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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Effects of betaine, pen space, and slaughter handling method on growth performance, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of betaine, pen space, and preslaughter handling method on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows. For the growth trial, a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used: betaine (0 or 0.250%) and(or) pen space (m2/pig; adequate, 0.035 BW0.67 kg, or inadequate, 0.025 BW0.67 kg). Each treatment was replicated five times with four barrows per replicate. At trial termination, two barrows from each pen were selected to receive either minimal or normal preslaughter handling. Reducing pen space decreased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and gain:feed and tended (P = 0.12) to decrease overall ADFI. Betaine had no affect (P > 0.10) on overall ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed. Pigs fed betaine had decreased (P < 0.10) carcass length. Other carcass and ham measurements were not affected (P > 0.10) by betaine. Pigs with inadequate pen space had increased (P < 0.10) ultimate pH, subjective color, cooking loss (fresh and frozen chop), and shear force but decreased rectal temperature, loin muscle CIE L*, biceps femoris CIE b*, and drip loss. Pigs subjected to minimal preslaughter handling had decreased (P < 0.10) rectal temperature, plasma cortisol, loin muscle CIE b*, and fresh chop total loss (drip + cooking loss). Pigs fed betaine had increased (P < 0.01) initial pH and decreased (P < 0.10) drip loss (fresh chop). Cooking loss and total loss (frozen chop) were decreased in pigs fed betaine with adequate pen space but increased in pigs fed betaine with inadequate pen space (betaine x pen space, P < 0.01). Pigs fed betaine may have improved pork quality.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1985

Response of growing-finishing pigs to decreasing floor space allowance and(or) virginiamycin in diet.

Five hundred forty crossbred pigs were utilized in four trials (10 replications) at two stations to determine the separate and interacting effects of decreasing floor space allowance with or without the addition of virginiamycin to the diet on performance of growing-finishing pigs. Pigs were allowed .37, .33 or .28 m2/pig during the growing phase (23 to 55 kg) and .74, .66, .56 m2/pig during the finishing phase (55 to 100 kg) and fed either a corn-soybean meal control diet or the control diet plus 11 mg of virginiamycin/kg of diet. Floor space allowances were achieved by varying pen size, so the number of pigs and feeder space per pig were constant for all pens. During the growing phase, daily gain (P less than .01) daily feed intake (P less than .05) and feed conversion ratio (P less than .05) decreased as floor space allowance decreased. During the finishing phase and for the total test period, daily gain (P less than .01) and feed conversion ratio (P less than .05) were reduced but daily feed intake was not affected (P greater than .05) by restricted floor space allowance. The addition of virginiamycin to the diet had no effect on pig performance. The virginiamycin X floor space allowance interaction was not significant, suggesting that pigs fed a diet with or without virginiamycin responded similarly to restricted floor space allowance. The data suggest that the addition of virginiamycin to the diet was ineffective in overcoming the decrease in performance of growing-finishing pigs caused by crowded conditions.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

The composition of wide-spaced collagen in normal and diseased Descemet's membrane.

Descemet's membrane, the specialised basement membrane of the corneal endothelium, contains a form of extracellular matrix described as wide-spaced collagen. In healthy human Descemet's membrane, wide-spaced collagen forms a highly ordered array in a region called the anterior banded zone. However, in corneal endotheliopathies such as Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and the iridocorneal-endothelial syndrome large amounts of wide-spaced collagen are deposited posterior to Descemet's membrane in a grotesque parody of the anterior banded zone termed a posterior collagenous layer. The purpose of this study was to identify the composition of the wide-spaced collagen found in the Descemet's membrane of normal and diseased human corneas. Tissue from three normal human corneas, three from patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and five from patients with the iridocorneal-endothelial syndrome was prepared for immuno-electron microscopy by freezing or embedding in Lowicryl K4M resin. Immunocytochemistry on ultrathin sections was performed with antibodies to collagen Types I, III, V, VI and VIII, fibronectin, laminin, P component and tenascin. Ultrastructural labelling of the wide-spaced collagen in the anterior banded zone of normal and diseased corneas and also of the wide-spaced collagen in the posterior collagenous layer of all the diseased corneas was demonstrated with antibody to collagen Type VIII. Wide-spaced collagen was not labelled by any of the other antibodies used. Large amounts of Type VIII collagen are present in discrete regions of healthy and diseased Descemet's membrane. The deposition of Type VIII collagen may significantly influence the pathobiology of the corneal endotheliopathies.

Collagen↗
PubMed2004

Effect of feeding space on the inter-cow distance, aggression, and feeding behavior of free-stall housed lactating dairy cows.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether doubling the amount of feeding space from 0.5 to 1.0 m per cow leads to increased spacing between cows at the feeder, fewer aggressive social interactions among cows, and ultimately increased feeding activity. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were provided with 0.5 and 1.0 m of feeding space per cow in a 2 x 2 crossover design replicated over time. Time-lapse video was used to quantify the inter-cow distance and incidence of aggressive displacements at the feed alley. An electronic feed alley monitoring system was used to monitor the feeding behavior of the cows. When animals had access to 1.0 m per cow, there was at least 60% more space between animals and 57% fewer aggressive interactions while feeding than with access to 0.5 m of feeding space. These changes in spacing and aggressive behavior in turn allowed cows to increase feeding activity throughout the day, especially during the 90 min after providing fresh feed (an increase of 24%). This increase in feeding activity was particularly evident for subordinate cows. These results indicate that increasing space allowance at the feeder increases feeding activity and reduces competition among lactating dairy cows.

Aggression↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children with occipital plagiocephaly.

The etiology of occipital plagiocephaly (OP) is not fully understood. The authors have observed that many infants with this condition have external hydrocephalus. This study was undertaken to quantify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space caliber in children with OP and to compare these measurements to those derived from normal age-matched controls to further elucidate the pathogenesis of this condition. Thirty-one infants with isolated unilateral OP (mean age 6 months) were studied. Infants with multiple cranial suture abnormalities, impaired neurological function, developmental delay, and associated craniofacial anomalies were excluded. Twenty normal infants were evaluated as controls. The volumes of the sylvian fissures, frontal and occipital subarachnoid spaces, as well as the cross-sectional areas of the suprasellar and perimesencephalic cisterns, were calculated from computerized tomography (CT) studies. Ventricular size was also assessed. Generalized subarachnoid space dilation was observed in 29 (93.5%) of the 31 children with OP. Head circumference was significantly greater in the case group (71.4 vs. 50.8 percentile; p = 0.0002 by analysis of variance). The sylvian fissure volume was significantly larger in the case group (5.8 ml vs. 0.7 ml in controls, p < 0.0001). The volume of the contralateral sylvian fissure was greater than that ipsilateral to the side of OP (7.1 ml vs. 4.5 ml, p = 0.001). Frontal subarachnoid space volume was greater in infants with OP (27.5 ml vs. 0.6 ml in controls, p < 0.0001). Both the suprasellar and perimesencephalic cisterns were of greater caliber in the case group (p = 0.007 and p < 0.0001, respectively). No difference in ventricular size or occipital subarachnoid space volume was noted between groups. The extraventricular CSF spaces in neurologically unimpaired infants with OP are significantly larger than those in age- and sex-matched controls. Enlarged subarachnoid spaces may increase the compliance and malleability of the calvaria and sutures, predisposing to positional deformity. External hydrocephalus may be a fundamental etiological factor in OP.

Cerebrospinal Fluid↗
PubMed1984

Behavior and growth parameters of large white turkeys as affected by floor space and beak trimming. 1. Males.

The effects of floor space and beak trimming on behavior and growth of Large White male turkeys were investigated Floor space allowances were 6.5, 9.3, and 12.1 dm2/bird at 0 to 8 weeks; 11.7, 16.7, and 21.8 dm3/bird at 8 to 12 weeks; and 28, 35, and 42 dm3/bird at 12 to 20 weeks. Floor space was adjusted by changing the pen size while maintaining a constant number of birds per pen. Body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, feather score, live market quality, and mortality were measured. In addition, agonistic behavior including "threat avoids", "peck avoids", "threat chases", "peck chases" and "fights", and nonagonistic behavior including feather "pecks" and "pecks and pulls" were determined at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Floor space had no significant effect on any parameter measured through 8 weeks. At 12 weeks, feed efficiency and body weight were significantly decreased with decreasing floor space. By 20 weeks, the body weight of the birds grown at the intermediate floor space allowance from 8 to 12 weeks was no longer significantly different from those grown at the highest floor space allowance; however, the birds grown at the highest density from 8 to 12 weeks remained significantly lighter at 20 weeks. Compensatory growth, if present, appeared limited. Beak trimming had no significant effect on body weight or feed efficiency. Food intake was significantly greater in the beak trimmed birds from 12 to 18, but there was no significant difference from 12 to 20 weeks. From 12 to 20 weeks, mortality was significantly less in beak-trimmed birds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

Behavior and growth parameters of large white turkeys as affected by floor space and beak trimming. II. Females.

The effects of floor space allowance and beak trimming on behavior and growth performance of female Large White turkeys were studied. Floor space allowances were 5.6, 7.0, and 9.3 dm2/bird from 0 to 8 weeks of age and 14.0, 18.6, and 23.2 dm2/bird from 8 to 16 weeks of age. Floor space was adjusted by changing pen size to assure a constant number of birds per pen. Results showed that neither floor space allowance nor beak trimming had any significant effect of any of the variables under study through 8 weeks of age. At 16 weeks of age, growth, feed consumption, feed efficiency, feather scores, live market quality grades, and mortality were still unaffected. Beak trimming significantly reduced body weight gain, body weight, and feed consumption but had no significant effect on feed efficiency, feather scores, or mortality. Agonistic (aggressive) behavior was very low in this population of females. Of significance, however, were the nonaggressive behaviors of social "pecking" and "pecking and pulling" of feathers. Feather-pecking activity was unaffected by previous or subsequent floor space allowances through 16 weeks of age; however, the incidence of pecking and pulling of feathers was highest among females previously assigned the largest floor space allowance (9.3 dm2/bird) in the brooder house and subsequently allowed the smallest floor space allowance (14.0 dm2/bird) in the grower house. Beak trimming significantly increased the frequency of both "pecking" and "pecking and pulling" of feathers over that of their untrimmed contemporaries when the females were 12 and 16 weeks of age. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Spacing and lag effects in free recall of pure lists.

Repeating list items leads to better recall when the repetitions are separated by several unique items than when they are presented successively; the spacing effect refers to improved recall for spaced versus successive repetition (lag > 0 vs. lag = 0); the lag effect refers to improved recall for long lags versus short lags. Previous demonstrations of the lag effect have utilized lists containing a mixture of items with varying degrees of spacing. Because differential rehearsal of items in mixed lists may exaggerate any effects of spacing, it is important to demonstrate these effects in pure lists. As in Toppino and Schneider (1999), we found an overall advantage for recall of spaced lists. We further report the first demonstration of a lag effect in pure lists, with significantly better recall for lists with widely spaced repetitions than for those with moderately spaced repetitions.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

[Clinico-experimental study on parapharyngeal space invasion of head and neck cancer].

We studied the incidence and mode of development of parapharyngeal space invasion from head and neck cancers by both retrospective examination of our 172 patients and tracing the dynamics of lymph flows to the parapharyngeal space from the hypopharynx, the mesopharynx and the posterior portion of oral cavity. Of the patients examined 23 (13.4%) were found the parapharyngeal invasions (20% in mesopharyngeal cancers, 17.3% in hypopharyngeal cancers, 11.9% in cancers of posterior portion of oral cavity). Parapharyngeal space invasions occur frequently in a direct or indirect way when meso- or hypo-pharyngeal cancers or those of posterior parts of oral cavity invade deeply into the muscle layers and extend to the palatine arch, retromolar region, pharyngoepiglottic fold, lateral base of tongue, or posterior buccal mucosa. These invasions frequently induced such symptoms as trismus (47.8%), swelling of the lateral pharyngeal wall (39.1%), otalgia (34.8%), swelling of infra-auricular and submandibular regions (34.8%, 26.1%) and facial palsy (26.1%). Computed tomography was very useful to the diagnosis of the parapharyngeal space invasion. The parapharyngeal space invasions were successfully removed under a wide surgical field without injuring the important nerves and vessels and with preservation of mandibular function by our modification of Attia's technique. The lymph flow from the hypopharynx was chiefly upward and reached terminally to the parapharyngeal space including the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The lymph flow from the mesopharynx revealed to drain chiefly into the lower internal jugular nodes. The lymph flow from the posterior parts of oral cavity was divided into anterior and posterior groups. Anterior groups of lymphatic drained into the root of tongue and reached terminally to the vallecula and posterior groups drained into the internal jugular nodes. We should cover all routes for extension of head and neck cancers, including the parapharyngeal space, in the diagnosis and the management of these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of cement space and delayed placement on the seating of crowns luted with Vitremer, Fuji Duet and Dyract Cem.

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of cement space and delayed placement on the post-cementation elevation of crowns luted with two resin-modified glass ionomer luting cements (Vitremer, Fuji Duet) and a self-curing polyacid-modified composite resin luting cement (Dyract Cem). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigation was conducted in two parts: (1) A loading apparatus was employed to simulate the seating of a crown on a die. Six dies, differing in the amount of cement space allowed from 6-52 microns, were used. The loading apparatus allowed for a test cement to be placed in the crown, and subsequent activation of the apparatus lead to seating of the die into the crown. After seating, post-cementation crown elevation was measured. The cements Phosphacap, Vitremer, Dyract Cem and Fuji Duet were used. Each cement was tested 10 times at each of the six cement spaces. The post-cementation crown elevation data was analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA tests, and Tukey's HSD test. (2) The cements Vitremer, Fuji Duet and Dyract Cem, were tested in a similar fashion to Part 1, except activation of the loading apparatus was delayed. Three cement spaces (6, 29 and 52 microns) and three delay periods (60, 120 and 180 seconds) were investigated. Each cement was tested five times. The post-cementation crown elevation data was analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA tests, and Tukey's HSD test. RESULTS: The amount of cement space provided and the cement used significantly affected post-cementation crown elevation (P = 0.001). Where cementation was delayed, post-cementation crown elevation was significantly affected by both the cement used and the amount of cement space provided (P = 0.001). Delayed placement of Dyract Cem had no significant effect on post-cementation crown elevation (P = 0.01). Post-cementation crown elevation when Vitremer was used was significantly affected by both the amount of cement space and delayed placement (P = 0.01). A 180-second delay in placement of Vitremer resulted in significantly worse post-cementation crown elevation (P = 0.01). Seating was not possible 120 seconds after Fuji Duet had been mixed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

[Changes in airway space following mandibular setback using sagittal split ramus osteotomy with rigid internal fixation].

The changes in airway space following mandibular setback using sagittal split ramus osteotomy and rigid internal fixation were studied in 28 Japanese patients with mandibular prognathism. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken immediately before and shortly after surgery as well as 5 to 12 months postoperation. The mean setback of mandible was 8.3 mm in the right side, and 8.2 mm in the left side. The mean amount of relapse of pogonion point during the following-up period was 0.52 mm horizontally, and 0.92 mm vertically. A significant decrease in airway space width and area, espacially in the lower part of airway space was found following mandibular setback shortly after surgery. Although there was some increase both in airway space width and area during the following-up period, they did not increase to their original values. This suggests that the narrowing of airway space following mandibular setback using sagittal split osteotomy can be permanent. No significant correlation was found between the amount of mandibular setback and airway space changes, and no significant correlation was found between the amount of airway space changes and relapse of pogonion point during the following-up period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Imaging of the parapharyngeal space.

The parapharyngeal space is a deep space of the neck, always well visible on CT and MR imaging of the head and neck; in normal circumstances, this space should look symmetrical. The parapharyngeal space is often subdivided in compartments; such subdivision is helpful when considering the site of origin of a parapharyngeal space mass. Several concepts of compartmentalization of this space exist, sometimes leading to confusion; not the names but the anatomy is important to know. This manuscript reviews shortly the anatomy of the parapharyngeal space, the use of modern cross-sectional imaging methods in the evaluation of this region, and focuses somewhat more on imaging of primary parapharyngeal lesions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Towards a complete map of the protein space based on a unified sequence and structure analysis of all known proteins.

In search for global principles that may explain the organization of the space of all possible proteins, we study all known protein sequences and structures. In this paper we present a global map of the protein space based on our analysis. Our protein space contains all protein sequences in a non-redundant (NR) database, which includes all major sequence databases. Using the PSI-BLAST procedure we defined 4,670 clusters of related sequences in this space. Of these clusters, 1,421 are centered on a sequence of known structure. All 4,670 clusters were then compared using either a structure metric (when 3D structures are known) or a novel sequence profile metric. These scores were used to define a unified and consistent metric between all clusters. Two schemes were employed to organize these clusters in a meta-organization. The first uses a graph theory method and cluster the clusters in an hierarchical organization. This organization extends our ability to predict the structure and function of many proteins beyond what is possible with existing tools for sequence analysis. The second uses a variation on a multidimensional scaling technique to embed the clusters in a low dimensional real space. This last approach resulted in a projection of the protein space onto a 2D plane that provides us with a bird's eye view of the protein space. Based on this map we suggest a list of possible target sequences with unknown structure that are likely to adopt new, unknown folds.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation find their sites of expression in the changes in time and space of the age-adjusted cancer incidence rate.

The purpose of the present investigation is to elucidate the relation between the distribution pattern of the age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) changes in time and space of 15 tumors of bothe sexes and the locations of centers of centripetal-(oncogene type) and centrifugal-(tumoe suppressor gene type) forces. The fitness of the observed log AAIR data sets to the oncogene type- and the tumor suppressor gene type-equilibrium models and the locations of 2 force centers were calculated by applying the least square method of Gauss to log AAIR pair data series with and without topological data manipulations, which are so designed as to let log AAIR pair data series fit to 2 variant (x, y) frameworks, the Rect-coordinates and the Para-coordinates. The 2 variant (x, y) coordinates are defined each as an (x, y) framework with its X axis crossed at a right angle to the regression line of the original log AAIR data (the Rect-coordinates) and as another framework with its X axis run in parallel with the regression line of the original log AAIR pair data series (the Para-coordinates). The fitness test of log AAIR data series to either the oncogene activation type equilibrium model (r = -1.000) or the tumor suppressor gene inactivation type (r = 1.000) was conducted for each of the male-female type pair data and the female-male type data, for each of log AAIR changes in space and log AAIR changes in time, and for each of the 3 (x, y) frameworks in a given neoplasia of both sexes. The results obtained are given as follows: 1) The positivity rates of the fitness test to the oncogene type equilibrium model and the tumor suppressor gene type model were each 63.3% and 56.7% with the log AAIR changes in space, and 73.3% and 73.3% with log AAIR changes in time, as tested in 15 human neoplasias of both sexes. 2) Evidence was presented to indicate that the clearance of oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation is the sine qua non premise of carciniogenesis. 3) The r profile in which the correlation coefficient r, a measure of fitness to the 2 equilibrium models, is converted to either +(r > 0) or -(0 > r) for each of the original-, the Rect-, and the Para-coordinates was found to be informative in identifying a group of tumors with sex discrimination of cancer risk (log AAIR changes in space) or another group of environmental hormone-linked tumors (log AAIR changes in time and space)--a finding to indicate that the r-profile of a given tumor, when compared with other neoplasias, may provide a clue to investigating the biological behavior of the tumor. 4) The recent risk increase of skin cancer of both sexes, being classified as an example of environmental hormone-linked neoplasias, was found to commit its ascension of cancer risk along the direction of the centrifugal forces of the time- and space-linked tumor suppressor gene inactivation plotted in the 2-dimension diagram. In conclusion, the centripetal force of oncogene activation and centrifugal force of tumor suppressor gene inactivation found their sites of expression in the distribution pattern of a cancer risk parameter, log AAIR, of a given neoplasias of both sexes on the 2-dimension diagram. The application of the least square method of Gauss to the log AAIR changes in time and space, and also with and without topological modulations of the original sets, when presented in terms of the r-profile, was found to be informative in understanding behavioral characteristics of human neoplaisias.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

[Prognostic influence of parapharyngeal space involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prognostic influence of parapharyngeal space involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: From Jan. 1987 to Dec. 1994, 197 previously untreated NPC patients were examined by CT scan. The prognostic factors ware evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses on SPSS 8.0 software. RESULTS: The actual survival rate, disease-free survival rate and local failure-free rate were negatively affected by the presence of parapharyngeal space involvement (P = 0.0115, P = 0.0035, P = 0.0367). The 5-year actual survival rate, disease-free survival rate and local failure-free rate in patients without tumor invasion to parapharyngeal space was 87.9%, 88.0% and 96.9%, respectively. The survival rate in patients with tumor invasion to prestyloid space was 75.0%, 71.2% and 93.7%, respectively. That in patients with tumor invasion to poststyloid space was 60.5%, 57.7% and 86.8%, respectively. The 5-year distant metastasis-free survival rate was 88.1% in patients without poststyloid involvement as compared to 73.8% in those with poststyloid involvement. CONCLUSION: The survival and local tumor control are affected by parapharyngeal space involvement. Distant metastasis is more likely to occur when the tumor growth involves poststyloid space.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of plant spacing on the population of mosquito immatures in rice fields in Madurai, south India.

A study was conducted during 'Kuruvai' crop season from December 1992 to January 1993 in the rice fields of the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu to determine the influence of plant spacing and plant canopy on the populations of mosquito immatures. Three paddy varieties (ADT36, IR50 and IR20) were selected with two types of plant spacing, one with normal spacing (15 x 10 cm) and another wider (20 x 15 cm) than the normal spacing. Results showed that the field planted with normal spacing of paddy had significantly higher populations of culicine and anopheline immatures than the fields planted with wider spacing of paddy. The paddy varieties did not have any significant effect on the population of mosquito immatures. Light intensity, measured at the water surface using an illuminometer, was inversely related to the development of plant canopy and the results suggested that plant canopy does not inhibit oviposition by mosquitoes in the early stages of paddy growth, but it was responsible for the decline in the populations in the later stages of paddy growth. The plant spacing had a significant effect on the populations of chironomids and libellulids and other insects were not affected significantly.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

[The shape of the acromion and its effect on the subacromial space].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: A great variability of the shape of acromion exists in the population. The shape of the acromion plays a great role in development of the pathology of the subacromial space. Quantification of the anatomical changes using radiological examination (X-ray. CT) is a major contribution to the diagnosis of the subacromial space disorders and to differential diagnosis of painful affections of the shoulder. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of the degenerative changes in the subacromial space and their relation to the shape of the inferior space of acromion in our population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 50 randomly chosen cadavers during autopsy both shoulders where surgically explored in order to evaluate the changes on the rotator cuff and the changes on the major tubercule, on the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii in correlation to the shape of the inferior surface of acromion. RESULTS: Rotator cuff lesions of variable size were found in 16 cadavers, in 10 cases the lesion was unilateral, in 6 cases bilateral. The lesions were more often seen in the older age group. With increasing concavity of the inferior surface of acromion not only the number of the rotator cuff lesions and degenerative changes in the subacromial space were increasing, but so was the amount of the changes. CONCLUSION: The shape of acromion and increasing concavity plays a major role in the development of the subacromial pathology, accelerate the degenerative changes in this space. Reshaping the undersurface of acromion and diminishing the concavity in first stages of clinical symptoms, which present mostly as impingement syndrome, is reasonable to prevent larger pathological deterioration in subacromial space. The authors conclude that according to the relation between the shape of the inferior surface of acromion and the amount of lesion an early operative procedure is valuable.

Acromion↗
PubMed2002

[Update on lateral and medial spaces of the dorsal wall of the axillary fossa].

Lateral and medial axillary spaces (also named quadrilateral and triangular spaces) correspond to orifices of the posterior wall of axillary fossa communicating with deltoid and scapular areas. We attempt to become clear the anatomic boundaries of these spaces and the structures passing through. We studied by dissection 18 fresh and embaulmed human upper limb of both sex. Lateral axillary space was limited by lateral edge of the long head of the triceps muscle medialy, the medial edge of the surgical neck of the humerus lateraly. The tendon of teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles constituted lower limit and the superior boundary was the scapulohumeral capsule rather than the teres minor muscle. Structures passing through the quadrilateral space where the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex vascular pedicle. Boundaries of the triangular space where, lateraly the medial edge of the long head of the triceps, superiorly the inferior edge of the teres minor and the axillary border of the scapula; the upper edge of the teres major corresponded to the superior limit. Abduction of the upper limb is a movement which increase the risk of entrapment phenomenon of the axillary nerve in relation to rigid anatomic structures like the surgical neck of the humerus, the scapulohumeral capsule and the tendon of latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles. Neverless genetics cause of anatomic predisposition is evocated in the quadrilatere space syndrome.

Aged↗