasma antipyrine half-life occurred in all but one of these 16 normal, adult volunteers, but there was considerable variation in the extent of reduction which ranged from 0 to 69%. Phenobarbital administration decreased individual variations in antipyrine metabolism as indicated by the smaller standard deviation of the plasma antipyrine half-lives after phenobarbital than observed initially and by the narrowed range of variation in plasma antipyrine half-lives from 2.8-fold initially to 1.8-fold after phenobarbital. These results suggest that some inducing agents may be used to minimize individual variations in drug metabolism where such variations create therapeutic problems by exposing patients who slowly metabolize certain drugs to toxicity and other patients who rapidly metabolize some drugs to undertreatment. During the course of phenobarbital administration blood levels were determined. Phenobarbital blood levels correlated neither with the final values for plasma antipyrine half-lives nor with the per cent reduction in plasma antipyrine half-life produced by phenobarbital treatment. There was a direct relationship between initial antipyrine half-lives and the per cent shortening of antipyrine half-life produced by phenobarbital administration: the shorter the initial antipyrine half-life, the less the reduction caused by phenobarbital treatment. Larger intrapair variances in fraternal than in identical twins indicate genetic, rather than environmental, control of phenobarbital-induced alterations in plasma antipyrine half-life.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Antipyrine metabolism in African villagers.

Antipyrine clearance has been measured from serial serum samples in 49 healthy black Africans from a village in Southern Africa. The subjects follow a lifestyle which minimally exposes them to environmental inducing or inhibiting agents. Food is mainly maize cereal with a protein content of only about 8.8%, together with greens. Antipyrine clearance, half-life and apparent volume of distribution (mean +/- SD) were, respectively, 0.538 +/- 0.163 ml min-1, kg-1, 14.81 +/- 6.5 h and 0.626 +/- 0.075 litre/kg. These results do not differ significantly from the mean values found in a group of lactovegetarian Indo-Pakistani immigrants to Britain. This would suggest that the major environmental determinant influencing hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity is the presence or absence of meat in the diet. However, the relative contributions of environment and heredity will be difficult to determine.

Adult↗