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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Extracellular xylanases from two pathogenic races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris: enzyme production in culture and purification and characterization of a major isoform as an alkaline endo-beta-(1,4)-xylanase of low molecular weight.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpea, comprises eight pathogenic races and two pathotypes. Races 0 and 5, representative of the least virulent yellowing pathotype and the most virulent wilt pathotype, respectively, produced extracellular xylanases when grown on minimal medium supplemented with either 1% commercial birchwood xylan or 0.3% chickpea cell walls. The pattern of extracellular proteins analysed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the two media presented some minor but distinctive differences between fungal races. By preparative isoelectrofocusing, the xylanase activity in cell wall-culture filtrates could be resolved into basic and neutral fractions with pI values around to 10 and 8, respectively, whereas the xylan-culture filtrates contained an additional acidic fraction of pI around 4. A common major xylanase was purified 7-fold to homogeneity by cation-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The purified xylanase has a molecular weight of 21.6 kDa, optimum pH and temperature of 5.5 and 55 degrees C, respectively, pI in the range of 8.2 to 9.0, and Km and Vmax values of 2.24 mg ml(-1) (birchwood xylan as substrate) and 1200 nkat mg(-1) protein (72 U mg(-1) protein), respectively. The enzyme has an endo mode of action, hydrolysing xylan to xylobiose and higher short-chain xylooligosaccharides without forming free xylose.

Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases↗
PubMed2005

Inadequate follow-up of abnormal screening mammograms: findings from the race differences in screening mammography process study (United States).

OBJECTIVE: Despite relatively high mammography screening rates, there are reports of inadequate follow-up of abnormal results. Our objective was to identify factors associated with inadequate follow-up, and specifically, to determine if this outcome differed by race/ethnicity. METHODS: We studied 176 subjects with abnormal or inconclusive mammograms identified from a prospective cohort study of African-American (n = 635) and White (n = 816) women who underwent screening in five hospital-based facilities in Connecticut, October 1996 through January 1998. Using multivariate logistic regression, we identified independent predictors of inadequate follow-up of an abnormal mammogram. RESULTS: Over 28% of women requiring immediate or short-term follow-up did not receive this care within three months of the recommended return date. African-American race/ethnicity, pain during the mammogram, and lack of a usual provider were significant independent predictors of inadequate follow-up. Although many factors were examined, the observed race difference was unexplained. CONCLUSIONS: While inadequate follow-up of abnormal exams undermines the potential benefits of mammography screening for all women, the observed race difference in this study may have implications for the persistent race difference in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival. More research is needed to identify factors that contribute to poor follow-up among African-American women.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Quality of race, Hispanic ethnicity, and immigrant status in population-based cancer registry data: implications for health disparity studies.

Population-based cancer registry data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program at the National Cancer Institute are based on medical records and administrative information. Although SEER data have been used extensively in health disparities research, the quality of information concerning race, Hispanic ethnicity, and immigrant status has not been systematically evaluated. The quality of this information was determined by comparing SEER data with self-reported data among 13,538 cancer patients diagnosed between 1973-2001 in the SEER--National Longitudinal Mortality Study linked database. The overall agreement was excellent on race (kappa = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.88-0.91), moderate to substantial on Hispanic ethnicity (kappa = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.58-0.64), and low on immigrant status (kappa = 0.21. 95% CI = 0.10, 0.23). The effect of these disagreements was that SEER data tended to under-classify patient numbers when compared to self-identifications, except for the non-Hispanic group which was slightly over-classified. These disagreements translated into varying racial-, ethnic-, and immigrant status-specific cancer statistics, depending on whether self-reported or SEER data were used. In particular, the 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival and the median survival time from all causes for American Indians/Alaska Natives were substantially higher when based on self-classification (59% and 140 months, respectively) than when based on SEER classification (44% and 53 months, respectively), although the number of patients is small. These results can serve as a useful guide to researchers contemplating the use of population-based registry data to ascertain disparities in cancer burden. In particular, the study results caution against evaluating health disparities by using birthplace as a measure of immigrant status and race information for American Indians/Alaska Natives.

American Indian or Alaska Native↗
PubMed2006

The effect of age, race and gender on preference scores for hypothetical health states.

PURPOSE: Preferences are known to vary by individuals' personal experience with a health state, but variation among respondents' scoring of the same hypothetical state is unproven but relevant to the use of community-perspective preference scores. This research explored the systematic contribution of respondents' age, race and gender to variability in community perspective preferences for hypothetical health states. METHODS: Data from four community samples were pooled for the analysis. Linear regression modeling was used to test for the effect of respondent age, race and gender on preference scores while controlling for health state severity. RESULTS: In this sample of 956 preference scores from 390 individuals across 4 studies, older respondents provided lower preference scores for the same hypothetical health state compared with younger respondents (regression coefficient for 1 year of age = -0.002, p < 0.001), and white individuals provided higher preference scores for the same states compared with non-white individuals (regression coefficient = 0.056, p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Preferences for hypothetical health states may vary by the age and race of the respondent providing the score. Community-perspective preferences should thus be elicited from large, random samples of the relevant population to ensure variation on these as well as other yet-unidentified characteristics that may affect scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effect of race on the relationship between fetal death and altered fetal growth.

This population study examines racial differences in the relationship between birth weight and fetal death. An earlier report showed that a birth weight that results in a fourfold increased risk of stillbirth is not a constant birth weight percentile (2nd percentile at 25 weeks, 17th percentile at 42 weeks). This analysis was applied to 782,430 white and black births in Illinois from 1980 to 1984. Mean and 10th percentile growth for white and black infants is identical before 34 weeks' gestation and growth diverges by 250 gm at term, with white infants being larger. Race-specific birth weights resulting in quadrupling of the stillbirth rate were determined with an exponential regression analysis of the relationship between birth weight and fetal death rate for each gestational age. The data indicate (1) that the birth weights resulting in quadrupling the stillbirth rate are substantially above the Denver 10th percentile and the previously unpublished race-specific Illinois 10th percentiles and (2) that at term white infants demonstrate this constant risk at the 12th percentile, whereas black infants exhibit the risk at the 18th percentile. From these data we conclude that black fetuses are more sensitive than white fetuses to factors that adversely affect growth and that continued use of "race-neutral" data for clinical management in racially heterogenous populations will not accurately predict the risk of stillbirth.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1982

Creatine kinase and MB-fraction after a long distance race.

In 18 well-trained athletes creatine kinase (CK) and the CK-MB isoenzyme were measured immediately after a 100 km race and 10 days later for control purposes. The CK was 1970 +/- 1505 U/l (mean +/- SD, range 481--5558 U/l) after the race and 50 +/- 23 U/l on the control day (p less than 0.001). The CK-MB fraction was 72 +/- 70 U/l (range 14--228 U/l) and 8.6 +/- 2.3 U/l (p less than 0.01). The ratio CK-MB/CK was 3.4 +/- 1.1% and never exceeded 6%. The study indicates that elevated CK and CK-MB are a common finding after a long distance race. CK-MB/CK ratios up to 6% may be observed.

Creatine Kinase↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB activities post marathon race versus post myocardial infarction.

Serial total creatine kinase (CK) and CK MB activities were determined in the serum of seven runners following a marathon race and compared to enzyme activities in the sera from five patients following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In the runner's sera, total CK and CK MB activities were significantly elevated at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours post marathon race when compared to the 1 hour pre-marathon samples (p less than 0.01). Serum CK MB activities peaked at 24 hours in both groups of subjects. The MB activities 24 hours following the marathon were substantially higher (91 +/- 30 U/l; mean +/- SD) than the MB activities 24 hours following AMI (46 +/- 38 U/l). However, the percentages of CK MB 24 hours following the marathon and AMI were almost identical (7.0 +/- 2.4% and 7.2 +/- 2.3%, respectively). Furthermore, CK and CK MB clearances were significantly prolonged (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.001, respectively) following the marathon race (T 1/2 CK, 49 hours; T 1/2 CK MB, 29 hours) as compared to following AMI (T 1/2 CK, 27 hours; T 1/2 CK MB, 12 hours). These results suggest release of CK MB from the skeletal muscle of marathon runners. Therefore, we recommend that elevation of CK MB in the range indicative of myocardial damage be interpreted with caution in long-distance runners.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of raised atherosclerotic lesions to fatty streaks in 19 location-race groups.

SUMMARY: Atherosclerosis was graded by gross inspection of Sudan-stained arterial intimal surfaces estimating percent surface involved by raised lesions (R), fatty streaks (F), and no lesions (N). The right coronary artery and abdominal aorta of over 20,000 cases, 25-69 years of age, from 19 location-race groups were used. Cases were classed by sex, broad cause of death categories, and age. Raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all types of lesions was found at each age to have approximately a constant ratio to the percentage surface involved with all types of lesions. This was true over the range of surface involvement within age, sex, and cause of death classes, but between classes the ratio was not constant. Comparisons among location-race groups indicated marked differences in mean involvement by all types of lesions and by raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all lesions. The variation among groups in the fraction of raised among lesions was found to be partly related to parallel variability in average involvement by all types of lesions. However, some groups stood out as having too much or too little of raised lesions for their degree of involvement by all types of lesions. For instance Manila had extensive raised lesions with little fatty streaking while Bogota had more fatty streaking but not so much of raised lesions. In the sequence N yields F yields R, Class A causes act at both stages of atherogenesis while Class B causes act at stage I or stage II but not both. Class A and Class B causes both revealed important variation among location-race, sex, and cause of death groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The associations of race, cigarette smoking, and smoking cessation to measures of the immune system in middle-aged men.

To estimate the association between the immunologic responses of the cell-mediated and humoral systems and race or tobacco smoking, we used data from the Vietnam Experience Study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control. That study, done from 1985 to 1986, was based on a random sample of 4462 male, Vietnam-era, U.S. veterans. Racial groups were white, black, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian. We used linear regression to evaluate how (i) the race of the subjects, (ii) the number of pack-years of cigarettes the subjects smoked, and (iii) the smoking cessation of certain subjects were associated with their relative and absolute T, B, CD4, and CD8 lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG levels. The results indicated that immune status was associated with race and smoking history and that, generally, the associations remained after adjustment for covariates. For example, the average IgA level and absolute CD8 lymphocyte count for blacks were, respectively, 19 and 16% higher than those for whites. On the other hand, smokers had lower immunoglobulin levels and relative CD8 cell counts and higher counts for other lymphocytes of the cell-mediated system than nonsmokers. For example, the average absolute B count of heavy smokers was 37% higher than that of nonsmokers. The pattern after cigarette smoking cessation was consistent with a reversible effect of smoking and a return toward immune levels of nonsmokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Relationship of auditory hallucinations and paranoia to platelet MAO activity in schizophrenics: sex and race interactions.

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined in 37 female and 64 male patients with Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses of paranoid or undifferentiated schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder, mainly schizophrenic, and for 71 female and 65 male normal controls (NCs). Female NCs had significantly higher adjusted mean platelet MAO activity than male NCs and female, paranoid, nonhallucinating schizophrenics. Male NCs had significantly higher adjusted mean platelet MAO activity than male, paranoid, hallucinating schizophrenics. Examination of main and interactive effects of diagnostic subtype, presence/absence of auditory hallucinations, gender, and race within the group of schizophrenic patients revealed no statistically significant main effect but, rather, significant interactive effects of auditory hallucinations with gender, with diagnostic group and gender, and with diagnostic group and race in the prediction of platelet MAO activity. The interaction of diagnostic subtype with race and gender in the prediction of platelet MAO activity was also statistically significant. In general, significantly decreased platelet MAO activity was associated with both paranoid subtype and presence of auditory hallucinations in male and in black schizophrenics; and with paranoid subtype alone in white male schizophrenics. These interactive relationships with platelet MAO activity in schizophrenics may account for discrepancies in previous reports of the activity of this enzyme in schizophrenics, and are consistent with reduced platelet MAO activity in subgroups of schizophrenics.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A test of the relationship between race, socioeconomic status, and psychological distress.

Contrary to the general position in the research literature, Kessler and Neighbors have argued that race has independent effects on psychological distress among the lower class in the United States. They claim that lower-class blacks have significantly higher levels of distress than lower-class whites and this result is due to race rather than social class. A test of this proposition is presented in this paper. These data do not support the contention that race makes a difference in levels of psychological distress among the lower class. We found, that, as income increases among blacks and whites, psychological distress decreases and this is especially true for blacks. However, there was no significant difference between blacks and whites at the lowest income levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychiatric symptoms in polysubstance abusers: relationship to race, sex, and age.

The Symptom Check List 90R (SCL-90R) was administered to a sample of 94 polysubstance abusers seeking outpatient detoxification for opioid addiction. The relationships among race, sex, and age, and psychiatric symptoms were examined. Results obtained by an ANOVA indicated a significant effect only for race. White substance abusers reported significantly more psychiatric symptoms (on 9 out of 12 SCL-90R scales) than did Black substance abusers. A comparison of effect sizes between those found in the present study and those of related studies is also presented. Results suggest that race differences may be relevant to treatment resource and treatment planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Three different calmodulin-encoding cDNAs isolated by a modified 5'-RACE using degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

In order to obtain the 5' ends of the three mouse calmodulin (CaM) cDNAs, we modified the standard 5' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method to use degenerate synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides to prime cDNA synthesis of all three CaM mRNAs. In this modified method, the degenerate primers were annealed to mRNAs in an incubation step prior to the reverse transcription reaction. Separating the annealing step from the reverse transcription reaction allowed for greater stringency by using higher temperatures than could be tolerated if the reverse transcriptase were present. Annealing was also done with lower primer concentration and was driven by a longer incubation time. After the annealing step, cDNA synthesis was initiated by diluting the annealing mixture into a 42 degrees C buffer with reverse transcriptase. The synthesized cDNA was poly(dA)-tailed to allow PCR amplification of the first-strand cDNA with an anchor-dT17 primer and the degenerate primers. The CaM cDNAs were evident after this PCR. A second PCR, with nested gene-specific primers, was used to isolate the individual CaM cDNAs from the products of the first PCR. Three distinct CaM cDNAs were cloned and sequenced. By comparison of the 5' untranslated sequences between the mouse CaM DNAs and rat CaM cDNAs, the corresponding homologs were assigned. The results suggest that application of this modified RACE method could improve the success of isolating specific cDNAs in cases where use of a nested primer is not possible or when amino-acid sequence information is available and only degenerate primers can be designed for cloning cDNAs by the 5'-RACE method.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Race differences in infant mortality from endogenous causes: a population-based study in North Carolina.

This study examines the associations between race, birth weight, and mortality from endogenous causes for all singleton births born in 1984-1987 in a 20-county region of North Carolina. A more detailed analysis of preterm low birth weight infants examines these associations according to the proximate medical causes (medical etiology) of the preterm birth. Overall, black infants were found to have approximately twice the mortality risk of white infants. Most of the excess black mortality risk is explained by the larger proportion of black infants born at lower birth weights. The pattern of race differences in infant mortality by birth weight generally replicates the results of earlier studies, but the relative risk ratios within specific birth weight categories are smaller than previously reported. Among preterm low birth weight infants, the association between race and endogenous mortality differs within categories of medical etiology. The mortality risk is the same for black and white infants born preterm due to premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), lower for black infants born preterm due to medical problems, and higher for black infants born preterm due to idiopathic premature labor (IPL).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Is race related to glycemic control? An assessment of glycosylated hemoglobin in two South Carolina communities.

To consider the relationship between race and long-term glycemic control, as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), we analyzed data from a community-based sample of 3175 adults in the South Carolina Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Project. A clinically meaningful difference for mean GHb levels (10.5 vs 8.4%, P < 0.001) was present between black people and white people reporting diabetes. Similarly, a significant association between race and GHb was present among people reporting "borderline diabetes" or no diabetes. Logistic regression confirmed this finding in all three diabetic categories, however, controlling for insulin use in the diabetic group reduced (P < 0.001) the association between GHb and race. These findings confirm that further improvements in glycemic control are necessary, especially for black patients and that black people not reporting diabetes have higher GHb levels compared to white people, possibly due to undiagnosed diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relationship of insulin, race, and hypertension with hemodynamic reactivity to a behavioral challenge.

Insulin is a modulator of blood pressure and may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This study examined the relationship between fasting insulin level and cardiovascular reactivity in hypertensive and normotensive black and white patients. Eighty-one patients were studied after 3 days of hospitalization on an isocaloric diet providing 200 mmol Na+ and 100 mmol K+ per day. Fasting insulin levels were determined on the morning of the second hospital day; a median split was used to determine high- and low-insulin groups. On the next day of hospitalization we examined blood pressure and hemodynamic responses to a speaking challenge. Hemodynamic responses were determined with impedance cardiography. Reactivity was studied as the percentage change from resting baseline. There were significant race by blood pressure level interactions for systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity (P < or = .01). Black hypertensives showed more blood pressure reactivity than either the white hypertensives or the white normotensives; black normotensives had less blood pressure reactivity than the other groups. Insulin grouping interacted with blood pressure level and race on the reactivity of the underlying hemodynamic measures (total peripheral resistance, stroke volume, and heart rate; P < or = .02). Fasting insulin level had no relationship to blood pressure reactivity. On the other hand, insulin level interacted with blood pressure level and race on the underlying hemodynamics controlling blood pressure, namely total peripheral resistance and stroke volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Correlates of body fat distribution. Variation across categories of race, sex, and body mass in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. The Atherosclerosis Risk in communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.

Though central adiposity is a strong, independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, relatively little is known about its determinants. To characterize the association of central adiposity with several of its possible determinants, while describing variability in these associations across sex, race, and level of body mass index, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 15,800 white and African-American men and women ages 45 to 64 years participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities baseline survey, 1987 to 1989. After adjustment for other possible determinants, African Americans had markedly larger subscapular skinfold thickness and subscapular/triceps ratios than did whites, while whites had larger waist/hip ratios. Large, statistically significant variations in waist/hip ratio associations with age, percent of weight gained after age 25, smoking, and physical activity in the workplace existed across categories of sex, race, and body mass index. Based on our findings, we concluded that major variation exists in the waist/hip ratio and in its associations with its possible determinants across categories of race, sex and obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Differences in safety belt use by race.

The purpose of the study was to identify daytime differences in safety belt use by race. Safety belt use was investigated in a direct observation survey of drivers and front-outboard passengers throughout Michigan. Data were weighted to calculate statewide safety belt use rates by race. Race was assessed visually by trained observers. The study showed that motor vehicle occupants identified as Black had significantly lower safety belt use than those occupants identified as White or Other.

Accidents, Traffic↗