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PubMed1983

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of synovial fluid: volatile short-chain fatty acids in septic arthritis.

Volatile short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in synovial fluid from 80 patients were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Characteristic patterns of volatile SCFA could not be associated with septic, nonseptic inflammatory, or noninflammatory groups. Mean concentrations of pentanoic and hexanoic acids were similar in all groups studied. In the septic arthritis group 3 of 4 patients with acetic acid and of 3 of 3 with 3-methyl butanoic acid had culture-proved staphylococcal infections. In patients with synovial fluid findings consistent with septic arthritis, including markedly raised leucocyte count, decreased glucose level, or detectable succinic acid, the detection of acetic and 3-methyl butanoic acids by GLC analysis may increase the suspicion that Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of the septic arthritis.

Arthritis↗
PubMed1979

Rapid diagnosis of anaerobic infections by gas-liquid chromatography.

It was postulated that the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by anaerobic bacteria might serve as microbial markers in purulent material. Eighteen pus specimens from various sources were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and the SCFA detected were compared with the microorganisms isolated by conventional methods. It was found that the detection of propionic, isobutyric, butyric, or isovaleric acids by direct GLC of pus specimens is strong evidence for anaerobic infection but not specific for Bacteroides fragilis. It was also shown that the presence of succinic acid in pus specimens does not necessarily indicate infection by anaerobes. It can be concluded that direct GLC of purulent material provides a rapid and reliable presumptive method for the differentiation between anaerobic and aerobic infections.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1994

Pancreatic islet response to dicarboxylic acid esters in rats with type 2 diabetes: enzymatic, metabolic and secretory aspects.

This study aimed to compare the metabolic and secretory responses of pancreatic islets from animals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes to D-glucose with the effects of the methyl esters of succinic acid (SME) and glutamic acid (GME). The insulin secretory response to D-glucose was impaired in islets from rats with diabetes which was either inherited (Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats) or acquired (streptozotocin-treated (STZ) rats). This coincided with a preferential alteration of oxidative relative to total glycolysis in intact islets and a selective defect of FAD-linked mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (m-GDH) in islet homogenates. This enzymatic defect was also found in purified B cells from STZ rats. It contrasted both with unaltered activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in the islets of diabetic animals and with a normal or even increased activity of m-GDH in the livers of GK and STZ rats. The oxidation of [1,4-14C]SME and [U-14C]GME appeared decreased in islets of GK or STZ animals when compared with control rats, but no significant difference between control and diabetic rats was observed when the oxidative data were expressed relative to the rate of [U-14C]GME hydrolysis. Nevertheless, the absolute values for insulin release evoked by a non-metabolized analogue of L-leucine (BCH), by SME and by the association of BCH with either SME or GME were invariably lower in islets of GK and STZ rats than in those of control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

Synthesis of aminomethyl-substituted cyclic imide derivatives for evaluation as anticonvulsants.

A series of aminomethyl-substituted cyclic imides (II) based on the 2,5-pyrrolidinedione (X = CH2, succinimide) and 2,4-imidazolidinedione (X = NH, hydantoin) ring systems have been prepared. The compounds were designed on the basis of a potential interaction in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. The 3-(aminomethyl)-2,5-pyrrolidinediones were prepared by a dehydration procedure beginning with N-benzyl-2-(aminomethyl)succinic acid, whereas the 3-(aminomethyl)-3-methyl-2,3-pyrrolidinediones were best obtained by fusion of the amine salts of 2-(aminomethyl)-2-methylsuccinic acid. The hydantoin derivative, 5-(aminomethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione, was obtained by standard procedures. Although none of the compounds tested showed significant activity against convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), some showed significant activity against maximal electroshock seizures in mice. Possible reasons for the lack of anti-PTZ activity and directions for further testing are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Glutamate is not a messenger in insulin secretion.

Experiments do not support a recent claim that glutamate formed from the amination of citric acid cycle-derived alpha-ketoglutarate is a messenger in glucose-induced insulin secretion (Maechler, P., and Wollheim, C. (1999) Nature 402, 685-689). Glucose, leucine, succinic acid methyl ester, and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid all markedly stimulate insulin release but do not increase glutamate levels in pancreatic islets. Increasing the intracellular glutamate levels to 10-fold higher than basal levels by adding glutamine to islets does not stimulate insulin release. When leucine, in addition to glutamine, is applied to islets, insulin release is almost as high as with glucose alone. This is consistent with the known ability of leucine to allosterically activate glutamate deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase, which can supply alpha-ketoglutarate to the citric acid cycle. Experiments with mitochondria from pancreatic islets suggest that flux through the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction is quiescent during glucose-induced insulin secretion. These experiments support the traditional idea that when insulin release is associated with flux through glutamate dehydrogenase, the flux is in the direction of alpha-ketoglutarate.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Metal-chelating compounds produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi collected from pine plantations.

AIMS: To investigate the in vitro production of metal-chelating compounds by ectomycorrhizal fungi collected from pine plantations in southern Chile. METHODS AND RESULTS: Scleroderma verrucosum, Suillus luteus and two isolates of Rhizopogon luteolus were grown in solid and liquid modified Melin-Norkans (MMN) media with and without iron addition and the production of iron-chelating compounds was determined by Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay. The presence of hydroxamate and catecholate-type compounds and organic acids was also investigated in liquid medium. All isolates produced iron-chelating compounds as detected by CAS assay, and catecholates, hydroxamates as well as oxalic, citric and succinic acids were also detected in all fungal cultures. Scleroderma verrucosum produced the greatest amounts of catecholates and hydroxamates whereas the highest amounts of organic acids were detected in S. luteus. Nevertheless, the highest catecholate, hydroxamate and organic acid concentrations did not correlate with the highest CAS reaction which was observed in R. luteolus (Yum isolate). CONCLUSIONS: Ectomycorrhizal fungi produced a variety of metal-chelating compounds when grown in liquid MMN medium. However, the addition of iron to all fungi cultures reduced the CAS reaction, hydroxamate and organic acid concentrations. Catecholate production was affected differently by iron, depending on the fungal isolate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The ectomycorrhizal fungi described in this study have never been reported to produce metal-chelating compound production. Moreover, apart from some wood-rotting fungi, this is the first evidence of the presence of catecholates in R. luteolus, S. luteus and S. verrucosum cultures.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1991

Influence of simultaneous supplementation of zinc and copper during chelation of lead in rats.

The influence of zinc and copper supplementation during chelation therapy to reduce zinc and copper imbalance and promote lead elimination from the body, was investigated in rats poisoned with lead. The simultaneous supplementation of zinc and copper increased urinary lead excretion by calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA) compared to treatment with CaNa2EDTA alone. Combination therapy was effective in potentiating the depletion of blood and renal lead by CaNa2EDTA and meso 2,3-dimercapto succinic acid (DMSA). Combination therapy was also more effective in reducing hepatic lead by CaNa2EDTA and blood lead by 2,3-dimercapto propane sulphonate (DMPS). Zinc and copper supplementation produced a more effective reversal of inhibited blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion and depleted body zinc and copper status.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed1981

Kinetic investigations on a flavoprotein oxygenase, 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-5-carboxylic acid oxygenase.

In the presence of NADH and O2, 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-5-carboxylate oxygenase (EC 1.14.12.4) from Pseudomonas sp. MA-1 catalyzes reductive oxygenation of 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-5-carboxylate (Cpd I) to yield alpha-N-(acetylaminomethylene)succinic acid (Cpd A). Steady state kinetic data and studies with alternate substrates are consistent only with an ordered mechanism in which Cpd I binds first, followed by NADH; the first product, NAD+, is then released. This event is followed by oxygen binding, and finally release of the oxygenated and reduced cleavage product, Cpd A. This kinetic mechanism was confirmed by studying inhibition by NAD+, which binds competitively with oxygen, but not with NADH. The kinetic mechanism of this reaction resembles that proposed for bacterial flavin monooxygenases that catalyze hydroxylation of aromatic homocyclic compounds.

Flavoproteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Enzyme activity of an actinomycete producer of carotenes and macrotetrolides].

The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and dehydrogenases of the tricarboxylic acid cycle was assayed in the mycelium of Streptomyces chrysomallus var. Carotenoides growing under different conditions of the medium. The activity of the enzymes increased when acetic, citric and succinic acids were added at different periods of the growth. Moreover, addition of the acids increased the time of intensive functioning of the dehydrogenases whose activity abruptly decreased after 60 h of the growth under the control conditions.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1970

Relationship of a membrane-bound D-(-)-lactic dehydrogenase to amino acid transport in isolated bacterial membrane preparations.

The conversion of D-lactate to pyruvate in isolated membrane preparations of E. coli ML 308-225 markedly stimulates the transport of proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, aspargine, tryptophan, lysine, serine, alanine, and glycine. The uptake of histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine by the membranes is also markedly stimulated by this conversion, although these amino acids are taken up much less effectively than those mentioned previously. The uptake of arginine, methionine, cystine, and cysteine is enhanced only about twofold in the presence of D-(-)-lactate, and these amino acids are not concentrated well by the membranes. With the exception of glutamate, asparate, asparagine, and methionine, which are converted to other metabolites to varying extents in the intramembranal pool, each of the other amino acids was recovered from the membranes as the unchanged amino acid. Succinate, L-(+)-lactate, D,L-alpha-hydroxybutyrate, and DPNH partially replace D-(-)-lactate but are less effective.

Acetates↗
PubMed1999

Insight into absorption of radiation/energy transfer in infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization: the roles of matrices, water and metal substrates.

Although the ionization/desorption mechanisms in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) remain poorly understood, there is a clear difference between the energy absorption processes in the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) modes of operation. UV-MALDI demands an on-resonance electronic transition in the matrix compound, whereas results presented here support earlier work showing that a corresponding resonant vibrational transition is not a requirement for IR-MALDI. In fact, data from the present study suggest that significant absorption of radiant energy by a potential matrix impairs its performance, although this observation is at variance with some other reports. For example, sinapinic acid, with an IR absorption maximum close to the 2.94 micrometer wavelength of the Er-YAG laser, has been little used as an IR-MALDI matrix. By contrast, succinic acid, with much lower IR absorption and no history of use in UV-MALDI as it has no UV absorption at the wavelength of common UV lasers, has become widely recognized as a good general purpose matrix for IR-MALDI. Despite reports by others that glycerol is an effective matrix for IR-MALDI, we find that glycerol, which also absorbs strongly at 2.94 micrometer, is useful only if applied as a very thin film. Thus the cumulative evidence for the role of the matrix in IR-MALDI appears confusing and often contradictory. Water has been postulated to be a major contributor to the absorption of energy in IR-MALDI. Consistent with this, we find that samples dried from D(2)O, which does not absorb at 2.94 micrometer, give spectra of inferior quality compared with the same samples from H(2)O. Similarly, samples dried under vacuum, that probably contain less water than those dried in the open laboratory, give weaker and more erratic spectra. Another potential participant in energy absorption and energy transfer is the surface of the metal support, an alternative mechanism for IR-MALDI, for which some evidence is presented here.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

Inhibition of proprotein convertases-1, -7 and furin by diterpines of Andrographis paniculata and their succinoyl esters.

Studies were performed to investigate the prohormone/proprotein convertase (PC)-inhibitory properties of chemical constituents of the medicinally active plant Andrographis paniculata (AP; from the family Acanthaceae), also known as 'King of Bitters'. Among the individual components tested against the clinically important convertases, furin and PC1, neoandrographolide (a C3 O-glucoside derivative of the major constituent andrographolide) exhibited the highest inhibitory action with an IC50 of 53.5 microM against furin. The data further revealed that although andrographolide, the major bitter principle of AP, exhibited a relatively small enzyme inhibition (IC50=1.0 mM and Ki=200 microM against furin), upon succinoylation, its inhibitory action against the above convertases was enhanced significantly with a Ki in the low micromolar range (<30 microM), suggesting that a specific structural modification of the andrographolide skeleton may be exploited to develop a new class of non-peptide inhibitors of PCs. When tested against PC7, these succinoylated derivatives of andrographolide also displayed strong inhibitory action, with Ki values again in the low micromolar range. This potentially interesting observation may be attributed to the reported anti-HIV property of 14-dehydroandrographolide succinic acid monoester (DASM). It is suggested here that DASM, by virtue of this protease inhibitory property, possibly acts by suppressing the proteolytic cleavage of envelope glycoprotein gp160 of HIV, which is known to be PC-mediated, particularly by furin and PC7.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1974

L-Asparaginase production by the rumen anaerobe Vibrio succinogenes.

The rumen anaerobe Vibrio succinogenes possesses a constitutive L-asparaginase. The amount of enzyme produced is affected by the compound supplied to the organism to generate the fumaric acid it requires as a terminal electron acceptor. When nitrate is provided as the terminal electron acceptor, the amount of enzyme produced is affected by the compound provided to satisfy the nutritional requirement of the organism for succinic acid. Specific activities of up to 8.4 IU/mg of protein in cell-free extracts have been obtained. This specific activity is higher than has been previously reported for any organism. The enzyme has an apparent K(m) of 1.7 x 10(-5) M and low activity towards L-glutamine when assayed at pH 8.5.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1990

Determination of free catecholamines in human urine by direct injection of urine into a liquid chromatographic column-switching system with fluorimetric detection.

An ion-exchange chromatographic method combined with ion exclusion was developed for the determination of free catecholamines in human urine. Catecholamines were separated by ion exclusion from most acidic and neutral impurities by filtration through an anion-exchange column with a hydrophilic matrix (Asahipak ES-502N) and the excluded catecholamines were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on a column of weakly acidic ion exchanger with a hydrophilic matrix (Asahipak ES-502C), connected in series to the Asahipak ES-502N column with a four-way automatic valve. A sodium succinate-borate buffer of pH 6.7 (0.035 mol of succinic acid, 0.0075 mol of borate and 0.5 mmol of ethylenediaminetetraacetate were dissolved in 1 kg of water and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.7 with sodium hydroxide) was used as the mobile phase, and the temperature of both columns was kept at 30 degrees C. The catecholamines in the eluate were determined fluorimetrically by post-column derivatization with glycylglycine. A diluted urine sample was injected directly onto the first column. The first column was back-flushed with the mobile phase for 52.5 min after the elution of the catecholamines from the first to the second column. Then the columns were washed with the mobile phase for 10 min in the normal direction before the next sample was injected into the first column. Samples could be analysed every 70 min and 5 pmol/ml of epinephrine, 5 pmol/ml of norepinephrine and 25 pmol/ml of dopamine in human urine could be determined.

Catecholamines↗
PubMed1993

Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in rat hepatocytes by exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids is caused by lipid peroxidation.

Rat hepatocyte long-term cultures were utilized to investigate the impact of different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the insulin-induced de novo fatty acid synthesis in vitro. The addition of 0.5 mM albumin-complexed oleic, linoleic, columbinic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid resulted in a marked suppression of fatty acid synthesis. By evaluation of cell viability (determined as the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) it turned out, that the antioxidant used (50 microM alpha-tocopherol phosphate) had a low antioxidant activity, resulting in cytotoxic effects by the peroxidized PUFA. Arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid showed a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. Two other antioxidants: 50 microM alpha-tocopherol acid succinate and 1 microM N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, both proved more efficient than alpha-tocopherol phosphate. There was a significant correlation between LDH-leakage and inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, also showed a significant correlation with the degree of inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, PUFA had no inhibitory effect on fatty acid synthesis when peroxidation was minimized by the use of proper antioxidants. These data indicate that PUFA in vitro inhibit the insulin-induced de novo fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes from starved rats, due to cytotoxic effects caused by lipid peroxidation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of degradation products from alkaline wet oxidation of wheat straw.

Alkaline wet oxidation pre-treatment (water, sodium carbonate, oxygen, high temperature and pressure) of wheat straw was performed as a 2(4-1) fractional factorial design with the process parameters: temperature, reaction time, sodium carbonate and oxygen. Alkaline wet oxidation was an efficient pre-treatment of wheat straw that resulted in solid fractions with high cellulose recovery (96%) and high enzymatic convertibility to glucose (67%). Carbonate and temperature were the most important factors for fractionation of wheat straw by wet oxidation. Optimal conditions were 10 min at 195 degrees C with addition of 12 bar oxygen and 6.5 g l(-1) Na2CO3. At these conditions the hemicellulose fraction from 100 g straw consisted of soluble hemicellulose (16 g), low molecular weight carboxylic acids (11 g), monomeric phenols (0.48 g) and 2-furoic acid (0.01 g). Formic acid and acetic acid constituted the majority of degradation products (8.5 g). The main phenol monomers were 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde. acetosyringone (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-acetophenone), vanillic acid and syringic acid, occurring in 0.04-0.12 g per 100 g straw concentrations. High lignin removal from the solid fraction (62%) did not provide a corresponding increase in the phenol monomer content but was correlated to high carboxylic acid concentrations. The degradation products in the hemicellulose fractions co-varied with the pre-treatment conditions in the principal component analysis according to their chemical structure, e.g. diacids (oxalic and succinic acids), furan aldehydes, phenol aldehydes, phenol ketones and phenol acids. Aromatic aldehyde formation was correlated to severe conditions with high temperatures and low pH. Apart from CO2 and water, carboxylic acids were the main degradation products from hemicellulose and lignin.

Alkalies↗
PubMed1980

Terminal branching of the respiratory electron transport chain in Neisseria meningitidis.

The respiratory components of the envelope membrane preparation of Neisseria meningitidis were investigated. Oxidase activities were demonstrated in this fraction in the presence of succinic acid, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine (TMPD). Differences in the kinetics of inhibition by terminal oxidase inhibitors on the three oxidase activities indicated that ascorbate-TMPD oxidation involved only an azide-sensitive oxidase, whereas oxidation of the physiological substrates involved two oxidases, one of which was relatively azide resistant. Spectrophotometric studies revealed that ascorbate-TMPD donated its electrons exclusively to cytochrome o, whereas the physiological substrates were oxidized via both cytochromes o and a. The effects of class II inhibitors on the oxidases suggest terminal branching of the electron transport chain at the cytochrome b level. A model of the respiratory system in N. meningitidis is proposed.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Automated synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates having [N-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethyl] phosphate or methylphosphonic acid at the 3' end using a modified controlled pore glass support.

To provide a solid support for automated synthesis of 3'-(aminoalkyl)-modified oligonucleoside methylphosphonates, controlled pore glass beads were functionalized with a protected N-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethyl ester of succinic acid. This "Aha-CPG" was used for automated synthesis of oligo-2'-deoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates having either of two distinct 3' terminal modifications. If the first coupling to the beads was of a base-protected 5'-(dimethoxytrityl)-2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-(beta-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite) synthon, then, upon completion of methylphosphonate oligomer synthesis and deprotection, the 3'-[N-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethyl] phosphate] derivative of an oligonucleoside methylphosphonate was produced and was shown to be a stable structure which affords a primary alkylamine group suitable as a site for further conjugations. If the first coupling was of a 5'-(dimethoxytrityl)-2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-(N,N-diisopropylmethylphosphonamidite) synthon, the initial product of synthesis and deprotection underwent a spontaneous, regiospecific ester cleavage in aqueous solution to produce an oligonucleoside methylphosphonate 3'-(methylphosphonate). An application of the Aha-CPG to the synthesis of rhodamine-conjugated oligonucleoside methylphosphonates is described in a companion paper [Thaden, J. and Miller, P. S. (1993) Bioconjugate Chem., preceding paper in this issue].

Base Sequence↗