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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Treatment of the scalp using photon and electron beams.

Many problems arise when treating superficial malignancies along the entire scalp. Some techniques will irradiate too much of the underlying brain while others are highly complex and may involve field junction problems. One approach to circumvent such difficulties is to use lateral opposed photon fields and adjoining electron fields as described in this paper. Sufficient dose coverage throughout the entire scalp is achieved, the normal brain tissues receives minimal dosages, the complexities of simulation and treatment are greatly eased, and the ambiguities of doses at field junction regions are diminished.

Electrons↗
PubMed2006

The practice of rescaling scalp-recorded event-related potentials.

In a recent article the principles of and the recommended practices for rescaling scalp-recorded electrophysiological data were submitted to a comprehensive review [Urbach, T.P., Kutas, M., 2002. The intractability of scaling scalp distributions to infer neuroelectric sources. Psychophysiology 39, 791-808]. The authors argued, on both conceptual and pragmatic grounds, that the practice of rescaling be discontinued when the motivation for rescaling was to infer that at least partially non-overlapping brain regions were engaged in two different experimental conditions. This article is a response to that proposal, and the key observations are that: (1) there remain sound theoretical reasons for rescaling when the motivation for rescaling is to infer that not entirely the same cognitive processing is engaged in two conditions and (2) at least for certain classes of experimental design the pragmatic concerns raised by Urbach and Kutas are not sufficient to warrant recommending that rescaling be discontinued.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2004

Fetal scalp and cord blood lactate.

Lactate measurements have been evaluated in intrapartum fetal surveillance for some 30 years. However, it was not until reliable, handheld, microvolume devices were launched during the 1990s that lactate became a clinical option. Retrospective data suggest that lactate determinations in fetal scalp blood are better than pH for predicting severe neonatal morbidity. A randomised controlled trial comparing these two measurements found lactate to be more favourable in clinical practice in terms of less sampling failure and reduced time from the decision to do a fetal scalp blood sample to the clinician receiving the result. At present, a large multicenter randomised control trial is in progress in Sweden to compare lactate and pH measurement for the clinical management of suspected fetal compromise. Main end-points in the study are metabolic acidemia or pH <7.00 in cord arterial blood at delivery. Results are likely to be available in 2-3 years time.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of beta-carbolines in human scalp hair.

A chromatographic method was studied for the quantitation of beta-carbolines in hair as potent biomarkers. Under optimal conditions, human scalp hair was enzymatically digested to release analytes effectively. The hair digests were treated with fluorescamine before serial extractions to inhibit the artifactual production of beta-carbolines during analysis and purify them selectively, followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Hair samples were found to contain beta-carboline and 1-methyl-beta-carboline, which were identified by tandem mass spectrometry, but not their reduced form 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline. Both beta-carboline and 1-methyl-beta-carboline were quantified in the concentration range of 0.1-10.0 ng/ml. Their mean recoveries from hair digests were 70-72%, and the intra- and inter-assay RSD ranged between 6.0 and 10.3% in spiking experiments with standards (1.0 ng/ml). When quantitatively analyzing scalp hair collected from alcoholics, smokers, non-smokers and autistics, beta-carboline and 1-methyl-beta-carboline showed the concentrations of ng/mg levels or less which characterized different hair samples. The proposed method will be useful for detecting the in vivo concentration changes of beta-carbolines associated with alcohol abuse, smoking behavior and neuropsychiatric disorder.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2004

Scalp malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) with bony involvement and new bone formation: case report.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare neoplasms, usually arising from somatic soft tissues or peripheral nerves. Primary MPNST of the scalp is extremely rare, with only a single case reported so far. Here, we describe an unusual case of scalp MPNST in a 50-year-old male. The tumor was associated with bony projection, intracranial extension and underlying bone destruction. The tumor was treated with complete surgical excision followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Histologically, the tumor showed malignant spindle cells with focal S-100 positivity on immunohistochemistry and a diagnosis of MPNST was made. This case is being reported for its rarity and presence of associated bony projection, which to the best of our knowledge, has not been described before in soft tissue sarcomas.

Head and Neck Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

A system to detect the onset of epileptic seizures in scalp EEG.

OBJECTIVE: A new method for automatic seizure detection and onset warning is proposed. The system is based on determining the seizure probability of a section of EEG. Operation features a user-tuneable threshold to exploit the trade-off between sensitivity and detection delay and an acceptable false detection rate. METHODS: The system was designed using 652 h of scalp EEG, including 126 seizures in 28 patients. Wavelet decomposition, feature extraction and data segmentation were employed to compute the a priori probabilities required for the Bayesian formulation used in training, testing and operation. RESULTS: Results based on the analysis of separate testing data (360 h of scalp EEG, including 69 seizures in 16 patients) initially show a sensitivity of 77.9%, a false detection rate of 0.86/h and a median detection delay of 9.8 s. Results after use of the tuning mechanism show a sensitivity of 76.0%, a false detection rate of 0.34/h and a median detection delay of 10 s. Missed seizures are characterized mainly by subtle or focal activity, mixed frequencies, short duration or some combination of these traits. False detections are mainly caused by short bursts of rhythmic activity, rapid eye blinking and EMG artifact caused by chewing. Evaluation of the traditional seizure detection method of using both data sets shows a sensitivity of 50.1%, a false detection rate of 0.5/h and a median detection delay of 14.3 s. CONCLUSIONS: The system performed well enough to be considered for use within a clinical setting. In patients having an unacceptable level of false detection, the tuning mechanism provided an important reduction in false detections with minimal loss of detection sensitivity and detection delay. SIGNIFICANCE: During prolonged EEG monitoring of epileptic patients, the continuous recording may be marked where seizures are likely to have taken place. Several methods of automatic seizure detection exist, but few can operate as an on-line seizure alert system. We propose a seizure detection system that can alert medical staff to the onset of a seizure and hence improve clinical diagnosis.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2005

Scalp and forehead reconstruction.

The reconstruction of defects that involve the scalp and forehead presents unique aesthetic and functional challenges. This article reviews the surgical anatomy of these regions and presents an algorithm for decision making in reconstructive surgery. Nonmicrosurgical techniques are briefly reviewed. The microsurgical reconstruction of scalp and forehead defects differs from the more common oropharyngeal reconstructions in several ways, including flap choices, choices for recipient vessels, and the opportunity to use conventional and microsurgical techniques simultaneously to improve outcomes. Each of these considerations is reviewed and the authors' preferred techniques presented.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Scalp reconstruction.

The article focuses on scalp reconstruction of surgical wounds following skin cancer resection. In contrast to other cosmetic units, scalp wounds are closed under significant tension, because the galea restricts overlying tissue movement. For defects that cannot be closed primarily, rotation flaps developed within the subgaleal space are often the best reconstruction option.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Primary meningioma of the scalp as a late complication of skull fracture: case report and literature review.

A case of primary meningioma of the scalp is presented in which the anatomical association with a previous skull fracture is demonstrated and pathogenesis discussed. The investigations and surgical treatment are briefly described. Review of the literature reveals a strong association between trauma of the central nervous system and intracranial meningioma. Occasional reports also exist of extra-cranial meningioma following trauma. This is, however, the first report of such an association in the scalp.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lipedematous scalp and lipedematous alopecia: a clinical and histologic analysis of 3 cases.

BACKGROUND: Lipedematous alopecia and lipedematous scalp are two similar unusual conditions mostly affecting healthy black women. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to report three cases of this condition with emphasis on clinical and histologic findings, and to review the literature on the subject. METHODS: The study includes clinical, echographic, and histologic findings of 3 patients, complemented with a literature review. RESULTS: Two cases of lipedematous alopecia and one of lipedematous scalp in 3 white women had echographic confirmation of an increased subcutaneous layer. The presence of ectatic lymphatic vessels in the two cases with hair loss was particularly emphasized. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a lessened role of racial factors, but confirms the sex implications in these related conditions, and stress the potential significance of lymphangiectatic vessels in the development of alopecia in these patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Marjolin's ulcer of the scalp invading calvarial bone, dura and brain.

A Marjolin's ulcer arising in a chronic scalp scar is reported. Malignant transformation occurred after four decades. The tumour had invaded the skull, dura mater and underlying brain tissue. This case illustrates the importance of appropriate and expeditious initial wound management of scar ulcers with high malignant potential to prevent this devastating outcome and also the role of reconstructive surgical techniques in radical surgery for scalp cancers.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

Ictal dipole source analysis based on a realistic scalp-skull-brain head model in localizing the epileptogenic zone.

The objective of this study is to examine whether dipole modeling based on a realistic scalp-skull-brain head model (SSB/DT) is useful to localize the epileptogenic zone. Eight patients with surgically treated temporal lobe epilepsy were studied. Dipole locations and vector moments of ictal epileptiform activities were calculated by inverse solution methods. Accuracy of dipole locations were assessed by comparing with intracranial EEG. The patterns of ictal epileptiform activities were correlated with the dipole location and vector moment. Dipole locations of the peaks of ictal epileptiform activities estimated by SSB/DT showed good agreement with the epileptogenic foci determined by intracranial EEG. SSB/DT was able to discriminate between medial and lateral temporal epileptogenic foci. Two distinctive types of dipole vector moments, vertical and horizontal were noted. Vertical dipole vector moments corresponded to the medial temporal dipole source and horizontal dipole vector moments were corresponded to the lateral temporal dipole source. Useful clues to differentiate between medial and lateral temporal lobe epilepsy by the visual inspection of scalp EEG were found. SSB/DT is useful tool in the presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Recurrent "unexplained" scalp swelling in an eighteen-month-old child: an atypical presentation of angioedema causing confusion with child abuse.

In this article, we demonstrate that angioedema may atypically present with noninflammatory scalp or facial swelling without recurrence on other parts of the body and without urticaria. In a young child, such a presentation exclusively with recurrent "unexplained" swellings over different parts of the scalp could erroneously be misconstrued as child abuse (blunt head trauma).

Angioedema↗
PubMed2001

Differential recording of upper and lower cervical N13 responses and their contribution to scalp recorded responses in median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials.

To distinguish the different origins of cervical N13 potentials in median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), cervical N13 potentials were recorded by two different montages. The abnormal patterns of the SSEPs were compared to the abnormal evoked spinal cord responses (ESCPs) recorded from posterior epidural space in 13 patients with various cervical lesions. SSEPs from the posterior cervical surface were recorded from the mid-cervical level with anterior neck reference (Cv5-AN) and from the upper cervical level with inion reference (Cv2-IN). Scalp responses were recorded from the parietal region contralateral to the stimulating side with non-cephalic reference (shoulder contralateral to stimulating side). ESCPs were recorded from the posterior epidural space using catheter electrodes or needle electrodes inserted into the ligamentum flavum. Lower cervical N13 (LC-N13) recorded from the Cv5-AN montage showed similar latency to upper cervical N13 (UC-N13) recorded from the Cv2-IN montage. The latency of the early part of the P13-P14 complex in the scalp montage was similar to that of the UC-N13 and the negative peak latency of the ESCPs recorded at the C2-3 level. Attenuation of the LC-N13 and relatively preserved UC-N13 and P13-P14 were characteristic in patients with cervical syringomyelia and compression cervical myelopathy at the mid-cervical levels. Attenuation of the UC-N13 with normal LC-N13 was characteristic in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy who showed conduction blockade of the ESCPs at the C3-4 level. In a patient with schwannoma at the C1-2 level, conduction blockade of the ESCPs was observed at the C1-2 level. P13 was normal but P14 was prolonged. UC-N13 and P13 latencies were similar to the negative peak latency of the ESCPs at the C2-3 level. We demonstrated that two different cervical N13 potentials can be recorded by two different montages and they represent different behavior in various spinal cord lesions. In addition, at least the early part of the P13-P14 complex originates in the upper cervical region. To distinguish two different cervical N13, it is useful to detect not only the cervical pathology but also the symptomatic cervical cord compression level in patients with cervical myelopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Gene expression of type 2 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in scalp hairs of hirsute women.

Androgens are the main hormonal regulators of human hair growth and they are related to clinical conditions such as hirsutism. The aim of this study was to analyze the gene expression of androgen receptor (AR) and type 2 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) in keratinocytes of plucked scalp hairs from hirsute patients and normal subjects. We studied 58 women with hirsutism (31 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 27 with idiopathic hirsutism (IH)); 15 control women; and 10 control men. Hirsutism was assessed by a modified Ferriman-Gallwey method. Hormonal status was assessed between days 2 and 10 of the menstrual cycle or on any day when the patients were amenorrheic. AR and type 2 17 beta-HSD mRNA levels were estimated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AR expression was similar in all groups. Type 2 17 beta-HSD gene expression in untreated hirsute patients was lower (2.1+/-0.10) than in normal women (3.1+/-0.17), and similar to men (1.8+/-0.22). Comparing hirsute patients, type 2 17 beta-HSD expression was higher in treated PCOS (3.0+/-0.34 versus 2.2+/-0.13) and IH patients (2.5+/-0.19 versus 2.0+/-0.15); hirsutism score was lower (P=0.003, PCOS; P=0.003, IH); and SHBG levels were higher (P=0.001, PCOS; P=0.024, IH) in treated patients. The free androgen index was lower in treated women (P=0.024 for the IH group). In conclusion, the lower expression of type 2 17 beta-HSD mRNA in scalp hairs of untreated hirsute patients suggests androgen metabolism disturbances with predominance of more potent androgens, as occurs in men. The enzyme's higher gene expression in treated hirsute patients could be an indirect evidence of restored enzyme activity and intracellular androgen metabolism.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2004

Cranial-epidural tuberculosis presenting as a scalp swelling.

BACKGROUND: Unlike the brain tuberculoma, tubercular osteomyelitis of the skull is very rare and not sufficiently described in the literature. Awareness of this entity makes diagnosis possible. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: Two unique cases of cranial and epidural tuberculosis (TB) with absence of intradural and brain involvement are presented. Both patients presented with scalp swellings but extending through the calvarium into the epidural space. Histologic/bacteriologic confirmation of tuberculosis was obtained from biopsy specimens. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of this rare lesion are described for the first time. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory scalp lesions with skull involvement and epidural extension should be investigated for tuberculous etiology. With early diagnosis and a combination of surgical and medical management, all cases of skull tuberculosis are potentially curable.

Adult↗