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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Graft-versus-host reactions within the thyroid gland may evoke pari passu autoimmune thyroiditis.

Unilateral, intraorganal injection of parental lymph node cells into thyroid lobes of F1 hybrid rats elicited an intense, local graft-versus-host reaction within the injected lobes containing massive numbers of lymphocytes. Surprisingly, significant mononuclear cell infiltration was also seen within the contralateral (noninjected) thyroid lobes, even when the isthmus had been divided. The local graft-versus-host reaction spread from the injected gland to involve the regional lymph nodes and spleen. Migration of 51-cr-labeled donor lymph node cells was documented in these same tissue sites; lesser numbers of labeled cells were found in distant lymph nodes, including the contralateral cervical nodes. However, no significant label was found in the contralateral thyroid lobes. Microscopic evaluation of noninjected glands revealed intense infiltration of mononuclear cells around and within follicles, reminiscent of lesions induced by immunization with thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant. The absence of donor cells in the inflammatory reactions within noninjected thyroid lobes raises the possibility of an autoimmune rather than graft-versus-host pathogenesis.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1951

Carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Sixty-three cases of cancer of the thyroid gland were studied. In 16 cases the cancer arose in an adenoma-without clinical evidence of carcinoma in any instance.Hoarseness, dyspnea and dysphagia, fixation and hardness, and slow enlargement of the lateral lymph nodes were the most common diagnostic signs and symptoms. The most common avenue of spread is the lymphatic system. In two-thirds of the cases in which metastasis occurred, the cervical nodes were involved. Prognosis is related to the histologic type of the lesion. Of 35 patients observed for five years after treatment, ten had no evidence of disease at the end of that time. Twenty were followed for ten years and four of them apparently were free of cancer. The trend in treatment is toward more extensive surgical dissection. In inoperable cases, irradiation has been used with some benefit.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1975

[The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)--a suitable endocrinological model of the thyroid gland].

The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) was tested as an endocrinological model of the thyroid gland. For this purpose, 514 animals were applied in our investigation. Besides the elaboration of an animal-specific method for the registration of thyroid function, questions of iodine metabolism, especially the influence of several endogenous and exogenous factors, were elucidated. Taking into consideration the results received we examined the model with regard to its application in functional, morphological, pharmaceutical, and radiotherapeutical questions. The results show that, by means of the method used, the model answers the various questions unreservedly. Further advantage recommend the budgerigar as a model of the thyroid gland.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: an entity with aggressive clinical behaviour and distinctive cytokeratin expression profiles.

AIMS: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is uncommon. This study aims to identify the clinicopathological features and the pattern of expression of cytokeratins and oncoproteins in this tumour. METHODS AND RESULTS: Histological slides from Chinese patients with thyroid cancer treated in our institution from 1980 to 1999 were reviewed. Patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid were identified and their clinical records were analysed. The expression of cytokeratins (CKs), p53 and p21 in these cases were also studied by an immunohistochemical method. Four women (mean age 71 years) with squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid were found. The main presenting features were signs and symptoms of airway obstruction in three patients and neck swelling in one. The tumours were located at the right lobe (n=2), left lobe (n=1) or in both lobes of the thyroid (n=1). One patient died shortly after admission and the other three died within 4 months after thyroidectomy. The p53 protein was positive in 50% (2/4) of the tumours and p53+ tumours were poorly differentiated. The tumours were negative for p21. CK19 was expressed in all the tumours while CK7 expression was noted in 3/4 of the tumours. One carcinoma showed focal positivity to CK18. The tumours were negative for CKs 1, 4, 6, 10/13 and 20. The pattern of cytokeratin expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland was different from carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) of the thyroid gland and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid has aggressive clinical behaviour and characteristic CK expression pattern. p53 over-expression in these tumours was associated with tumour differentiation.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Echographic evaluation of the thyroid gland and urinary iodine concentration in school children from various regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil].

We have examined, by ultrasonographic studies, the thyroid gland of 844 schoolchildren, aged between 6 and 14 years old (423 girls, 421 boys). There was a progressive increase of the thyroid volume with aging with a positive and significant correlation with the body surface area. The presence of enlarged thyroid gland was rarely seen, being present in only 1.6% of the studied cohort. A few thyroid gland abnormalities were noticed such as hemiagenesia (4 children), nodules and cysts and hypoechogenicity (total: 1.4% of all subjects examined). It was clearly demonstrated that the urinary excretion of iodine was elevated being above 300 microg Iodine/L in 53% of the schoolchildren examined. Assays for the iodine concentration in the domestic salt samples revealed values between 28.1 and 63.3 mgI/kg of salt. We concluded that the schoolchildren population of the State of São Paulo may be under an excessive daily ingestion of iodine. This may induce, if extrapolated to the general population, subclinical hyperthyroidism in the elderly and possibly an increment in the prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Cytological changes induced by low temperature in the thyroid glands of larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus.

In order to study the environmental conditions and the endocrine mechanism which induce neotenous characteristics, the fine structure of the thyroid glands of larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus were examined. The thyroid glands of larvae exposed to a low temperature (4 degrees) were compared with those of larvae exposed to a higher temperature (20 degrees). At 4 degrees, the follicular lumen was large and its contents of low electron density; the epithelial cells were flat or cuboidal. In contrast, the 20 degrees larvae showed a small dense lumen and tall cylindrical epithelial cells, which may indicate a higher level of activity. No apical vesicles were found in the epithelial cells of the 4 degrees larvae, although they were present in 20 degrees larvae. On the other hand, in 4 degrees larvae the chromatin in the nuclei was scattered, while in 20 degrees larvae it was condensed. In addition, large dense granules occupied 2.4% of the epithelial cytoplasm in 4 degrees larvae and as much as 7.3% in 20 degrees larvae. The structural features observed in larvae exposed to the cold resembled those reported for thyroid glands made inactive by a lack of thyrotropin.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The assessment of thyroid gland function in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type II)].

The aim of the study was to assess thyroid gland function in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients under different therapeutic regimens. There were examined 75 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, age range 33-80 years (average 65.24 +/- 14.32 years) including 46 women and 29 men. Group I was treated with insulin, group II--with diet, and group III--with sulfonylurea derivatives oral antidiabetic agents. Control group consisted of 91 healthy persons in appropriate age. The highest glucose levels were in insulin treated group--174.17 +/- 40.31 mg%, and were significantly higher from the values observed in oral antidiabetic agents treated group (169.89 +/- 41.34 mg%), and in diet treated group, where glucose levels were the lowest--134.57 +/- 25.06 mg%. In both groups--patients treated with insulin and with oral antidiabetic agents a positive correlation between fT4 and glycated hemoglobin levels were observed. Performed experiments and investigations suggest: 1. There are no differences in thyroid gland function in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 2. Different therapies (diet, insulin therapy, oral antidiabetic agents) have no influence on thyroid gland function.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Response of the thyroid gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula to endothelin-1.

Although endothelins were originally discovered as peptides with vasoconstrictor activity, recent studies have indicated a number of endothelin (ET) induced hormonal functions in various tissues. We have studied the interaction of ET-1 with thyroid gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula. The effects of ET-1 administration on the plasma levels of the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and TSH were stimulatory. Morphological changes in the thyroid after treatment with ET-1 were also detected: the height of the epithelial cells slightly increased and the apical surface acquired microvilli protruding into the follicular lumen. The colloid filled up the lumen and showed a rich peripheral vacuolation. In conclusion, a modulatory role in the control of the reptilian thyroid gland is suggested for ET-1. This is the first report on the interaction of ET-1 with the thyroid gland of reptilian.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland.

Ultrasound has proven to be helpful in the assessment of the thyroid gland and in particular of solitary hypofunctioning thyroid nodules. In 94% of cases differentiation can be made between solid and cystic lesions. This information is of importance to the clinician in deciding on the course of therapy. The ability to accurately measure thyroid gland size, the size of individual nodules, and to follow these with serial measurements during therapy, is also useful. Gray scale ultrasound may provide the additional benefit of differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid tumore. More study of this new technique is necessary before any final conclusions can be drawn as to its accuracy in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

[Functional state of the thyroid gland during systemic graft vs host reaction].

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) serum content was measured in mice during systemic "graft-versus-host" reaction (GVHR), using radioimmunoassay. It was demonstrated that on the 3rd day after GVHR induction the levels of these hormones did not differ from the control values. T3 and T4 concentrations and 125I absorption by thyroid gland diminished by day 10. At the same time TSH level remained unchanged. On day 24 after GVHR induction T3 and T4 content was significantly reduced, although TSH concentration exceeded the control value. 125I absorption was enhanced as compared to the value observed on day 10. The data obtained show the vigorous inhibition of thyroid gland function during systemic GVHR.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Response to thyroid stimulating hormone in 1-week-old rat thyroid gland after pretreatment with the same hormone in newborn conditions (hormonal imprinting).

Compared with control animals without hormone action, newborn rats treated with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) developed more exocytotic vesicles and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum filled with products in the thyroid gland up to the first postnatal week. A single administration of the hormone in newborn rats (imprinting) resulted in a long-lasting effect on the functioning of the cells of the thyroid gland. Single hormone action in postnatal 1-week-old animals provoked the discharge of products from the cells into the follicles of the thyroid gland with a concurrent endocytosis within 5 min after treatment. A similar but more vigorous effect was demonstrable in animals treated with TSH in newborn (hormonal imprinting) and postnatal 1-week-old conditions. Such events were accompanied by the death of certain cells while others developed myelin-like structures and showed signs of folliculogenesis in the cytoplasm.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Mechanistic basis of life history evolution in anuran amphibians: thyroid gland development in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui.

Direct development is a widespread, alternative life history in Recent amphibians. There is no free-living, aquatic larva; adult features form in the embryo and are present at hatching. The mechanistic bases of direct development remain relatively unexplored. The current study describes the embryonic ontogeny of the thyroid gland in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui (Leptodactylidae) and quantifies histological changes that occur in the gland after its initial appearance. The thyroid gland of E. coqui is first apparent at Townsend-Stewart stage 10, approximately two-thirds of the way through embryogenesis. Soon after this the thyroid begins to accumulate follicular colloid. Quantitative analyses of thyroid histology reveal embryonic peaks in two measures, follicle number and follicle volume, which are followed by declines in these measures prior to hatching. These peaks in thyroid activity in E. coqui are correlated with morphological changes that are directly comparable to metamorphic changes in frogs that retain the ancestral, biphasic life history. In metamorphic taxa, a histologically identifiable thyroid gland does not form until the larval period, well after hatching. Nevertheless, measures of thyroid histology observed in E. coqui follow the pattern reported for metamorphosing amphibians. The present results support the hypothesis that the evolution of direct development in anurans is associated with precocious development and activity of the thyroid axis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of radiation on thyroid gland function].

In the submitted review the authors discuss briefly the sequelae of irradiation of the thyroid gland. The most frequent postirradiation affection is usually latent hypothyroidism. The risk of the development of carcinoma in the irradiated gland is cca 200-700 cases per 1 million subjects per year per 1 Gy. The latent period is most frequently 15-30 years. Women and children are roughly twice as sensitive. The authors outline also the problem of 131I and its role in disasters of nuclear reactors. It is considered a 10 times weaker cancerogen than external radiation. In the conclusion the authors discuss possibilities of prevention with a more detailed account of the pharmacological block of the thyroid gland. The authors give also recommended doses to be used in the prophylactic administration of potassium iodide.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of inorganic nitrates on thyroid gland activity and morphology in female rats].

The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of intake of inorganic nitrates in drinking water on thyroid gland activity and morphology in female rats. During 5 months of treatment, nitrates 50, 150 and 500 mg/L induced a significant dose-dependent decrease in bodyweight gain, compared with the control rats. At the end of the experiment, nitrates 150 and 500 mg/L induced hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, accompanied by an increase in the size of the thyroid follicles and hyposecretion of thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine). We concluded that a high nitrate intake in water influenced thyroid gland activity and morphology and might be considered to be a goitrogenic factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Usage of quantitative static scintigraphy of the thyroid gland in defining the therapeutical dose of radioiodine.

In a group of 21 patients sent by endocrinologist for antihyperthyreosis therapy with radioactive iodine, we calculated and compared the weight of the thyroid gland by quantitative static scintigraphy, using two computed parameters--according to surface and volume of the gland. Statistically we came to the conclusion that weight of the thyroid gland calculated on the basis of surface gives significantly higher values than calculation by the use of volume. The calculation of weight of the thyroid gland using the surface of scan image is recommended, while quantitative static scintigraphy increases the standardisation of the procedure very much.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Localization and development of immunoreactive triiodothyronine in thyroid glands of dogs and chickens.

The localization of immunoreactive T3 was investigated in dog and chick thyroid glands either fixed in Bouin's solution or freeze-dried and fixed with paraformaldehyde vapor, and compared with localization of 19S-thyroglobulin. Freeze-drying followed by paraformaldehyde vapor was better for the demonstration of T3 than Bouin's solution; it gave a much stronger immunoreactivity for T3. This fixative was also excellent for the demonstration of thyroglobulin. The immunoreactive T3 was detected only in the colloid and was never observed in the follicular cells, although immunoreactive thyroglobulin was present not only in the colloid but also in the follicular cells. Subsequently, in dog fetuses and chick embryos the appearance and development of immunoreactive T3 were studied. At 40 days of gestation in dog fetuses and at 9 days of egg incubation in chick embryos, immunoreactive T3 was found in the colloid of primordial follicles coinciding with the formation of the colloid. The ability of embryonic thyroid glands to synthesize T3 seems to be linked to the organization of follicles. With progressing development, the follicles stored more colloid and immunoreactive T3 within the follicular lumina. Concentrations of immunoreactive T3 in thyroids from chickens at various stages of development were also studied by radioimmunoassay. The T3 concentration was first detected at 9 days of incubation and gradually increased with embryo age; it was related to the amounts of colloid stored in the follicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Cytochemical investigations of phagocytes in thyroid gland cysts.

Certain similarities in the cytoplasmic structure could indicate a histogenetic affinity between thyrocytes and pigmented macrophages in thyroid glands. On the other hand, the monocytogenic origin of macrophages in other organs in the body contradicts this assumption. We investigated these cells in smears of thyroid aspirates as well as in imprints, frozen sections and paraffin-embedded sections of freshly removed thyroid glands, using several cytochemical reactions and the usual panoptic stains. With the sodium-fluoride-inhibited alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and tartrate-inhibited acid phosphatase reactions, the pigmented macrophages exhibited enzyme cytochemical patterns corresponding to those of blood monocytes or monocytogenic histiocytes but differing definitely from those of thyrocytes. Furthermore, we observed macrophages that exhibited a clearly monocytoid nuclear form and chromatin pattern in the interstitial space of the thyroid gland. These findings practically exclude a derivation of thyroidal pigmented macrophages from follicular epithelial cells and positively underline their derivation from blood monocytes.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1987

[Pathological characteristics of the thyroid gland in patients with triiodothyronine-predominant Graves' disease].

Pathology of the thyroid gland tissue was characterized in patients with Triiodothyronine (T3)-predominant Graves' disease who had normal levels of serum T4 but increased levels of serum T3 during antithyroid drug therapy. In order to compare this group of patients with an usual type of Graves' patients, age, sex, dietary intake of iodide, duration of antithyroid therapy and the dose of thionamide drugs were matched between the two groups of patients. Thyroid tissue was obtained from subtotal thyroidectomy. In examining the histology of the thyroid gland, integration eye piece plate II with regularly arranged 100 lattice points was set on eye lens of a microscope. The number of crossing points which were projected on each 4 histological elements was counted in randomly selected 10 fields of vision in each patient's thyroid. Assuming that the every histological element is arranged in a random manner, errors of each visual field by this method would be less than 12%. In consequence, the significant difference was demonstrated in the weight of subtotally resected thyroid and the ratio of each histological element except interstitial tissue occupied in the total thyroid tissue between T3-predominant Graves' disease and control Graves' disease. The volume composition of the epithelial cells and vacuoles in patients with T3-predominant Graves' disease was significantly greater than that of patients with control Graves' disease (24.7 +/- 10.6 vs 14.4 +/- 6.5%, 5.9 +/- 3.9 vs 2.0 +/- 1.0%, Mean +/- SD, respectively, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Graves Disease↗