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PubMed2026

Tropilaelaps mercedesae: an emerging global threat to apiculture - a comprehensive review.

Honey bees (Apis spp.) are key pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems; however, their populations are declining due to multiple interacting stressors and their synergistic effects, including parasitic mites. While Varroa destructor is widely recognized as the primary global driver of colony losses, mites of the genus Tropilaelaps, particularly Tropilaelaps mercedesae, are emerging as a serious and still underestimated threat. Native to Asia and naturally associated with wild hosts such as Apis dorsata, T. mercedesae has successfully transitioned to managed Apis mellifera colonies and is now widespread across much of Asia. Recent reports from Central Asia and the Caucasus and western Eurasian regions (including Georgia and Russia) indicate that this species is undergoing an ongoing westward expansion toward Europe. Its biological traits-including an extremely short reproductive cycle, obligate dependence on sealed brood, high dispersal capacity, and the potential to transmit viruses such as deformed wing virus (DWV)-facilitate rapid population growth and severe colony-level damage, particularly in A. mellifera, which lacks effective behavioral defenses against this mite. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, host-parasite interactions, geographic distribution, and spread of Tropilaelaps mites, with emphasis on T. mercedesae. It also evaluates available diagnostic approaches, including brood-based methods, adult bee-based methods, and natural mite-fall techniques. Furthermore, evidence on chemical and biotechnical control strategies is summarized, and their strengths, limitations, and integration within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework are discussed. Overall, current findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen surveillance, standardize diagnostic protocols, and develop sustainable control strategies to prevent the global spread of Tropilaelaps mites.

A. mellifera↗
PubMed2026

Streptomyces violaceusniger WZS5-6 suppresses Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 via antifungal metabolites and host defense induction.

INTRODUCTION: Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), poses a serious threat to the safety and sustainable development of the banana industry. Biological control represents one of the most environmentally friendly approaches for managing this disease. METHODS: In this study, Streptomyces violaceusniger WZS5-6 antifungal activity against Foc TR4 has been investigated through an integrated approach combining antifungal assays, genome analysis, and metabolomic profiling. For the purpose, the effects of the bacterial strain and its cell-free extract on morphological and ultrastructural changes on pathogenic fungal hyphae and spores were assessed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. LC-MS analysis was used to identify the metabolites responsible for antifungal activity. We further explored the potential of S. violaceusniger WZS5-6 against Foc TR4 through in planta validation. RESULTS: Streptomyces violaceusniger WZS5-6 exhibited a strong inhibition rate of 91.57% on Foc TR4. The cell-free extract obtained from S. violaceusniger WZS5-6 strongly inhibited Foc TR4 with an EC50 value of 91.62 µg·mL-1, indicating the presence of antifungal bioactive metabolites. The results showed that S. violaceusniger WZS5-6 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Foc TR4 and induced alterations in spore morphology, mycelial ultrastructure, and cell membrane leakage. Metabolomic profiling of the S. violaceusniger WZS5-6 extracts revealed numerous antifungal metabolites, among which the key metabolites, viz., citronellic acid and furanodienone, exhibited strong inhibitory effects on Foc TR4, with antifungal activity of 61.13% and 57.44%, respectively. Moreover, strain WZS5-6 not only demonstrated 61.54% control efficacy against FWB in a pot experiment but also showed promising growth-promoting effects on banana plants. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that S. violaceusniger WZS5-6 inhibits Foc TR4 through a multi-level mechanism involving cellular disruption, metabolic adaptation, and activation of host defense responses. These findings highlight the potential of S. violaceusniger WZS5-6 as a promising novel candidate strain to be employed as a biological control agent of FWB.

Fusarium wilt of banana↗
PubMed2005

[Radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia in a patient after surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot: case report].

Ventricular tachycardia is one of the most feared complications after surgical repair of Tetralogy of Fallot and it is associated with sudden death. We report a 26 years old female with a history of surgical repair of Tetralogy of Fallot at age of 4 year-old, who developed sustained ventricular tachycardia despite antiarrhythmic drugs. She was successfully treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a valid treatment for these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Emergence of raccoon rabies in Connecticut, 1991-1994: spatial and temporal characteristics of animal infection and human contact.

The North American raccoon rabies epizootic continues to expand, now affecting most of New England. In 1990, raccoons became the vertebrate most often reported rabid in the United States. Emergence of this zoonosis poses increasing, but poorly defined risks to humans. This study analyzed various demographic, environmental, and behavioral factors associated with animal infection and human exposure before and during the epizootic in Connecticut. Rabies virus infections among terrestrial vertebrates were analyzed from 1985 through 1994. From March 1991, when the first case was diagnosed, through December 1994, 2,522 of 13,147 animals tested were found positive for rabies viral antigen. Forty-seven percent of the raccoons tested were infected, representing 88.0% of all animals found positive. Domestic animals constituted only 1.7% of positive test results, but 40.6% of the tests performed. The epizootic wave of transmission advanced approximately 30 km/year. Most rabies-positive wild animals were taken from private properties, usually near houses. Possible human exposures involved 939 people on 556 occasions through direct contact (20.7%) or indirectly through another animal (79.3%). Of 3,239 domestic animals exposed to rabies-positive wild animals, 18.4% lacked vaccination. Rabies has become enzootic in Connecticut and risk to humans and animals persists. The public health burden is considerable, yet knowledge is lacking to develop sustainable prevention strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Industrial ecology: a new perspective on the future of the industrial system.

Industrial ecology? A surprising, intriguing expression that immediately draws our attention. The spontaneous reaction is that "industrial ecology" is a contradiction in terms, something of an oxymoron, like "obscure clarity" or "burning ice". Why this reflex? Probably because we are accustomed to considering the industrial system as isolated from the Biosphere, with factories and cities on one side and nature on the other, as well as the recurrent problem of trying to minimise th impact of the industrial system on what is "beyond" it: its surroundings, the "environment". As early as the 1950's, this end-of-pipe angle was the one adopted by ecologists, whose first serious studies focused on the consequences of the various forms of pollution on nature. In this perspective on the industrial system, human industrial activity as such remained outside the field of research. Industrial ecology explores the opposite assumption: The industrial system can be seen as a certain kind of ecosystem. After all, the industrial system, just as natural ecosystems, can be described as a particular distribution of materials, energy, and information flows. Furthermore, the entire industrial system relies on resources and services provided by the Biosphere, from which it cannot be dissociated. (It should be specified that "industrial", in the context of industrial ecology, refers to all human activities occurring within modern technological society. Thus, tourism, housing, medical services, transportation, agriculture, etc. are part of the industrial system.) Besides its rigorous scientific conceptual framework (scientific ecology), industrial ecology can also be seen as a practical approach to sustainability. It is an attempt to address the question, "How can the concept of sustainable development be made operational in an economically feasible way?" Industrial ecology represents precisely one of the paths that could provide concrete solutions. Governments have traditionally approached development and environmental issues in a fragmented and compartmentalised way. This is illustrated in the classical end-of-pipe strategy for the treatment of pollution, which has proven to be quite useful, but not adequate to make an efficient use of limited resources, in the context of a growing population with increasing economic aspirations. Thus, industrial ecology emerges at a time when it is becoming increasingly clear that the traditional pollution treatment approach (end-of-pipe) is not only insufficient to solve environmental problems, but also too costly in the long run.

Ecology↗
PubMed1999

Implementation of a hospitalist system in a large health maintenance organization: the Kaiser Permanente experience.

This paper presents preliminary quality and utilization data from a hospitalist system that is being implemented at Kaiser Permanente, a large health maintenance organization with 16 hospitals in northern California. Hospitalist programs, which are staffed by clinicians highly skilled in caring for inpatients, are being launched with the aim of delivering high-quality, efficient medical care in an increasingly competitive health care delivery environment. This paper also describes, in some detail, the process of implementation at one hospital. Challenges to implementation included 1) overcoming the reluctance of clinic physicians to relinquish inpatient care responsibilities, 2) developing sustainable work schedules, 3) creating effective channels of communication between staff in inpatient and outpatient settings, and 4) designing appropriate compensation scales for hospitalists. Mean length of stay, patient-day rates, admission rates, consultation request rates, costs, and readmission rates were examined for patients discharged from adult medicine services at all 16 hospitals between 1 January 1994 and 30 June 1997. These preliminary resource utilization data seem promising, but further analysis is needed to assess how hospitalist programs may affect clinical quality of care, costs, and patient and provider satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The "holiday heart": electrophysiologic studies of alcohol effects in alcoholics.

Although the "holiday heart syndrome," highlighted by rhythm disturbances after acute alcohol ingestion, is well known, the potential arrhythmogenic effects of alcohol have not been studied. Fourteen patients (two with congestive cardiomyopathy) with a history of rhythm disturbances and alcohol consumption were studied electrophysiologically. One patient had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, one had nonsustained atrial fibrillation, one had paired ventricular responses, and the remainder had no response to the extrastimulus technique. After 90 mL of 80-proof whiskey, 10 of the 14 patients developed sustained or nonsustained atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Significant prolongation of His-ventricular conduction was seen after alcohol intake; this was noteworthy as one of the patients had previously shown Mobitz II atrioventricular block after acute alcohol consumption. Alcohol in modest doses has the potential to produce rhythm disturbances in patients with a history of chronic alcohol consumption and heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a sugar-free medicines campaign in north east England: quantitative analysis of medicines use.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a sugar-free medicines campaign using suitable prescribing and purchasing indicators. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Quantitative analysis of sugar-free medicine use, before (1995) and after (1996) the campaign. CLINICAL SETTING: Two test and two control districts in north east England. PARTICIPANTS: General medical practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists. INTERVENTION: A 12-month campaign involving development and distribution of information packs designed to increase the proportion of prescriptions dispensed sugar-free for paediatric use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in the proportion of the following which were sugar-free: (a) for target prescribed medicines (i) number of prescriptions dispensed. (ii) number of prescribed daily amounts (PDA); (b) for target over the counter (OTC) medicines, (i) number of bottles sold, (ii) number of standard daily amounts (SDA) sold. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of prescriptions and OTC sales showed statistically highly significant changes towards sugar-free prescribing and dispensing of prescribed medicines but only small increases in the proportion of some sugar-free OTC sales. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of the campaign was shown to be greatest in changing prescribing habits of GPs with less effect on OTC medicine use. The outcome measures used were suitable for quantitative evaluation of the campaign. POST-CAMPAIGN DEVELOPMENT: Sustainable changes in GPs' prescribing behaviour can be facilitated by software suppliers' modifications to computing software used for prescription writing.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1999

Medical mission to Honduras. December 20, 1998-January 2, 1999.

This is the story of a team of medical professionals who responded to an appeal from Church World Services in New York to provide two weeks of primary care for Honduran people in areas devastated by Hurricane Mitch. It was a remarkable experience to see how a small team of changing physicians, nurses, and support personnel could function effectively although they had not known each other, or ever worked together before. Over a period of two weeks with two major holiday weekends and an unusual amount of time spent in travel, the team in seven working days provided primary care to about 500 patients ages 1 day to 82 years with limited medical supplies and no laboratory resources. The patients resided in rural villages, without electricity or running water, which could only be reached over poor rural roads. Full credit should be given to the Honduran CCD which provided support services for the dedicated, compassionate American volunteers, and to the Honduran villagers who patiently waited, often in the rain, to be seen. It is hoped that the medical services were as helpful to the recipients as the experience was to the team participants. There is little doubt that long run efforts of CCD and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are needed to stimulate overall improvement in the standard of living in rural villages. Future sustained development will take local leadership to stimulate interest in a better future by spacing children so they can have improved education and healthier living conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pathogenesis and diagnosis of infections with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB.

In last week's Veterinary Record, members of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB discussed the approach they are adopting in attempting to develop sustainable strategies for controlling bovine tuberculosis in cattle (VR, February 19, pp 207-210). In this second, complementary article, they consider the extent to which efforts to control the disease may be constrained by limitations in current testing procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Population and health.

Population and health ecology as subsystems of the health system are of special interest for public health. The population as a financer and beneficiary of health care determines various needs and possibilities of their realization. In order to establish solid socio-medical diagnosis of population, it is the key parameter, which is being realized through population statistics considering the number and distribution of population according to biological, socio-economic and cultural characteristics, as well as through vital and migration statistics. Health ecology as a subsystem represents the interest of public health from the aspect of monitoring of ecology expositions and the state of other contents of ecology and their impact on health. The establishment of sustainable development of human environment represents a philosophy, which is based on inter-generation equality meaning that present generation should give the future generation an environment in which is possible to live healthy life and realise any other progress. Population and health ecology are subsystems within which is necessary to seek needs that have to be met with the aim of improvement of population in terms of health.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed2000

The Pacific Islands Internet Project (PIIP) in UNDP, Suva.

The Pacific Islands Internet Project (PIIP) aims to expose interested parties to emerging technologies by creating initial, core national Internet-based information systems, and by training users on how to take advantage of such systems for sustainable development purposes. PIIP works closely with Small Islands Development States Network SIDSNET (http://www.sidsnet.org) and Asia and Pacific Development Information Programme APDIP (http://www.apdip.net), both UNDP initiatives in this field. The Target Beneficiaries are 15 countries in the sub-region including Tuvalu, Niue and Tokelau which are still without Internet access. PIIP will assist these three countries in their connectivity needs and all other countries in other components of the project. Priority is given to the smaller island states. There are four components to the project. These are: Connectivity (WWW access for Tuvalu, Niue and Tokelau); Training and Awareness (through national seminars and training programmes); Internet Applications (in areas such as telemedicine, distance education, SIDSnet and other fields in the private sector); and Policy (work with telecom and regional organisations in facilitating national telecommunications policies that provide a basis for development of an ICT strategy). Some of the progress made since the inception of PIIP are covered in this paper.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

[Consideration for ecological planning in mining areas].

On the basis of summarizing the status and trend of domestic and overseas ecological planning research, the necessity and significance of ecological planning research in mining areas were analyzed and its characteristics, research objectives, contents and methods were discussed. It is pointed out that establishing the theory and methodology of ecological planning in mining area is not only the requirement of their sustainable development, but also the requirement of active participation and cooperation of the researchers from different disciplines.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2002

Evidence of determinant spreading in the antibody responses to prostate cell surface antigens in patients immunized with prostate-specific antigen.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer consistently remains a difficult clinical problem. The development of novel therapy strategies for effective control and treatment of prostate cancer is essential. The prostate represents a unique site for immunotherapy, in part because prostate-specific immunity would most probably be without significant long-term sequellae. Antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, induced by either active or passive immunization, represent potential means to specifically target prostate tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The serum IgG response to cell surface antigens expressed on LNCAP [prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-positive] and PC-3 (PSA-negative) were analyzed in individuals with advanced disease receiving vaccinia- or fowlpox-expressed PSA (v-PSA or f-PSA, respectively) by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Sera from all seven patients in a Phase I study of v-PSA, collected prior to the third immunization, reacted with both prostate tumor cell lines. The majority of individuals (n = 12) in a Phase II trial of v-PSA and f-PSA developed sustainable antibody responses to cell surface antigens on the prostate tumor cell lines. The magnitude and kinetics of these responses were dependent on the immunization schedule. Of importance, the baseline serum of only one of nine patients tested had reactivity with nonprostate tumor cell lines. Sera from three normal males also lacked reactivity with prostate tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: PSA vaccine constructs are immunogenic and induce antibody responses to a multitude of surface antigens on prostate tumor cell lines by epitope or determinant spreading after stimulation of the immune system by PSA immunization.

Cancer Vaccines↗
PubMed2002

[Study on epidemic trend and control policy of tuberculosis in Sichuan province].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy of tuberculosis control policy and provide scientific evidence for drawing up tuberculosis control program. METHODS: Data of the epidemiological survey for tuberculosis in Sichuan in 2000 were analyzed and part of the results were compared with that before. RESULTS: The prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis, the bacteriological positive prevalence and smear positive prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in 2000 were 544/100 000, 250/100 000 and 144/100 000, respectively, decreased by 41.8%, 30.0% and 35.0% respectively in comparison with 1990, and the annual reduction rates were 5.3%, 3.5% and 4.2% respectively during the past 10 years. The mortality of tuberculosis and pulmonary tuberculosis was 24/100 000 and 22/100 000, respectively, decreased by 20.0% and 12.0% respectively in comparison with 1990. The prevalence of tuberculosis in minority area and mountainous area were higher than that in city, countryside and hills. 71% of infectious patients were newly detected, 33.3% of which were re-treatment cases. The economic status was found the key factor affecting the implementation of tuberculosis control. CONCLUSIONS: The modern tuberculosis control strategy, which mainly targeted infectious patients and advocated DOTS policy, is the guarantee of sustainable development of tuberculosis control, though the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis decreased slowly in Sichuan during the past 10 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Ecosystem health and environmental management].

Ecosystem health is very relational to environmental management. Ecosystem health is the aim of environmental management. Ecosystem health provides new thoughts and new methods to environmental management. Healthy ecosystem is a fundamental basis to realize regional sustainable development. The succession process of ecosystem health is the preparation to optimize environmental management. At the same time, optimized environmental management provides macro decision-making and social and economic ensurance for ecosystem health. From the view of subject development, this paper deals with the background, theoretical fundament and application process of ecosystem health and also deals with the relationship between ecosystem health assessment and environmental management. The paper puts forward the aim of environmental management: healthy ecosystem-->healthy environment-->healthy foods-->healthy human ecosystem-->healthy social development.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of acid deposition on terrestrial ecosystems and their rehabilitation strategies in China.

South China has become the third largest region associated with acid deposition following Europe and North America, the area subject to damage by acid deposition increased from 1.75 million km2 in 1985 to 2.8 million km2 in 1993. Acid deposition has caused serious damage to ecosystem. Combined pollution of acid rain and SO2 showed the obvious multiple effects on crops. Vegetable was more sensitive to acid deposition than foodstuff crops. Annual economic loss of crops due to acid deposition damage in eleven provinces of south China was 4.26 billion RMB Yuan. Acid deposition caused serious damage to forest. Annual economic loss of wood volume was about 1.8 billion RMB Yuan and forest ecological benefit loss 16.2 billion in eleven provinces of south China. Acid deposition in south China was typical "sulfuric acid type". According to the thoughts of sustainable development, some strategies were brought forward as follows: (1) enhancing environmental management, specifying acid-controlling region, controlling and abating the total emission amount of SO2; (2) selecting practical energy technologies of clean coal, for example, cleansing and selecting coal, sulfur-fixed-type industrial briqutting, abating sulfur from waste gas and so on; (3) developing other energy sources to replace coal, including water electricity, atomic energy and the new energy such as solar energy, wind energy and so on; (4) in acid deposition region of south China, selecting acid-resistant type of crop and tree to decrease agricultural losses, planting more green fertilizer crops, using organic fertilizers and liming, in order to improve buffer capacities of soil.

Acid Rain↗
PubMed2002

Integrated watershed approach in controlling point and non-point source pollution within Zelivka drinking water reservoir.

An agricultural watershed involves manipulation of soil, water and other natural resources and it has profound impacts on ecosystems. To manage these complex issues, we must understand causes and consequences and interactions-related transport of pollutants, quality of the environment, mitigation measures and policy measures. A ten year period of economic changes has been analysed with respect to sustainable development concerning Zelivka drinking water reservoir and its watershed, where agriculture and forestry are the main human activities. It is recommended that all land users within a catchment area should receive payments for their contribution to water cycle management. Setting up the prevention principles and best management practices financially subsidized by a local water company has been found very effective in both point and non-point source pollution abatement, and the newly prepared Clean Water Programme actively involves local municipal authorities as well. The first step based on systems analysis was to propose effective strategies and select alternative measures and ways for their financing. Long term monitoring of nutrient loads entering the reservoir and hazardous events statistics resulted in maps characterising the territory including vulnerable zones and risk factors. Financing involves providing annual payments to farmers, who undertake to manage specified areas of their land in a particular way and one-off payments to realise proposed issues ensuring soil conservation and watershed ecosystem benefits.

Agriculture↗