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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Hippocampal pyramidal cell-interneuron spike transmission is frequency dependent and responsible for place modulation of interneuron discharge.

The interplay between principal cells and interneurons plays an important role in timing the activity of individual cells. We investigated the influence of single hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells on putative interneurons. The activity of CA1 pyramidal cells was controlled intracellularly by current injection, and the activity of neighboring interneurons was recorded extracellularly in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Spike transmission probability between monosynaptically connected pyramidal cell-interneuron pairs was frequency dependent and highest between 5 and 25 Hz. In the awake animal, interneurons were found that had place-modulated firing rates, with place maps similar to their presynaptic pyramidal neuron. Thus, single pyramidal neurons can effectively determine the firing patterns of their interneuron targets.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2002

Dysregulation of ascorbate release in the striatum of behaving mice expressing the Huntington's disease gene.

The extracellular fluid of the striatum contains a high level of ascorbate, an antioxidant vitamin known to play a key role in behavioral activation. We assessed the extracellular dynamics of ascorbate in R6/2 mice engineered to express the gene for Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant condition characterized by the loss of striatal neurons. Slow-scan voltammetry was used to measure striatal ascorbate during anesthesia and subsequent behavioral recovery. Although both the HD mice and their littermate controls had comparable ascorbate levels during anesthesia, the gradual return of behavioral activation over the next 120 min led to dramatically different ascorbate responses: a progressive increase in controls and a 25-50% decline in HD mice. In contrast, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, a major dopamine metabolite, showed no group differences. Behaviorally, HD mice were less active overall than controls and showed a relatively restricted range of spontaneous movements. Both the ascorbate and behavioral deficits were evident in 6-week-old HD mice and persisted in all subsequent test sessions through 10 weeks of age. Collectively, although these results are consistent with inadequate antioxidant protection in the HD striatum, they indicate that the ascorbate deficit is confined to periods of behavioral activation.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Genetic disruption of cortical interneuron development causes region- and GABA cell type-specific deficits, epilepsy, and behavioral dysfunction.

The generation of properly functioning circuits during brain development requires precise timing of cell migration and differentiation. Disruptions in the developmental plan may lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neocortical circuits rely on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, the majority of which migrate from subcortical sources. We have shown that the pleiotropic molecule hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) mediates interneuron migration. Mice with a targeted mutation of the gene encoding urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a key component in HGF/SF activation and function, have decreased levels of HGF/SF and a 50% reduction in neocortical GABAergic interneurons at embryonic and perinatal ages. Disruption of interneuron development leads to early lethality in most models. Thus, the long-term consequences of such perturbations are unknown. Mice of the uPAR-/- strain survive until adulthood, and behavior testing demonstrates that they have an increased anxiety state. The uPAR-/- strain also exhibits spontaneous seizure activity and higher susceptibility to pharmacologically induced convulsions. The neocortex of the adult uPAR-/- mouse exhibits a dramatic region- and subtype-specific decrease in GABA-immunoreactive interneurons. Anterior cingulate and parietal cortical areas contain 50% fewer GABAergic interneurons compared with wild-type littermates. However, interneuron numbers in piriform and visual cortical areas do not differ from those of normal mice. Characterization of interneuron subpopulations reveals a near complete loss of the parvalbumin subtype, with other subclasses remaining intact. These data demonstrate that a single gene mutation can selectively alter the development of cortical interneurons in a region- and cell subtype-specific manner, with deficits leading to long-lasting changes in circuit organization and behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The evolution of the cognitive map.

The hippocampal formation of mammals and birds mediates spatial orientation behaviors consistent with a map-like representation, which allows the navigator to construct a new route across unfamiliar terrain. This cognitive map thus appears to underlie long-distance navigation. Its mediation by the hippocampal formation and its presence in birds and mammals suggests that at least one function of the ancestral medial pallium was spatial navigation. Recent studies of the goldfish and certain reptile species have shown that the medial pallium homologue in these species can also play an important role in spatial orientation. It is not yet clear, however, whether one type of cognitive map is found in these groups or indeed in all vertebrates. To answer this question, we need a more precise definition of the map. The recently proposed parallel map theory of hippocampal function provides a new perspective on this question, by unpacking the mammalian cognitive map into two dissociable mapping processes, mediated by different hippocampal subfields. If the cognitive map of non-mammals is constructed in a similar manner, the parallel map theory may facilitate the analysis of homologies, both in behavior and in the function of medial pallium subareas.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Nonverbal components of the interpretive process in psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

Viewing traditional psychoanalytic concepts from a new perspective of kinetics and proxemics gives added insight and freshness. A thumb-nail sketch of the new sciences is drawn. These sciences of nonverbal behavior have been far too neglected by clinicians. There is historic precedent for making them part-and-parcel of classical psychoanalysis.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Nurse-client perceptions: the double standard of touch.

Because nurses have been cited as being unaware of clients' nonverbal communication as well as their own (Blondis, 1977; Murphy, 1984), the purpose of this descriptive study was to determine if 80 adult surgical clients' and 80 female registered nurses' perceptions about intrusions of hospital territory and personal space differed. Differences according to gender of client were specifically examined. The investigator administered the Territorial Intrusion-Personal Space (TIPS) Scale questionnaire to measure various feelings in response to intrusions. T-tests revealed that male clients generally had higher scores on the personal space subscale than nurses anticipated, whereas female clients had lower scores than nurses anticipated. These results revealed a double standard of touch: Male clients interpreted touch from a female nurse more positively than did female clients; however, female nurses interpreted female clients' behavior as being more receptive to touch and therefore appeared to be more comfortable touching female than male clients.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Modulation of the impairment of hippocampectomized rats on the radial-arm maze cue task by visual characteristics and subicular damage.

Rats with N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the hippocampus that partially damaged the subiculum and controls were trained on 2 versions of the radial-arm maze cue task, with either proximal or distal visual stimuli. In Experiment 1, the relative positions of the stimuli varied across trials. Lesioned rats were impaired when trained on the distal version, as opposed to transiently slowed down when trained on the proximal version. In Experiment 2, the relative positions of the stimuli were fixed throughout training. Lesioned rats were impaired when trained on the distal or the proximal version. Further analyses showed that combined damage to the hippocampus and the subiculum was required to impair performance in the proximal, but not the distal, version.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Co-administration of THC and MDMA ('ecstasy') synergistically disrupts memory in rats.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') and cannabis are two of the most commonly used illicit drugs in the western world, and are often used in combination. Very little research has examined their effect on cognitive function or behavior when combined, The present study used a double Y-maze task to examine the acute effect of MDMA and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the principal psychoactive ingredient of cannabis) on mnemonic function in rats, at a range of doses representative of common human use. Experiment I (low doses) examined the effect of 0.25 mg/kg THC and 1.25 mg/kg MDMA alone and together. At these doses MDMA or THC given alone had no effect on working memory, but the co-administered drugs significantly disrupted working memory. Experiment 2 (medium doses) examined the effect of 0.5 mg/kg THC and 2.5 mg/kg MDMA given alone or together. At these doses THC, but not MDMA, impaired working memory. Although MDMA alone had no effect, it exacerbated the impairment due to THC when the drugs were co-administered. Experiment 3 (high doses) examined the effects of 1 mg/kg THC and 5 mg/kg MDMA alone and together. Both drugs significantly impaired memory when given alone, although the impairment due to MDMA was less than that caused by THC. When co-administered at these doses, the drugs caused a major disruption of behavior and this precluded ascribing a mnemonic cause to poor performance on the double Y-maze task Taken together, these experiments demonstrate a synergistic disruption of working memory by acute co-administration of THC and MDMA.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Distribution of hand location in monkeys during spontaneous behavior.

Recently it was shown that electrical stimulation of the precentral gyrus of monkeys can evoke complex, coordinated movements. In the forelimb representation, stimulation of each site caused the arm to move to a specific final posture, and thus the hand to move to a location in space. Among these stimulation-evoked hand locations, certain regions of the hand's workspace were more represented than others. We hypothesized that a similar non-uniform distribution of hand location should be present during a monkey's spontaneous behavior. The present study examined the distribution of hand location of monkeys in their home cages. This distribution was similar to that found by stimulation of the precentral gyrus. That is, arm postures that were over-represented in spontaneous behavior were also over-represented in the movements evoked by cortical stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Parallel information processing in the water maze: evidence for independent memory systems involving dorsal striatum and hippocampus.

This experiment investigated the ability of rats with dorsal striatal or fornix damage to learn the location of a visible platform in a water maze. We also assessed the animals' ability to find the platform when it was hidden (submerged). Rats with neurotoxic damage to the dorsal striatum acquired both the visible and hidden platform versions of the task, but when required to choose between the spatial location they had learned and the visible platform in a new location they swam first to the old spatial location. Rats with radio-frequency damage to the fornix acquired the visible platform version of the water maze task but failed to learn about the platform's location in space. When the visible platform was moved to a new location they swam directly to it. Normal rats acquired both the visible and hidden platform versions of the task. These findings suggest that in the absence of a functional neural system that includes dorsal striatum, spatial information predominantly controlled behavior even in the presence of a cue that the animals had previously been reinforced for approaching. In the absence of a functional hippocampal system behavior was not affected by spatial information and responding to local reinforced cues was enhanced. The results support the idea that different neural substrates in the mammalian nervous system acquire different types of information simultaneously and in parallel.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inhibitory effects of paeonol on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference in mice.

The inhibitory effects of paeonol, a major compound of Paeoniae radix, on the development of locomotor sensitization, conditioned place preference (CPP) and dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the repeated administration of morphine were investigated through behavioral experiments. A single administration of morphine produces hyperlocomotion. Repeated administration of morphine develops sensitization (reverse tolerance), a progressive enhancement of locomotion, which is used as a model for studying the drug-induced drug-seeking behaviors, and CPP, which is used as a model for studying drug reinforcement. Paeonol inhibited morphine-induced hyperlocomotion, sensitization and CPP. In addition, paeonol inhibited the development of postsynaptic dopamine receptors supersensitivity, which may be an underlying common mechanism that mediates the morphine-induced dopaminergic behaviors such as sensitization and CPP. Apomorphine (a dopamine agonist)-induced climbing behaviors also were inhibited by a single direct administration of paeonol. These results provide evidence that paeonol exerts anti-dopaminergic activity, and it is suggested that paeonol may be useful for the prevention and therapy of these adverse actions of morphine.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of cognitive function in the heterozygous reeler mouse.

RATIONALE: The heterozygous reeler mouse has been proposed as a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia based on several neuroanatomical and behavioral similarities between these mice and patients with schizophrenia. However, the effect of reelin haploinsufficiency on one of the cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia, the impairment of prefrontal-cortex-dependent cognitive function, has yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE: Here, we investigated multiple aspects of cognitive function in heterozygous reeler mice that are known to be impaired in schizophrenic patients. METHODS: Heterozygous reeler mice were assessed for (1) cognitive flexibility in an instrumental reversal learning task, (2) impulsivity in an inhibitory control task, (3) attentional function in a three-choice serial reaction time task, and (4) working memory in a delayed matching-to-position task. RESULTS: No differences were found between heterozygous reeler mice and wild-type littermate controls in any prefrontal-related cognitive measures. However, heterozygous reeler mice showed deficits in the acquisition of two operant tasks, consistent with a role for reelin in certain forms of learning. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that heterozygous reeler mice may not be an appropriate model for the core prefrontal-dependent cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia, but may model more general learning deficits that are associated with many psychiatric disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Putative cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus projecting to the superior colliculus consist of sensory responsive and unresponsive populations which are functionally distinct from other mesopontine neurons.

We examined the sensory properties of putative cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus projecting to the superior colliculus. Projection neurons were identified by antidromic activation from the contralateral posterior superior colliculus; stimulation of the anterior half was essentially ineffective. Identified neurons fell into two groups, one with a somatosensory input (39%) and one without a sensory input. Somatosensory responsive projection neurons were low threshold and rapidly adapting. Receptive fields were contralateral (94%) and predominantly orofacial (57%). Sensory responsive and unresponsive projection neurons were intermingled within the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus as identified histologically by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase or acetylcholinesterase. The properties of neurons outside the nucleus differed significantly. They could not be activated antidromically from the superior colliculus; many had ipsi- or bilateral receptive fields (75%) and wide dynamic range or nociceptive response patterns (52%). The presence of two functionally distinct groups of projection neurons implies a dual or more complex modulation of tectal neurons by the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus has been implicated in a multiplicity of behaviors and, in particular, in rapid eye movement sleep and alerting or arousal functions. By virtue of its many connections with the basal ganglia, limbic system and reticular structures, the projection to the superior colliculus of two distinct groups may provide an important differentiating element of the tectal organization of orienting and spatial cognitive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Rule shift under long-term PCP challenge in rats.

Performance of Long-Evans rats repeatedly treated with a high dose of phencyclidine (PCP) was compared with that of controls on two tasks involving rule shifts. Fifteen hours after receiving 12 daily doses of PCP (10mg/kg) or saline, rats were tested in the first task where a fixed or variable goal had to be recognized among four maze-arm locations. After receiving the last of 33 injections, rats were subjected to a second task: they had to discriminate the relevant perceptual dimension in a pair of stimuli and choose the appropriate stimulus in each problem. Results from both tasks revealed no difference between controls and rats injected with PCP either during acquisition using a constant rule or during testing with rule shifts. Consequently, PCP appears to lack consistency in disturbing frontal cognitive functions in animal models of schizophrenia.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Elevated anxiety-like and depressive behavior in Desert hedgehog knockout male mice.

To investigate the functional role of Desert hedgehog (Dhh) gene in the nervous system, we examined motor, sensory, learning and memory functions as well as mood in Dhh knockout (KO) mice. Dhh KO male mice exhibited prolonged immobility time compared with wild-type male mice in the forced swimming test, and showed enhanced inhibition in the Vogel's conflict model. These findings suggest that Dhh KO male mice exhibited enhanced anxiety and depressive behavior compared with wild-type male mice. In contrast, Dhh KO female mice did not show any significant difference compared to wild-type female mice. These behavioral abnormalities of Dhh KO male mice may be due to lower testosterone levels with abnormal development of the testes caused by Dhh-null mutation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism by SR140333: enhanced in vivo ACh in the hippocampus and promnestic post-trial effects.

Substance P (SP) has memory-promoting, reinforcing and anxiolytic-like effects when applied systemically or centrally. Such effects may be mediated by the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, since SP preferentially binds to this receptor. We measured the effects of a selective non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonist, SR140333 (1, 3 and 9 mg/kg i.p.) on ACh levels in frontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus by microdialysis and HPLC. Levels of ACh in the hippocampus increased dose-dependently immediately after treatment. The same doses of SR140333 given post-trial had minor facilitative effects on inhibitory avoidance learning and open-field habituation, but did not have reinforcing effects in a conditioned place preference (CPP) task. The selective action of NK-1 receptor antagonism on hippocampal ACh may be related to its positive influence on learning.

Acetylcholine↗