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PubMed1980

The effect of acetyl-salicylic-acid pretreatment on re-formed aqueous humor. A study of intracapsular lens extraction in the human eye.

Aqueous humor (a.h.) was sampled in 67 patients operated on for cataract by intracapsular lens extraction at the start and finish of surgery. Twenty eight of these patients received pretreatment with acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA), to a total of 2.5 g, beginning 18 hours prior to surgery. A serum sample was drawn immediately following the operation from 55 patients. Using radial immunodiffusion, albumin and IgG were measured in primary and secondary a.h. and in serum. The group pretreated with ASA showed a significantly smaller relative increase of IgG (P < 0.05). The increase of the proteins, however, showed no dependence on their serum-level and the only side-effect of the treatment was an unexplained rise in serum-albumin. The possible clinical application of patients with a high risk of postoperative complications is briefly summarized.

Aqueous Humor↗
PubMed1984

Comparative therapeutic benefit of indomethacin, hydrochlorothiazide, and acetyl-salicylic acid in a patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

To define the importance of renal prostaglandins in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), diuresis and the urinary excretion of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were studied in a patient with NDI before and during inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis with either indomethacin (IND) or acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA). The excretion rates of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were in the low normal range for the patient's age group, remained unchanged during 6 h of fluid deprivation and were suppressed by IND (150 mg/day), ASA (3 g/day), and by the combination of IND and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT, 50 mg/day). However, whereas IND, HCT, and the combination of IND and HCT reduced diuresis ASA did not. Free water clearance as determined during fluid deprivation remained positive during each phase of therapy. These data fail to demonstrate a direct effect of endogenous ADH on renal prostaglandin synthesis in NDI. The ineffectiveness of ASA to reduce diuresis indicates that indomethacin affects diuresis in NDI by a mechanism other than inhibition of cyclooxygenase.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Pretreatment of Parsley Suspension Cultures with Salicylic Acid Enhances Spontaneous and Elicited Production of H2O2.

Suspension-cultured cells of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) were used to study the regulation of extracellular H2O2. After resuspension, the washed cells regulated the H2O2 concentration spontaneously to a constant level that was greatly increased when the cultures were pretreated for 1 d with salicylic acid (SA). The H2O2 level was further increased on addition of a fungal elicitor preparation, macromolecular chitosan, the sterol-binding polyene macrolide amphotericin B, the G protein-activating peptide mastoparan, or La3+. In all cases, this induced H2O2 burst was also greatly enhanced in cell suspensions pretreated with SA. Both the spontaneous and the induced H2O2 production were decreased by the protein kinase inhibitor K-252a. It is suggested that production of extracellular H2O2 occurs by an endogenously controlled plasma membrane enzyme complex that requires continuous phosphorylation for function and whose activity is increased by pretreatment of the cells with SA. This system can also receive various external stimuli, including those resulting from binding of fungal elicitor. SA can induce acquired resistance against pathogens. The conditioning of the parsley suspension culture by SA represents, therefore, a model for the long-term regulation of apoplastic H2O2 concentration by this signal substance, as suggested previously for the wound hormone methyl jasmonate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

LSD1 regulates salicylic acid induction of copper zinc superoxide dismutase in Arabidopsis thaliana.

We characterized the accumulation patterns of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, two CuZnSODs, FeSOD, MnSOD, PR1, PR5, and GST1, in response to various pathogen-associated treatments. These treatments included inoculation with virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains, spontaneous lesion formation in the lsd1 mutant, and treatment with the salicylic acid (SA) analogs INA (2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid) and BTH (benzothiadiazole). The PR1, PR5, and GST1 proteins were inducible by all treatments tested, as expected from previous mRNA blot analysis. The two CuZnSOD proteins were induced by SA analogs and in conjunction with lsd1-mediated spreading cell death. Additionally, LSD1 is a part of a signaling pathway for the induction of the CuZnSOD proteins in response to SA but not in lsd1-mediated cell death. We suggest that the spreading lesion phenotype of lsd1 results from a lack of up-regulation of a CuZnSOD responsible for detoxification of accumulating superoxide before the reactive oxygen species can trigger a cell death cascade.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1993

Increased platelet activating factor synthesis in experimental colitis after diclofenac and 5-amino-salicylic acid.

We examined the role of platelet activating factor in dextran induced colitis in mice. The release of pro-inflammatory platelet activating factor by colonic mucosa after the application of prednisolone was markedly decreased, unaffected after treatment with the platelet activating factor receptor antagonist BN52021 and significantly increased after treatment with 5-amino-salicylic acid and diclofenac. This increase of platelet activating factor could be responsible for the harmful effects often seen after treatment with specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors during inflammation.

Aminosalicylic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Clinical evidence for use of acetyl salicylic acid in control of flushing related to nicotinic acid treatment.

Nicotinic acid (NA) is highly effective and widely used in the management of dyslipidaemia. For many patients, the side effect of flushing of the face and upper body leads to discontinuation. Flushing with NA is mediated by prostaglandins, and as acetyl salicylic acid (ASA, 'aspirin') is a highly effective inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, there is a rationale for its use to prevent or reduce the severity of NA-related flushing. This literature survey identified four studies specifically exploring the utility of ASA in preventing NA-related flushing in healthy volunteers. Twenty-three NA studies, where ASA was mandatory or optional within the protocol, and four studies, where background ASA therapy was reported in most participants, were also identified. Although the incidence of flushing in studies using ASA was often high, discontinuation rates due to flushing were low (mean 7.7%). This figure compares favourably with discontinuation rates with NA commonly reported in the literature (up to approximately 40%). There is good supportive evidence for the use of ASA in reducing the severity of NA-related flushing.

Aspirin↗
PubMed2001

Controlled release of salicylic acid from poly(D,L-Lactide).

Poly(D,L-Lactide) of high molecular weight (Mv) was prepared by ring-opening bulk polymerization of D,L-Lactide and characterized in terms of Mv, melting point and swelling behavior in buffer solution. Samples of the polymers with low and high Mv (2000 and 22 000 respectively) loaded with various amounts of salicylic acid (SA) were immersed in a buffer solution and the release of SA was recorded. The results obtained showed that swelling of the poly(D,L-Lactide) samples obeyed Fick's law, especially for those with high molecular weight, where biodegradation proceeds slowly. The release of SA seemed to follow a simplified relationship which is linear with time, at least for the early stages of delivery. The extent of linearity is dependent on the content of the acidic SA, which probably accelerates decomposition of the high molecular weight products.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Salicylic Acid induces cyanide-resistant respiration in tobacco cell-suspension cultures.

Cyanide-resistant, alternative respiration in Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi-nc was analyzed in liquid suspension cultures using O(2) uptake and calorimetric measurements. In young cultures (4-8 d after transfer), cyanide inhibited O(2) uptake by up to 40% as compared to controls. Application of 20 mum salicylic acid (SA) to young cells increased cyanide-resistant O(2) uptake within 2 h. Development of KCN resistance did not affect total O(2) uptake, but was accompanied by a 60% increase in the rate of heat evolution from cells as measured by calorimetry. This stimulation of heat evolution by SA was not significantly affected by 1 mm cyanide, but was reduced by 10 mm salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), an inhibitor of cyanide-resistant respiration. Treatment of SA-induced or uninduced cells with a combination of cyanide and SHAM blocked most of the O(2) consumption and heat evolution. Fifty percent of the applied SA was taken up within 10 min, with most of the intracellular SA metabolized in 2 h. 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids also induced cyanide-resistant respiration. These data indicate that in tobacco cell-suspension culture, SA induces the activity and the capacity of cyanide-resistant respiration without affecting the capacity of the cytochrome c respiration pathway.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Salicylic Acid Regulation of Respiration in Higher Plants: Alternative Oxidase Expression.

Alternative respiratory pathway capacity increases during the development of the thermogenic appendix of a voodoo lily inflorescence. The levels of the alternative oxidase proteins increased dramatically between D-4 (4 days prior to the day of anthesis) and D-3 and continued to increase until the day of anthesis (D-day). The level of salicylic acid (SA) in the appendix is very low early on D-1, but increases to a high level in the evening of D-1. Thermogenesis occurs after a few hours of light on D-day. Therefore, the initial accumulation of the alternative oxidase proteins precedes the increase in SA by 3 days, indicating that other regulators may be involved. A 1.6-kb transcript encoding the alternative oxidase precursor protein accumulated to a high level in the appendix tissue by D-1. Application of SA to immature appendix tissue caused an increase in alternative pathway capacity and a dramatic accumulation of the alternative oxidase proteins and the 1.6-kb transcript. Time course experiments showed that the increase in capacity, protein levels, and transcript level corresponded precisely. The response to SA was blocked by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, indicating that de novo transcription and translation are required. However, nuclear, in vitro transcription assays indicated that the accumulation of the 1.6-kb transcript did not result from a simple increase in the rate of transcription of aox1.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Influence of Giving Salicylic Acid for Different Time Periods on Flowering and Growth in the Long-Day Plant Lemna gibba G3.

When the long-day plant Lemna gibba L., strain G3 is grown under continuous light on ammonium-free half-strength Hutner's medium (NH(4) (+)-free 0.5 H medium) growth is excellent, but flowering is severely inhibited and often is zero. Addition of 10 micromolar salicylic acid (SA) to NH(4) (+)-free 0.5 H medium quickly reverses this inhibition and leads to optimal flowering. The SA treatment also leads to a considerable reduction in the growth rate and increase in frond gibbosity. Removal of SA from the medium quickly leads to an increase in the growth rate and a large decrease in flowering. Thus, for maximal effectiveness SA must be present in the medium for the entire experiment, and the effect of SA is clearly not inductive.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Salicylic Acid Is Not the Translocated Signal Responsible for Inducing Systemic Acquired Resistance but Is Required in Signal Transduction.

Infection of plants by necrotizing pathogens can induce broad-spectrum resistance to subsequent pathogen infection. This systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is thought to be triggered by a vascular-mobile signal that moves throughout the plant from the infected leaves. A considerable amount of evidence suggests that salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the induction of SAR. Because SA is found in phloem exudate of infected cucumber and tobacco plants, it has been proposed as a candidate for the translocated signal. To determine if SA is the mobile signal, grafting experiments were performed using transgenic plants that express a bacterial SA-degrading enzyme. We show that transgenic tobacco root-stocks, although unable to accumulate SA, were fully capable of delivering a signal that renders nontransgenic scions resistant to further pathogen infection. This result indicated that the translocating, SAR-inducing signal is not SA. Reciprocal grafts demonstrated that the signal requires the presence of SA in tissues distant from the infection site to induce systemic resistance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

A new elicitor of the hypersensitive response in tobacco: a fungal glycoprotein elicits cell death, expression of defence genes, production of salicylic acid, and induction of systemic acquired resistance.

A 32 kDa glycoprotein whose effects in tobacco and other Nicotianae mimic a typical hypersensitive response, was isolated from Phytophthora megasperma. Infiltration of a few nanograms of the protein into leaves caused the formation of lesions that closely resemble hypersensitive response lesions. Transcripts of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and sesquiterpenoid pathways accumulated rapidly after elicitor application followed by salicylic acid production. Cellular damage, restricted to the infiltrated zone, occurred only several hours later, at a time when expression of PR protein genes was activated. After several days systemic acquired resistance was also induced. Thus, tobacco plant cells that perceived the glycoprotein generated a cascade of signals acting at local, short, and long distances, and causing the coordinate expression of specific defence responses in a way similar to hypersensitivity to tobacco mosaic virus. The glycoprotein represents a powerful tool to investigate further the signals and their transduction pathways involved in induced disease resistance. It may also be useful to engineer broad disease protection in a Nicotianae and possibly into crop plant species.

Cell Death↗
PubMed1997

Local and Systemic Responses of Antioxidants to Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection and to Salicylic Acid in Tobacco (Role in Systemic Acquired Resistance).

Changes in ascorbate and glutathione levels and in activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-inoculated lower leaves and in non-inoculated upper leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi-nc. In separate experiments the effects of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) were also studied. Symptom appearance after TMV inoculation was preceded by a slight, transient decline of ascorbate peroxidase, GR, GST, and SOD activities in the inoculated lower leaves, but after the onset of necrosis these activities and the glutathione level substantially increased. Ascorbic acid level and DHAR activity declined and dehydroascorbate accumulated in the inoculated leaves. In upper leaves, the glutathione level and the activities of GR, GST, and SOD increased 10 to 14 d after TMV inoculation of the lower leaves, concomitantly with the development of systemic acquired resistance. From the six distinct SOD isoenzymes found in tobacco leaves, only the activities of Cu,Zn-SOD isoenzymes were affected by TMV. SA injection induced DHAR, GR, GST, and SOD activities. Catalase activities were not modified by TMV infection or SA treatment. It is supposed that stimulated antioxidative processes contribute to the suppression of necrotic symptom development in leaves with systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article↗