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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Ethical challenges in the conduct of research involving persons with mental retardation.

Researchers face challenges in balancing the demands of sound research methods and ethical standards in studies involving persons with mental retardation. While the autonomy of individuals must be respected, researchers also have an ethical responsibility to protect vulnerable individuals from social, psychological, or physical risks of research participation. Some individuals may face significant barriers in the research decision-making process due to cognitive limitations, lack of information and support, and limited experience and opportunities for exercising choice. The historical context of biomedical and behavioral research involving persons with mental retardation and current ethical issues related to informed consent and surrogate decision-making are examined. Implications for researchers and professionals are discussed, including ways to support individuals with mental retardation and their families in research decision-making.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Biological invasions: recommendations for U.S. policy and management.

The Ecological Society of America has evaluated current U.S. national policies and practices on biological invasions in light of current scientific knowledge. Invasions by harmful nonnative species are increasing in number and area affected; the damages to ecosystems, economic activity, and human welfare are accumulating. Without improved strategies based on recent scientific advances and increased investments to counter invasions, harm from invasive species is likely to accelerate. Federal leadership, with the cooperation of state and local governments, is required to increase the effectiveness of prevention of invasions, detect and respond quickly to new potentially harmful invasions, control and slow the spread of existing invasions, and provide a national center to ensure that these efforts are coordinated and cost effective. Specifically, the Ecological Society of America recommends that the federal government take the following six actions: (1) Use new information and practices to better manage commercial and other pathways to reduce the transport and release of potentially harmful species; (2) Adopt more quantitative procedures for risk analysis and apply them to every species proposed for importation into the country; (3) Use new cost-effective diagnostic technologies to increase active surveillance and sharing of information about invasive species so that responses to new invasions can be more rapid and effective; (4) Create new legal authority and provide emergency funding to support rapid responses to emerging invasions; (5) Provide funding and incentives for cost-effective programs to slow the spread of existing invasive species in order to protect still uninvaded ecosystems, social and industrial infrastructure, and human welfare; and (6) Establish a National Center for Invasive Species Management (under the existing National Invasive Species Council) to coordinate and lead improvements in federal, state, and international policies on invasive species. Recent scientific and technical advances provide a sound basis for more cost-effective national responses to invasive species. Greater investments in improved technology and management practices would be more than repaid by reduced damages from current and future invasive species. The Ecological Society of America is committed to assist all levels of government and provide scientific advice to improve all aspects of invasive-species management.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Keeping the unemployed healthy: the effect of means-tested and entitlement benefits in Britain, Germany, and the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Although considerable evidence about the health effects of unemployment exists, little is known about the possible protective effects of various social interventions. This study examined the role that means-tested and entitlement programs could have in ameliorating the health impact of unemployment in Britain, Germany, and the United States. METHODS: Logistic regression models were used to analyze panel data from Britain (1991-1993), Germany (1991-1993), and the United States (1985-1987) available in the Household Panel Comparability Project database. The analysis included 8,726 respondents from Britain, 11,086 from Germany, and 11,668 from the United States. The health-dependent variable used was a single measure of perceived health status. RESULTS: Evidence was found of differences in perceived health status between groups of unemployed people characterized by the types of benefits they receive. When socioeconomic characteristics and previous health and employment status are controlled for, means-tested benefits do not seem sufficient to reduce the impact of unemployment on health. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring the possible health effects of changes in public assistance benefits should be given priority in the research and political agenda.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

Use of attitude-behaviour models in exercise promotion.

Many studies have adopted a theoretical attitude-behaviour framework for the analysis of exercise behaviour. The most popular models include the Health Belief Model, the Protection Motivation Theory, the Social Cognitive Theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Aspects other than a preoccupation with health often have a strong influence upon an individual's decision whether or not to engage in exercise. Expectations of self-efficacy, attitudes towards exercising (the affective dimension), perceived barriers to exercise, and past behaviour exert strong influences upon behavioural intention, which in turn influences overt behaviour. In some instances, the variables explaining intention also exert a direct influence upon behaviour in parallel with their influence upon intention. Those promoting exercise behaviour should focus initial attention upon the habit of exercising rather than upon the development of traditional 'endurance fitness'.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

Bioethics in a liberal society--political, not moral.

This paper argues for the importance of the political context of a society for bioethics. In particular, I argue that in a liberal constitutional society, such as the one we find ourselves in, no particular moral perspective is granted a privileged position. Rather, individuals are allowed to live their lives according to values they adopt for themselves, and the rights granted to protect this ability "trump" social consensus, and place boundaries on the social application of personal moral beliefs and values.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of a program to motivate impaired driving offenders to install ignition interlocks.

Approximately 30,000 alcohol ignition interlocks, which prevent a drinking driver from operating a vehicle, are in use in the United States and Canada. Currently available studies indicate that interlocks reduce impaired driving recidivism while on the vehicle. However, in the United States, the practical effectiveness of these devices is limited because few offenders are willing to install them in order to drive legally. This paper reports on a study of a court policy that created a strong incentive for impaired driving offenders to install interlocks by making penalties (e.g., jail or electronically monitored house arrest) the alternative to the interlock. Comparison of the recidivism rates of offenders subject to this policy with offenders in similar, nearby courts not using interlocks indicated that the policy was producing substantial reductions in DUI recidivism.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in preschool children].

The clinical and X-ray forms of tuberculosis were studied in 1481 patients aged under 7 years who had been treated from 1970 to 2000. Patients with tuberculosis of the central nervous system accounted for 5.5%. In the past 15 years, there was an increase in the share of generalized tuberculosis, more severity of the clinical course of tuberculous meningitis, and a rise in the incidence of deaths from the disease. Children of the first year of life fell ill more frequently. The main causes should be considered to be exogenous superinfection whose role increases under the conditions of an undetected reservoir of tuberculous infection; no biomedical protection as tuberculosis controlling measures; no protection of children from socially disadapted families. A fatal case was recorded in half the patients. The other half was discharged as having rough residual changes in the central nervous system.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

General laboratory safety in the physician office laboratory.

It is the laboratory's legal responsibility to ensure safety in the workplace. However, safety is everyone's responsibility. Knowledge of the various safety regulations from OSHA and CLIA, as well as those required by accreditation organizations, is necessary to minimize risk and avoid serious adverse outcomes to patients and employees. The quality and efficiency of a laboratory is a function of laboratory safety.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Nursing strategies in health promotion of long-term patients].

The purpose of the study, carried out in the Health Centre of Järvenpää, was to examine how directors of nursing and nurse managers perceived the health status of their long-term patients and how they thought health could be promoted by means of nursing strategies. The approach of the study was phenomenological, and the data were produced by the nurses themselves who wrote down their own ideas on the subject. The resulting qualitative data were then analyzed and interpreted by means of theme and model analysis. According to the conceptions of the directors of nursing and nurse managers, the long-term patient continues to enjoy certain aspects of health; this can be perceived as wellbeing. The patient accepts his current situation, participates in his care and meets his needs. Promoting health by means of nursing strategies is possible. 1) if the nursing practitioner knows both the past and present of her patient as well as his needs and wishes, and 2) if the organization facilitates implementation of individual patient care; a well functioning primary p6rsing model was seen as an ideal system. The following nursing strategies for promoting health came up in the study: the way of performing the work, protecting the patient against social death, creating a beneficial care environment and supporting the patient in the final stages of his life. The nursing care of long-term patients was regarded as demanding. The results of the study seem to imply that the way the nursing leaders perceive the health status and health promotion of long-term patients may differ from the perceptions of nursing practitioners.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗