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PubMed1970

The mating ability of males of Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann sterilized with apholate or tepa.

The chemosterilants apholate and tepa are known to induce a high degree of sterility in the males of Culex pipiens fatigans. The studies reported show that 36-hour-old apholate-and tepa-sterilized laboratory-bred males can inseminate the same number of laboratory-bred or wild females as can normal laboratory or wild males in the first 48 hours of their lives. Males sterilized by either compound were found to be more competitive in mating with normal laboratory females than were the normal laboratory males. When normal virgin females were mated first with sterile and then with normal males or vice versa, the sperms of the first mating always decided the fate of eggs. Apholate-sterilized laboratory males were not only compatible with wild females but could even induce the same level of sterility in them and were fully as competetive in mating as normal wild males. The authors stress that it has still to be ascertained whether these encouraging laboratory findings would apply in field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of duration of sterility on the course of pregnancy (author's transl)].

106 sterile patients who had become pregnant were divided into three groups depending on the duration of their sterility (3-5 years, 5-8 years, more than 8 years). Mostly within one year after treatment of sterility the women became pregnant independent on the duration of their sterility. Pregnant, former sterile patients showed a higher percentage of early and late abortions and of neonates with "low birth weight" (less than 2500 g) than a normal population, but there was not observed a relationship to the duration of sterility.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1993

[Food-related fungal infection risk in agranulocytosis. Mycological control of 273 food items offered to patients hospitalized in sterile units].

In sterile hospital units filamentous fungal infections are an unacceptable risk in patients with prolonged agranulocytosis. The occurrence of 3 successive cases in the Sterile unit of University Hospital of Grenoble prompted us to investigate in all elements of sterile unit, and notably food-processing. Two cooked rice dishes given to these patients were found to contain a substantial amount of Aspergillus fumigatus and were probably responsible for these infections. A more detailed study was carried out to evaluate the degree of food contamination by fungi in sterile unit. The study included 97 cooked dishes which had been sterilized in a 250 degrees oven for 40 minutes and 176 industrially packed foods delivered in single packs (e.g. milk and its derivatives, sweets and drinks). Each foodstuff was mycologically examined 3 to 5 times in different packs according to a procedure used in food analysis laboratories and raised to the standards of mycological examination. In this way, a 3-monthly food testing protocol in sterile unit could be set up. This protocol has a dual purpose: regular checking of the cooked dishes chain and maximum diversification of the dishes.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed1998

[Regret by women following sterilization]

Female sterilization is the most widely used contraceptive method among Brazilian women, although it has not been provided by the National Health System. Due to its legal ambiguity, it has not been recommended by Medical Boards as an ethical procedure. A study in which 3,149 women were asked about contraceptive use was carried out in the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan Area between March and July 1992. A total of 407 women under 40 years of age who had been submitted to sterilization at least one year prior to the interview were asked about their adjustment after the operation. Fifteen in-depth interviews with regretful women were analyzed in order to elucidate the nature of such feelings. The results include: adjustment after sterilization, provision of the sterilization procedure, knowledge of contraceptive methods, previous use of methods among sterilized women, and factors associated with regret. The qualitative results focus on the misinformation of sterilized women. Results indicate a need for regulating the procedure in order to ensure women's health, reproductive rights, and the fundamental principles of medical ethics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

[Method for computing the milk losses from sterility in cows].

An attempt was made to work out a method and establish the indices in calculating the losses of milk due to sterility in cows, along with recording the level of productivity and the duration of the period of sterility. The differences were established between: 1. The size of the average daily milk yield per normative day (a day of the period between calvings of 365 days) and that per day of the actual period between calvings. 2. The average daily milk yield per normative day and that per day of the period of sterility. The milk losses calculated in both ways gave almost comparable results. It is , therefore, suggested when calculating the losses due to sterility to use the established indices of milk losses per sterility day (Table 2) at a varying milkiness of the cows and a varying length of the period between calvings, resp., the period of sterility.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Alternatives to female sterilization.

With national policies aimed at reaching zero population growth in the shortest possible time, many countries have introduced restrictive legislation and disincentive programs in an attempt to decrease family size norms to 2 or 3 children. As a result, younger women of lower parity are being sterilized, with consequences that will be seen in the years to come. Although female sterilization is usually associated with minimal complications and side effects and is highly effective without continuing motivation or promotion, it has the disadvantage of causing permanent, essentially irreversible sterility. Therefore, it will not be readily acceptable to a large portion of the population. For many women, alternatives must be sought. Reversible methods of female or male sterilization, longacting systemic contraceptives, longacting implants, and immunization against implantation or sperm antigens are potential alternatives, but all are still in experimental stages of development. Intrauterine devices and injectables are the 2 most effective alternatives now available. The use of intrauterine devices with abortion as a backup in case of contraceptive failure ranks high as an alternative to female sterilization.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Legal aspects of involuntary sterilization.

The foregoing discussion was intended as a review of the pertinent literature of involuntary sterilization. It is by no means all-inclusive (the number of cases precludes an exhaustive compendium) but does include those cases that, in the authors' opinion, are most representative of the contemporary attitude of the courts. The discussion has been confined primarily to the legal aspects of involuntary sterilization. We have omitted any substantial discussion of the moral and ethical aspects of this complex topic but acknowledge the intimate role these issues may play in any decision to undertake involuntary sterilization. As outlined, the presence or absence of statutory guidelines mandates in part the legal channels to be pursued. In the presence of statutes for involuntary sterilization, strict adherence to the specified requirements provides the optimal means of protecting the legal interests of all involved parties. In the absence of statutory guidelines, extreme caution must be exercised. In these circumstances, a validly executed court order observing procedural due process should provide optimal protection of patient and physician interests. The decisions of New Jersey and Alaska courts represent one potential method of securing a consent by use of the parens patriae doctrine. Recent notable efforts at a state level to dispense with lengthy hearings and implement committee review have been encouraging and await further trials to determine their ultimate role in authorizing sterilization of mental incompetents. Given the current legal climate and available avenues, parental substituted consent without adequate hearing and due process should not be considered a fulfillment of legal responsibilities.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1979

Complications of laparoscopic sterilization. Comparison of 2 methods.

A retrospective study of 5346 cases of laparoscopic sterilization with special reference to early and late complications was undertaken. In the 6-year period from 1972 to 1978, 846 patients were sterilized by the elasticized silicone-ring technique and 4500 patients were sterilized by the electrocautery method. The electrocautery method was complicated by electrical burns in 13 cases (0.29%); 3 of these patients required bowel resections. Mechanical complications occurred in 1.6% of the Silastic-ring cases, but none of the patients required additional surgery. The Silastic-ring patients had greater postoperative abdominal pain than the electrocautery patients, but it usually abated within 48 hours. There were 15 cases of postoperative pelvic infection in the electrocautery group, and none in the Silastic-ring group. Bleeding from the mesosalpinx occurred in both groups and occurred more often with coincident suction D&C. Technical failure to perform the sterilization procedure was principally related to previous abdominal surgery. A substantial number of patients complained of menstrual irregularity and/or dysmenorrhea following these sterilization procedures. The majority of women reported unchanged or improved sexual relations. Improvement in sexual relations was reported by significantly more patients in the Silastic-ring group than in the electrocautery group.

Burns, Electric↗
PubMed1978

Characteristics of patients requesting reversal of sterilization.

With the increased number of female patients seeking sterilization and the good chance of successful reversal using modern microsurgical techniques, it can be anticipated there will be a rise in the number of patients requesting reversal of sterilization. We have studied the characteristics of 36 patients who requested reversal of sterilization at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, in the last five years. The majority of patients requested reversal on the basis of a new relationship. Other reasons included sexual problems and child death. Eighteen of the patients had clear evidence of marital disharmony at the time of sterilization. Seven of the patients had been admitted to hospital with a drug overdose since being sterilized.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

How doctors in Bolivia and the Philippines view sterilization.

Attitudes toward sterilization of 165 Bolivian obstetrican/gynecologists surveyed in 1974 and those of a randomly selected group of 200 Philippine family planning physicians studied in 1972 are described. Although the attitudes of Bolivian respondents were less favorable to sterilization, a majority of both groups of physicians favored making sterilization available under certain conditions. In Bolivia, physicians with more favorable attitudes toward sterilization were more likely to be younger, to be male, to have a lower degree to religiosity, and to regard high fertility as a problem for the family rather than the state or society. Tentative explanations are offered for the differences in attitudes between the two groups of physicians. Finally, the increasing demand for, and availability of, sterilization in Latin America is noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Female sterilization.

Sterilization of the female is emerging as a popular method for the permanent regulation of family size in developed countries, and as one of the more effective methods of population management in developing countries. As women move from poor rural cultures to more affluent urban ones, cultural and religious objections to permanent family planning disappear under the pressures of greater child survival and more hope for self- (and child) improvement. Postpartum sterilization remains the most appropriate and attractive method in terms of timing and technique, but interval sterilization (done in the absence of pregnancy) has stimulated interest in minilaparotomy, laparoscopy, and particular concern as to reversibility of sterilization. The techniques of sterilization will be reviewed as to their relative appropriateness in different cultures and different practices, as well as the problems of reversibility.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Views on sterilization of the Stage I Commission on Abortion in Ljubljana].

During the period from July 1, 1977 to May 31, 1980 the First Stage Commission for Permission of Abortion in Ljubljana accepted 100 requests for female sterilization, 34.9% of them being accepted for medical and 65.0% for non-medical reasons. The average age of women was 41 years which shows that the majority of women decided about sterilization late. A total of 51 women came to be sterilized. Nearly all of them are satisfied with the operation, they only regret that they had not done it earlier. At the end of the waiting period 35 women did not come for sterilization and nearly half of them changed their mind definitely. Generally speaking, the women are satisfied with sterilization. They think the age limit should be reduced from 35 to 30 years and that the waiting period should last 1 month only.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using parity-progression ratios to estimate the effect of female sterilization on fertility.

In this article, a new methodology that employs parity-progression ratios to estimate the effect of female sterilization on fertility is described, and results using data from Ecuador are compared to those obtained using a previously existing approach that classifies women by marital duration. The methods differ in how they disaggregate marital fertility and in the assumption they make about what the subsequent fertility of sterilized women would have been if they had not been sterilized. The analysis of the Ecuadoran data shows that the estimate of births averted by sterilization has diminished over time, even as sterilization prevalence has been increasing. This situation is attributed to a decline in the fertility of nonsterilized women resulting from increased use of reversible methods of contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Microsurgical reversal of sterilization: a six-year study.

A prospective study of 113 personal consecutive microsurgical reversals of female sterilization during the 6-year period from 1979 to 1984 was carried out to determine factors affecting the pregnancy rate. The sterilizations were performed by laparoscopic unipolar coagulation in 54% of the patients, by the Pomeroy technique in 28%, by fimbriectomy in 8%, by the Irving operation in 5%, and by clips or rings in 4%. In the group with no minimum follow-up period, 50% had intrauterine pregnancies and 5% had ectopic gestations. Eighty-nine patients had at least 12 months of follow-up after reversal surgery. This group is studied in detail. Factors affecting the pregnancy rate were length of tube, type of sterilization performed, anastomotic site, and availability of both tubes for reconstruction. Age, parity, and interval from sterilization to reversal surgery did not affect the pregnancy rate. Fifty percent of the intrauterine pregnancies were conceived within 6 months of reversal surgery.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1982

Fertility following reversal of male and female sterilization.

It is estimated that 60% of Australian couples will opt for sterilization as a method of birth control. Approximately 0.5 to 1% of all sterilized males and females will request reversal. With tubal occlusion, it appears that the method used to produce occlusion, the occlusion site, the length of viable tube remaining and the time between sterilization and reversal appear to be predictive factors in producing intrauterine pregnancy. With the increasing tendency for sterilization to be performed in younger women, surgeons should consider performing surgery only on the isthmus of the tube, preserving as much undamaged tube as possible and using methods of occlusion other than diathermy to ensure adequate tubal occlusion and yet maintain optimum conditions should reversal be required. Successful pregnancy following vasovasostomy appears to be related primarily to length of time elapsed following vasectomy and to the skill of the surgeon in the use of microsurgical techniques, possibly aided by preservation of nerve supply to the vas. It is doubtful whether the presence of sperm antibodies in serum or semen will affect the return of fertility in most individuals, but further research is required to clarify this.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1982

Sterilization in Bangladesh: mortality, morbidity, and risk factors.

Although surgical sterilization in Bangladesh is common and has been designated as the primary means of helping the country slow its population growth, no reliable information exists regarding the procedure's safety. To define the types and rates of medical complications associated with sterilization, we followed 5042 women and 264 men undergoing sterilization. The problems that increased most markedly after the procedure compared with before included painful urination, shaking chills, fever for at least 2 days, and frequent urination. Most of the postoperative problems could be predicted by the presence of the same problem before the operation. Factor analysis of complaints in those persons who did not have a specific preoperative complaint showed that complaints clustered into three groups: urinary tract symptoms (urinary urgency and frequency), skin problems (bleeding from the incision, sore with pus, and stitches or skin breaking open), and general complaints (weakness and dizziness). The patient's sex, the sponsor and patient load of the sterilization center, and the dose of sedatives administered to women were significantly associated with specific postoperative complaints. Five women died during the study, resulting in a death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 procedures tubectomies; four deaths were due to respiratory arrest caused by oversedation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Interval out-patient female sterilization in Lagos.

Out-patient sterilization services were introduced by the Family Planning Clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Lagos, in September, 1981. This paper reviews the results of the first five years of its availability. There were 96 out-patient interval sterilizations, 47 were by the laparoscopic and 49 by the minilaparotomy procedures, representing 0.7% of maternities. Both local and general anaesthesia was used for the procedures. The patients' ages ranged from 28-52 years, all but three being above 31 years. Their parity ranged from 2-15 with between 2-10 living children. Only five patients had less than four children. 37.5% had used no contraception before. Termination of pregnancy was performed at the same time as tubal ligation in 12.5%, and 75% of these were secondary to contraceptive failure. Three patients had emergency laparotomy although in only one was it related to the sterilization procedure. Three patients were observed for 24 hours with no complications. Two patients were re-admitted after one week with pelvic peritonitis. The major complication rate was 3.1%. The failure rate was one per cent. There have been no requests for reversal. The results are compared with those of patients having puerperal sterilization during the same period, who totalled 2% of the maternities.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Peritoneal endometriosis in women requesting reversal of sterilization.

Seventy-six women requesting reversal of sterilization underwent at least 1 operative procedure during a 27-month period, and 14 (18.4%) were found to have pelvic endometriosis. The endometriosis patients were noted to have had significantly fewer pregnancies (1.8 versus 2.9, P less than 0.01) before sterilization than those without endometriosis, but the two groups did not differ significantly in mean age (30.8 versus 30.3 years), type of sterilization or in mean number of years since sterilization (5.0 versus 5.5 years). In only two individuals were proximal tubal segment fistulas found at the time of reversal, and neither had endometriosis. We conclude that pelvic endometriosis is more common in patients with bilateral tubal occlusion than previously suspected and that its presence indicates that endometriosis implants can persist for prolonged periods of time, can give rise to new implants, or do not require the tubal reflux of menstrual debris to form.

Adult↗