Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “TRAVEL”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Medical travel counseling and vaccinations].

The art of travel advice is based on clear and regularly updated information. It aims at covering the specific needs of individual travellers and benefits from the experience of the professional advisor. Frequently occurring and life-threatening health problems are deal with in the first place. Recommendations on prophylactic measures are a challenge for the advisor as they require the active collaboration of the traveller. Vaccinations on the other hand require less compliance of the traveller. Routine vaccinations against hepatitis A and B, diphtheria and tetanus, and against measles are discussed in line with compulsory vaccinations for certain countries (yellow fever, cholera, meningitis A + C) and with vaccinations against special risks.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1999

[Typhus abdominalis in travelers. Headaches originating in the abdomen].

The incidence of typhoid fever in emerging countries remains high, being estimated to be 500 per 100,000 head of population. Tourists from the industrialized countries can contract the infection in particular when travelling under conditions of poor hygiene in endemic regions. The risk of contracting typhoid appears to be highest on lengthy travels on the Indian subcontinent, while short visits to Latin America or Africa appreciably less often result in an infection. Currently, two vaccines are approved for use in Germany: a live oral vaccine containing the defective S. typhi mutant Ty 21a, and a parenteral inactivated vaccine prepared from the Vi capsid antigen of S. typhi. Both vaccines are well tolerated and provide similar levels of protection. The reported protection rate for the live vaccine varies in various studies between 33 and 67%; that of the inactivated vaccine between 55 and 75%. Medical advice prior to travel should weigh up such risk factors as age, duration of the journey, destination and the nature of the journey. While vaccination is particularly recommended for travelers with one or more risk factors, it should always be pointed out that an infection is nevertheless possible. In view of the fact that immunization against hepatitis A and typhoid fever are often indicated simultaneously, the development of a combination vaccine would be desirable.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2000

Schistosomiasis and travel medicine.

The rise in off-track tourism and the spread of schistosomiasis in previously non-endemic areas results in an increasing number of imported schistosomiasis cases. - Detection of eggs in stool or urine and specific serology supports the diagnosis, however eosinophilia in early infection is low. In travel groups with a single index case all members of the group with similar risk behaviour should be examined since more than 50% of group members with similar risk behaviour are likely to be infected. Asymptomatic, atypical and late presentation of the disease might delay diagnosis. Praziquantel is not effective against immature worms, therefore treatment of returning travellers with single dose praziquantel is effective when started not earlier than 2 months after infection. A combination of praziquantel plus artemether is thought to be effective also in early stages of infection. Vaccination trials in endemic areas are in progress but a single vaccine for travellers covering all schistosoma species will not be available in the near future. Advising the traveller to avoid risk behaviour like wading, bathing and swimming in endemic fresh waters and about the risk of acquiring schistosomiasis through surface or spray water during boat tours will help to reduce imported schistosomiasis.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Clinical risk factors for venous thrombosis associated with air travel.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have linked air travel with venous thrombo-embolism (VTE). Risk factors and associated features of this link are poorly understood. We have accumulated clinical data from a relatively large cohort of patients with traveler's thrombosis. METHODS: A total of 86 patients who developed venous thromboembolism within 28 d of flying were questioned concerning traveling habits, medical history (including risk factors for VTE) and characteristics of the index flight. RESULTS: Of the patients, 72% had at least one risk factor for VTE (excluding thrombophilia) prior to their flight. Of interest, 87% of VTE cases occurred following either a return trip or after an outward journey involving long trips made up of sequential flights. In only two cases could no identifiable risk factor or earlier journey be found. Duration of flights ranged from 2 to 30 h. Of responders, 38% presented with chest symptoms; 92% with VTE developed symptoms within 96 h of their flight. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the majority of VTE associated with air travel occur in those with identifiable risk factors prior to their flight, and that sequential flights may increase this risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Diseases, accidents and injuries among travelers in Poland.

A survey was conducted among a group of people who traveled from Poland abroad, and who were insured before leaving the country, and in case of illness or injury claimed the costs of treatment providing medical documentation. The risk of disease and injury among these travelers was estimated. Among 336,254 travelers, there were 2,411 cases of disease and 789 cases of injury, during their mean period of travels and stay abroad of about 3 weeks (20,63 days). In the surveyed group, there were 24 cases of fatal disease and 7 cases of fatal injuries recorded. The incidence per 100,000 was calculated.

Accidents↗
PubMed2001

Malaria deaths in visitors to Canada and in Canadian travellers: a case series.

Over the last decade there has been a marked increase in case of drug-resistant and severe malaria in Canadian travellers. We report 7 deaths due to falciparum malaria that occurred in Canada or in Canadian travellers. Risks for malaria infection include inappropriate recommendations for malaria prevention by health care providers and lack of knowledge about or adherence to appropriate recommendations by the travelling public. Risks for death include delays in seeking medical attention, delays in diagnosis and inadequate care by Canadian physicians and hospitals, and lack of access to parenteral therapy for severe malaria. Malaria infections and deaths are preventable. Better education of health care providers and travellers about the risks of malaria and appropriate prevention and treatment measures may decrease this unnecessary burden on the Canadian health care system.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[European physician - travellers and the Ottoman Empire].

The Ottoman Empire has always been a centre of attraction for the West all through its history. On the occasion of various reasons, Western travellers visited the Empire and published a great deal of journals, pamphlets, books and memoirs of their journeys in the country based on their impressions, observations, experiences and missions etc. Most of these books of travel were printed, though some of them sank into oblivion in manuscripts in the European archives and libraries. Unfortunately we do not have a specific library in Istanbul where these printed travel books are collected, except for those in private collections. In this paper, the three books of travel chosen from my personal library and written by an English, a French and a German-Swiss military physician are going to be reviewed successively. The book firstly studied, Memories of the Crimean War from January 1855 to June 1866, was written by Dr. D. A. Reid and printed in London in 1911. It narrates the impressions, and services of the physician in the Crimean war and gives information on the sick, the wounded, infirmaries and the diseases in the battle field and also on the military hospitals and medical care in Istanbul. The second book titled Impressions de Voyage de Paris a Sebastopol, was written by Dr. Felix Maynard, and published by Alexandra Dumes in Paris in 1855. It relates the impressions of the author during his visits to the various parts of the cities and people in Greece and Istanbul. The third book Erinnerungen eines Schweizerarztes aus dem griechisch-turkischen Krieg was written by Dr. Armin Muller who served in Athens during the Turkish-Greek war in 1897 and returned to Germany via Istanbul. The book published in Zurich in 1905 reflects the scenes of the battle viewed from the Greek front; and the writer's favorite impressions about the Turkish people and Istanbul in general.

Europe↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Travel naturalists].

During the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries, travelers that studied natural history were referred to as travel naturalists. Nature included the stars and planets, the atmosphere, flora and fauna, and surface and underground minerals. While in colonial times they were limited to citizens of Portugal who were instructed to discover natural resources and their uses, those who traveled through Brazil after 1808 came from different regions of Europe and were concerned with observing and classifying people and natural specimens found along the way. Sponsored by either noblemen or scientific societies, they traveled around Brazil in a combined endeavor of discovering, collecting, and classifying natural specimens on the American continent.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Travel associated legionnaires' disease in Europe in 1999.

The European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease was notified of the highest number of cases in travellers in 1999 since the scheme began in 1987. This reflects enhanced surveillance activities and an increase in the use of urinary antigen detection for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. The scheme's extensive reporting and investigation activities are complemented in some countries by the activities of tour operators, who have been legally responsible for the health and safety of their clients since the 1996 European Commission's Package Travel Directive came into force. In recent years, the work conducted by the collaborators has helped establish good surveillance and control in sites used by travellers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of travel as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection in a disease-endemic area.

BACKGROUND: We undertook epidemiologic and laboratory studies during an epidemic of acute hepatitis in Sindri town, in District Dhanbad, Bihar in 1998. METHODS: A sample survey covering 201 randomly selected houses in the town was conducted during the epidemic, and records of patients admitted to the only large hospital in this town were reviewed. We also tested serum and stool specimens from some of the affected persons for hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA and IgM anti-HEV antibodies. RESULTS: Of the 1088 persons residing in the surveyed houses, 82 (7.54%) had developed acute hepatitis during the outbreak. Attack rate was higher among male residents than among female residents (71/604 vs. 11/484; 11.75% vs. 2.27%; relative risk [RR] 5.17 [95% confidence interval 2.77-9.65]; p<10(-6)) and was the highest in the 10-29 year age group. Hospital admission data showed similar age and gender distribution. Disease occurrence had no relation with source of drinking water (handpump 7.56% vs. municipal tap 7.53%; p=ns), or with habit of boiling (RR 1.10 [0.61-1.98]; p=ns) or filtering (RR 0.59 [0.33-1.06]; p=ns) water before drinking. Jaundice occurred more frequently among persons who had traveled outside Sindri town during the last two months than among those who had not (26.4% vs. 4.7%; RR 5.67 [3.81-8.43]; p<10(-6)); this risk persisted after correction for age (Mantel-Haenszel weighted OR 6.74 [4.12-11.01]; p<10(-6)). Men traveled more frequently than women and were more often affected. In multivariate analysis, travel and male gender were the only two independent risk factors. Data from a hospital in a neighboring large city, Dhanbad, suggested that there was an outbreak of hepatitis in that city too at the same time. Seventy-three of the 1088 study subjects had history of jaundice in the past; disease attack rate among these persons (9.6%) was similar to that among those without such history (7.5%; RR 1.31 [0.49-2.98]; p=ns). Of the 13 sera tested, 10 were positive for IgM anti-HEV. HEV RNA was detected in 9 of the 12 stool specimens and 10 of the 13 sera tested. CONCLUSIONS: The hepatitis epidemic in Sindri was caused by HEV and had several features resembling those of previous HEV epidemics. However, the occurrence of hepatitis E showed a strong relationship with history of travel, a finding not hitherto described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of Escherichia coli possessing the eaeA gene of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) or the aggR gene of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) in traveler's diarrhea diagnosed in those returning to Tama, Tokyo from other Asian countries.

To elucidate the importance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) as etiological agents in traveler's diarrhea, the detection of the eaeA and aggR gene in E. coli strains isolated from overseas travelers with diarrhea in Tama, Tokyo was carried out using a PCR method. Of 192 travelers who were mostly adults and had visited Asian countries from April 1998 to March 1999, aggR-positive E. coli strains were detected in 26 (13.5%). These strains represent the second predominant enteropathogen following enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), whereas eaeA-positive E. coli strains were confirmed in seven subjects (3.6%). In 13 cases with aggR and four cases with eaeA, the organisms were detected in stool samples of patients as the only potential enteric pathogen. The clinical symptoms of these patients were similar to those in patients with ETEC; however, the severity of illness was milder than that associated with ETEC alone. Three strains with eaeA and five strains with aggR were typed as six different kinds of O serogroups, of which four strains belonged to the classical EPEC serogroups (O55, O114, O119, and O127a). These findings suggest that aggR-positive E. coli (EAggEC) is a significant causative agent in traveler's diarrhea. In addition, it was demonstrated that eaeA-positive E. coli (EPEC) is markedly correlated with diarrhea in adults.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2001

Environmental and travel factors related to leptospirosis in Thailand.

To identify potential environmental and travel factors related to leptospirosis, we conducted an unmatched case controlled study and household assessment of cases and controls in Nakhon Ratchasima province (north-eastern, Thailand) from August to December, 1998. Fifty-six cases and 145 controls were included in the study. Cases were hospitalized patients who had been diagnosed with leptospirosis and tested positive for anti-leptospiral IgM antibody using the Panbio ELISA (Panbio Inc, Brisbane, Australia). Controls were the neighbors of cases who had tested negative. Standardized questionnaires and household assessments were used to collect information on demographics, number of animals kept, evidence of rats in the home, presence of rat food inside the home, road characteristics, awareness of leptospirosis disease, environment, and travel history. Multivariant, unconditional logistic regression demonstrated that travel on potholed roads was independently associated with leptospirosis infection (OR 5.0; 95%CI 1.2-20.2) and traveling by car was a protective factor (OR 0.2; 95%CI 0.06-0.9).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Dengue fever risk and prevention for short-term group travelers to tropical regions.

The purpose of this study is to describe dengue fever infections in a group traveling from northern Louisiana to Mexico. Of 50 travelers in the group, three adolescents aged 15-16 developed febrile symptoms a few days after returning. Clinical diagnosis suggested dengue fever. Serum samples were obtained from the three adolescents and from 19 of the adults (age 18 and older) who were in the group. The samples were analyzed by the Centers for Disease Control using dengue IgM capture enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. Results confirmed the three symptomatic adolescents and five asymptomatic adults had been infected with the Flaviviridae virus that causes dengue. We conclude that since there is no vaccine to prevent dengue infections, travelers to high-risk areas should take steps to prevent infection and that clinicians encountering patients with febrile illnesses after travel to such regions should consider a diagnosis of dengue fever.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Young children, pregnant women and travelling abroad].

Pregnant women and parents of young children travelling to non-western countries should consider the risks to which they expose themselves and their children. Travelling during these periods of life needs to be particularly well planned. Travel insurance should cover the whole family, and for pregnant women also the risk of premature birth. Travelling long distances during pregnancy involves a certain amount of risk in itself. This risk could be increased if complications were to occur in areas with a lower standard of health service. As a rule, infants and young children easily adapt to new environments but children abroad should be expected to need a doctor at least as often as at home. Some vaccines and antimalarials must not be used for children below a certain age. Only a few vaccines and antimalarials have been systematically studied in pregnant women in order to exclude teratogenicity. We present some aspects of vaccination and malaria prevention, transport, climate and environment, nutrition, food and drinking water hygiene.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Travel health: reducing the preventable risks.

Most travellers attend travel consultations to have immunizations. However, arthropod-borne diseases, diseases found in food and water, sexually transmitted diseases and sun-related problems all present significant risks to the traveller and cannot be prevented by vaccine. This article discusses these four areas in depth, updating nurses on an area of health promotion that aims to reduce these travel-related risks.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1992

Hepatitis A and travel abroad: a study of notifications in Birmingham.

One hundred and seventy-two cases of viral hepatitis A (or 'infective hepatitis' or 'infective jaundice' judged to be viral hepatitis A) were notified in Birmingham in the 15 months from January 1990 to March 1991. Forty patients had travelled abroad in the three months prior to onset, 30 of whom had been to the Indian subcontinent. A survey of general practitioners attending to patients going abroad indicated that human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) was rarely given to intending travellers, whereas other recommended immunisations often were. Furthermore, a sizeable proportion of travellers did not attend their general practitioners prior to departure. Interventions aimed at encouraging attendance, and the administration of HNIG prior to travel to endemic areas, could reduce the incidence of hepatitis A substantially, particularly in areas with a large population of Asian origin.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Should travelers' diarrhea be prevented and/or treated?].

The prevention of traveller's diarrhea should be limited to the evaluation of drinking water, the avoidance of certain foods and careful hygiene of the hands. Although their efficacy is somewhat controversial in this context, these precautions at any event reduce the risk of acquiring other feco-orally transmitted diseases. Because of the increasing resistance of the bacteria responsible and their multiplicity, early treatment of any actual case of traveller's diarrhea is preferable to prophylactic antibiotics. Therapeutic indications vary according to the severity of traveller's diarrhea and the general condition of the patient. Travellers must be aware of these considerations before their departure.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Travel medicine].

The risk of the health join to travel are briefly presented. The following factors are mentioned: travel by fly, climate, expose for diseases. The most often pathogens are considered: bacteria, viruses, parasites, and some imported diseases and their vectors. The crucial importance of the stress and conditions of travel is underlined. It has been suggested some procedures which can protect before the risk of travel.

Animals↗