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PubMed2006

[Melanoma prevention in Switzerland: where do we stand?].

Over the last 50 years, skin cancer rates (particularly melanoma) have markedly increased in Caucasian populations. Switzerland, with some 1,600 cases of, and 220 deaths from, malignant melanoma per year has among the highest rates in Europe. This public health issue, affecting relatively young people, has led to primary and secondary nationwide prevention campaigns being carried out for nearly 20 years. Observed changes in sun protection knowledge and attitudes have yet to impact on incidence trend. Early detection has resulted in a large increase in rates of thin melanoma with little change in rates of thick melanoma. Mortality has levelled off and a recent decrease, especially in women, cannot be ruled out. The efficiency of prevention campaigns should soon become more blatant if current efforts persist.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

[Temporal trends in treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in Switzerland from 1997 to 2005].

From 1997 to 2005, 19461 patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome in 68 hospitals in Switzerland were included in the AMIS Plus registry, of whom 11 543 showed ST segment elevation or left bundle branch block on the ECG at admission. During this period, there was an important increase in the proportion of patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (8% to 74%), and a marked reduction in the use of thrombolysis (47% to 6%) and also in the proportion of patients who did not receive any reperfusion treatment (45% to 20%). Furthermore, there was a decrease in hospital mortality (12% to 7%). Main predictors of hospital mortality were withholding PCI and thrombolysis, advanced age and the presence of cardiogenic shock. Moreover, primary PCI was associated with lower hospital mortality when compared to thrombolysis.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed2006

Outbreak of human listeriosis associated with tomme cheese in northwest Switzerland, 2005.

During an eight week period in spring 2005, 10 cases of listeriosis were reported in a small area of northwest Switzerland (150,000 inhabitants). Eight cases were in older immunocompromised patients who became ill with bacteraemia (three deaths), and two cases were in pregnant women who had septic abortion. All cases were due to a serotype 1/2a isolate with one of two pulsovars found by PFGE. Patient interviews quickly revealed that a locally made and distributed soft cheese (known as 'tomme') was the food source responsible for the outbreak. Samples of this cheese, and of butter made in the same factory, revealed Listeria monocytogenes sv 1/2a of the same pulsovar in amounts of 1000-10 000 and 10-100 cfu/g, respectively. The prompt suspension of production, the market recall of the product, and a public alert terminated the outbreak. However, two cases of febrile gastroenteritis due to the same strains were reported within 10 days of product recall. The restricted distribution area of the contaminated cheese and the collaboration of local physicians, medical microbiologists and food health services all contributed to a rapid and successful investigation. This small outbreak of listeriosis reinforces the need for a laboratory-based surveillance system with rapid typing, as well as collaboration between physicians and microbiologists.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Tattooing and its significance in Switzerland. A representative study of 2177 20-year-old Swiss subjects].

To investigate the incidence, significance and symbolism of tattooing in Switzerland, a representative group of 2177 young males (all liable for military service, age 19-21 years) were examined in 1988. All tattoos were sketched, the location was recorded and the individual meaning was discussed with the bearer. 135 subjects (6.2%) had 1-9 tattoos per person, showing 155 different marks. Only 13% of all tattoos were professional, moderate to large in size and most often located in the area of the upper arm and the shoulder. 87% of tattoos were self-inflicted or placed by a friend and the left side was therefore preferred (66%). In general, these were small to moderate in size, simple in design, and usually located on the forearm and the hand. The dominant significance of all tattoos was related to mental attitude (29%) and love affairs (14%). 13% were pictorial. Some were related to drug abuse, criminality of gangs, or contained magic symbolism or personal data such as zodiac signs and initials (about 4% each). Only 20% had no conventional or private meaning or involved concealed symbolism. For further understanding of the individuals' social history, it should be noted that some tattoos were characterized by minor differences of meaning, such as the "man-in-4-walls" mark (= prison), the "fuck-the-police" mark, the leaf of cannabis sativa or different cross motifs. Even greater consistency related to tattoos located in the web space between the thumb and the forefinger or on the back of the fingers. The location in itself may therefore provide additional personal information on individual circumstances at the time of tattooing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Tick-borne encephalitis, rabies, and echinococcosis in Switzerland].

Swiss guidelines have been published recently for Lyme disease, but three other zoonoses have motivated a particular attention lately because they cause or might cause illnesses in Switzerland. The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis is clearly increasing since 2004. The vaccination of persons living or residing temporally in risk areas is now routinely recommended. Although eradicated in wild mammals since 1996, rabies still constitutes a threat through bats and illegally imported pets. The epidemiology of echinococcosis is influenced by the increase in fox populations in urban areas. This could result in a higher prevalence of the disease in dogs and thus a higher risk of exposure for humans.

Echinococcosis↗
PubMed2006

[Mira Oberholzer-Gincburg (1884-1949). A pioneer analyst in Switzerland].

Starting from university records, the author sketches the life of a representative of the Jewish-Russian intelligentsia who, like many of her female compatriots, studied in Switzerland and, instead of returning home, established herself in the Swiss psychiatric and psychoanalytic scene until 1938. A member of psychoanalytic societies since 1911, Mira Oberholzer-Gincburg was esteemed both as a person and an analyst by her colleagues, not least by Freud. The author deals with her few publications and quotes from Freud's unpublished letters to her.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1991

[Statutory accident insurance--obligatory social accident insurance in Switzerland].

According to the new Accident Insurance Law, in Switzerland it is mandatory for all employees to be insured against accidents and occupational diseases. The legal bases, organization and implementation of this mandatory social accident insurance are described. Discussed in particular are the specific Swiss features, such as the inclusion of non-occupational accidents (leisure-time accidents), and special medical aspects in the assessment of incapacity, injury and occupational diseases.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

[Private practice in Switzerland].

Switzerland has 6.7 million inhabitants and 700 practising surgeons, half of whom work in private hospitals. A description is given of the situation in private practices and hospitals including structural and financing problems. The author outlines his range of professional activities and give two examples of frequently performed operations. The relationship of personal trust between patient and doctor is an integral part of this system and is fundamental to the fulfillment of our Hippocratic oath. Belegarzt is defined as specialist/practitioner with hospital affiliation.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

[An anthrax epidemic in Switzerland. Clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects of a mostly forgotten disease].

On average in Switzerland there is only one case of human anthrax every two years, and this is almost exclusively caused through contact with sick animals in agriculture. However, within less than 3 years, 25 workers in one textile factory have contracted this anthropo-zoonosis. 24 cases had cutaneous and one inhalation anthrax. The infection was imported in goat's hair from Pakistan. This almost unique industrial epidemic was due to various circumstances. In particular, the rarity of the illness contributed to a general lack of experience and therefore hindered recognition of the clinical symptoms. In addition, repeated attempts failed to identify the pathogenic agent conclusively. In most cases, the diagnosis was only confirmed retrospectively using the Russian allergen "Anthraxin"--an intracutaneous test unknown up to that time in human medicine in the West--and later also by EIA. All the patients recovered. The clinical picture, diagnosis and epidemiology of cutaneous anthrax are described in detail. The typical features are, in the beginning, a pruritic insect-bite-like pimple, then a painless ulcer surrounded by serous-hemorrhagic, often rapidly confluent vesicles and non-pitting edema. On the ground of the ulcer a black necrosis develops which is never colliquative but is transformed into the typical pitch-black firmly adherent eschar. Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis are concomitant manifestations. The bacteriological findings and occupational history are decisive for the diagnosis. Anthrax spores can survive many decades. The vegetative organisms are highly susceptible to almost all antibiotics. The latter prevent the invasion of the anthrax bacilli and the toxinemia if administered in time, but they do not influence the development of the local lesions. For the detection of anthrax bacillus, sterile swabs should be soaked in the fluid of the vesicles. It must be done before beginning of any antibiotic treatment. For the examination of animal products, preparatory procedures are necessary to destroy contaminants that may be antagonistic to or overgrow Bacillus anthracis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Selection of seropositive persons for AIDS as practiced by group insurance agents (disease and professional caution) in Switzerland].

Rejection, exclusion and discriminating attitudes may disturb an AIDS prophylactic approach, which is based on individual responsibility. Fear, apprehension and mistrust induce dissimulation, evasion and refusal. In Switzerland, the selective policy of some group insurances, which offer necessary covering for employment, forms a prejudicial element of social splitting for seropositive people. The practice of HIV-tests for exclusion purpose promotes a tendency to secrecy, which is unfavourable to the social and medical control of the epidemic, especially because medical secret relatively to insurances is insufficient. This situation alarms the Swiss Aids Foundation which has put forward several motions and began speaking with the most important representative unions of Swiss insurers.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

[The periodontal status of the population of 12 cantons in Switzerland].

An epidemiological survey in 12 cantons of Switzerland yielded a high percentage of all the sites examined with signs of gingivitis. Nevertheless, only 4% of all the sites showed periodontal breakdown of 7 mm or more; however, those sites were distributed in larger proportions of the population sample. Further frequency analysis revealed that more than 75% of the persons examined yielded no or only few sites with periodontal breakdown. The results of this study indicate that despite the high percentage of inflamed gingival units in the population, periodontal breakdown is less frequent than commonly estimated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Two imported malaria cases from Switzerland.

Two cases of falciparum malaria diagnosed in Italy, are described. The two patients, father and son, live in Geneva 3 kilometers away from the International airport. In July 1989, they left Switzerland for a short visit to Italy. Seven days after their arrival in Italy, they developed symptoms of malaria, subsequently microscopically confirmed. They had not been abroad for the past 25 years and therefore they had probably contracted the infection from an imported tropical mosquito carried to Geneva from the airport to or nearby their house.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Endemic poxvirus infection in white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and black storks (Ciconia nigra) in Switzerland].

Thirty young white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and black storks (Ciconia nigra) from a stork restocking station in Switzerland suffered from cutaneous, verrucous pox-efflorescences on legs, feet, beak and eyelids. The poxvirus was demonstrated ultrastructurally. As the endemic was in autumn, mosquitos may be a possible vector. It is uncertain, if the disease is connected with the previously imported storks from the Federal Republic of Germany.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Enzootic viral abortion on a stud farm in east Switzerland].

An outbreak of abortion due to the equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the eastern part of Switzerland is reviewed. Seven of eleven pregnant mares aborted within twenty-three days in January 1989. Four weeks later another foal died a few minutes after parturition. Three mares delivered live foals in February, March and April without any complications. The examination of the eight dead foals revealed an EHV-1 Infection. The clinical signs and the pathology are discussed. Severe complications during the early post-parturient time are in contrast to the uncomplicated outcome mentioned by other authors. Procedures for prevention and control are listed.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

Electrophoretic characterization of Giardia isolated from humans, cattle, sheep, and a dog in Switzerland.

Nine isolates of Giardia lamblia from humans, cattle, sheep, and 1 dog were compared by employing agarose gel isoenzyme electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of total soluble cell protein on polyacrylamide gels. The banding patterns of the 14 enzymes examined showed remarkable similarities among the Swiss Giardia isolates. This was true also of the total soluble trophozoite proteins. The electrophoretic mobilities of most enzymes and other proteins obtained for the Swiss isolates were the same as those of 2 isolates from humans in other geographical areas, the WB and the Portland-1 strains. Only the human isolate CH-H2 could clearly be distinguished from all other isolates analyzed. The great biochemical similarities observed among the Swiss isolates contrast with the extensive heterogeneity previously demonstrated for G. lamblia by other investigators who used similar analytical techniques. These data are consistent with recent transmission studies of Giardia and suggest that in Switzerland domestic animals may serve as a reservoir of human Giardia infections and that cross-transmission between humans and animals is likely to occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Mechanical home ventilation: its organization in Switzerland and perspectives].

Aware of the improvement of quality of life which home ventilation can bring to some patients with respiratory insufficiency, the Swiss Association against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (SATL) has organized this treatment for the country. Purchase and management of the apparatus are taken over by the Swiss Federation for Common Tasks of the Sickness Insurance, and the cantonal Leagues of the SATL will provide the home supervision. In order to limit this expensive treatment which may be heavy for patients and families, guidelines have been issued. They specify the indications, the prerequisites, the conditions for providing the apparatus, the home surveillance and the prospective evaluation. Presently home ventilation is estimated to be indicated in about 200 patients in Switzerland.

Home Care Services↗
PubMed1990

[Secondary transport of intensive care patients in Switzerland. Results of a survey].

This study addresses the frequency and circumstances of secondary transportation of intensive care patients in Switzerland by evaluation of a questionnaire sent to all recognized intensive care units. Surprisingly many critically ill (roughly speaking two full ICUs with 8 patients) are transferred daily between Swiss hospitals, which amounts to about 6000 transfers per year. Pediatric cases make up 1/4 of the transfers and follow a rather common pattern, since pediatric units prefer to pick up their patients in the primary hospital with their own personnel and also to transfer them later in the same way. For adult patients no common pattern is recognizable except as regards admissions, which are usually performed by the primary hospital's facilities. We suspect a considerable degree of improvisation around secondary transfers of adults. Well trained personnel, suitable ambulances, good communication and a reasonable degree of monitoring are desirable. Non invasive monitoring techniques are considered mandatory or at least helpful by most of the answering units, whereas invasive monitoring was generally judged superfluous. The large number of secondary patient transfers and their only moderately standardized organization patterns make further research desirable.

Adult↗