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PubMed1975

[Detection of niacin with the paper strip test (author's transl)].

Preparation and application of reagent impregnated paper strips for the detection of niacin are described. 170 cultures of mycobacteria were tested with the paper strips and by the conventional aniline-cyanogen bromide method. The results obtained demonstrate a high degree of correlation. Because of its advantages in comparison to the aniline-cyanogen bromide method-the toxic cyanogen bromide is omitted; malachite green does not disturb the reaction-the paper strip test can be recommended without reservation for the detection of niacin in microbiological laboratories.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of the determination of cyclosporin-A in blood samples collected on filter paper and by the ordinary technique].

Monitoring cyclosporin-A (CsA) blood levels is of utmost importance for the rational use of this drug. Although many centers perform transplants, in Brazil there are few laboratories able to measure CsA blood levels. Therefore making blood samples reach the laboratory emerged as a problem. Collection of blood on filter paper has been a technique used for a long time in special cases. PURPOSE--To confirm the usefulness of measuring CsA blood levels in blood samples collected on filter paper and in the usual way. METHOD--We studied twenty renal cadaver kidney recipients who were receiving CsA, azathioprine and prednisone. Ninety five blood samples were collected and divided into two aliquots. One of them was sent routinely to one laboratory to perform whole blood CsA measurements. From the other aliquot, 20 microliters were pipetted on filter paper. When dried they were mailed to the other laboratory, where, after elution, CsA was measured. In both cases radioimmunoassay with polyclonal antibody was used. RESULTS--Linear correlation between both measurements revealed r = 0.81 with no statistical difference. CONCLUSION--The technique showed to be useful in clinical practice. In countries with continental size, as Brazil, it may be very helpful.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed1996

Effect of paper spacer (spader) in conjunction with procaterol metered dose inhaler in the treatment of acute asthma.

Thirty acute asthmatic patients (mean age 35.6 +/- 13.5 years, mean FEV1 0.97 +/- 0.95 L) in the emergency room were evaluated for airway response to procaterol administered by metered-dose inhaler (MDI) compared to MDI with auxiliary device (a paper spacer) in a randomised cross over study. Bronchodilator response to procaterol delivered by MDI, with paper spacer was significantly greater than that by MDI without spacer (mean maximal increment of FEV1, 0.67 +/- 0.46 vs 0.59 +/- 0.46 L, p = 0.016, mean maximal increment of PEFR, 112 +/- 62.3 vs 86.7 +/- 61.3 L/min, p = 0.003) but there was no difference in dyspnoea score, wheezing score and heart rate. This collapsible and portable auxiliary device (paper spacer) can increase therapeutic efficacy of bronchodilator response in asthmatic patients.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1995

Writing a scientific paper.

There are many varieties of medical writing. This paper suggests a sound, practical approach for writing up a research project in the conventional format for a medical or scientific journal. The structure of a scientific paper is well established, to accommodate the "Why" of the project (the Introduction), the "Who, when, where and how" (the Methods) and the "What" (the Results). The Discussion (the "So what") should be in three parts--discussion and explanation of results, disputation, and disquisition (implications for practice and for future work). Guidelines are given for getting started and for producing a paper that will, hopefully, be published and read.

Authorship↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of rubella antibodies in blood samples collected on filter paper].

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) could be prevented if young women knew their immune status before pregnancy, contributing in this way to decrease the birth morbidity rate due to CRS among the children. Our objective was to optimize the detection of rubella virus-antibodies by HAI, using an easier and safer method to collect samples of big populations. One hundred specimens, obtained from patients in a pediatric hospital and pregnant women in an institute of Virology were used for this work. Venous blood was drawn and collected in a test tube, and few drops were spotted onto filter paper circles. These samples were kept in envelopes and stored at room temperature until analysis. Seventy two percent of dried blood samples had titers identical to those of the corresponding serum samples, and 28% dried blood samples showed 1 dilution of difference. Storage of dried blood at room temperature for 30 days did not affect the HAI titers. Up to 60 days post attainment, 59% dried blood samples had identical titers to those of the corresponding serum samples, and 41% dried blood samples showed one dilution of difference. At 100 days of storage 51% dried blood samples had identical titers to those of the corresponding serum samples, 38% dried blood samples showed 1 dilution of difference and 11% and more than 1 dilution of difference. In conclusion, dried blood on filter paper is an easier method to transport and store blood samples for the determination of rubella virus immunity, for as long as 30 days. It could be used for large-scale epidemiological studies. The sensitivity and specificity of HAI performed on dried blood samples was 100%. Only 0.25 ml of whole blood is needed and the samples are stable at room temperature, without air or sterile conditioning. The proposed methodology is a practical approach to collect, transport and store blood samples. Moreover the blood dried on paper spots can be placed in a plastic bag and mailed to a reference laboratory. This is an appropriate alternative method for serological screenings in developing countries.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Ability of pediatric residents to read critically research papers].

OBJECTIVE: To explore ability to read clinical research papers by pediatric residents at different stages of their training. SETTING: Four hospitals of the Mexican Social Security System located in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An instrument to evaluate the ability to read critically pediatric research papers was developed and validated by four experts. It contained four abstracts generated from research articles and was integrated by 30 interpretation items, 30 judgment items and 30 alternative proposals items, to be answered by the true-false- don't know system. RESULTS: Sixty seven residents participated (21 first year, 20 second year and 26 third year level). There were no significant differences in interpretation, judgment and overall scores between groups. There was a significant degree of agreement in the ordinality of the residents for the scores in interpretation, judgment and proposals (Kendall W = 0.55, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the residents were not influenced by the training received during their residence in regard to their ability for critical reading of clinical research papers.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Freud's presentation of 'the psychoanalytic mode of thought' in Totem and taboo and his technical papers.

Freud considered 'the psychoanalytic mode of thought' to be an instrument of research. In 'Totem and Taboo', he demonstrated his mode of thinking by applying it to the data of contemporary studies of totemism. While taking the reader along the paths of his selection and weighing of information, he also applied clinical discoveries about mental life in reconstructing 'primitive psychological situations' in the distant past. In the technical papers that appeared concurrently with his book, he applied to the clinical situation the ideas on transference, narcissism, primitive mental mechanisms and unconscious communication that he had explored in 'Totem and Taboo'. In this paper, the author presents material showing the structure of Freud's exposition as a model of analytic exploration. Some of the principles of mental organisation mentioned by Freud are discussed. Examples are given of the close parallels between 'Totem and Taboo' and two technical papers. The author suggests that 'Totem and Taboo' is an important step in Freud's development of his theory of object relations and his ideas about the intersubjectivity of unconscious mental life.

Cultural Evolution↗

PubMed1998

Who's afraid of psychoanalytic research? Analysts' attitudes towards reading clinical versus empirical research papers.

The authors point out that psychoanalytic research papers are cited with less frequency than clinical papers, and, presumably, are read with less frequency. Results from two sets of questionnaires from psychoanalysts indicate that a majority of analysts report high levels of conviction in the rationales and techniques in their clinical work. However, analysts with higher degrees of conviction read fewer research papers than analysts with lower degrees of conviction. The authors speculate that analysts with higher degrees of conviction may have an underlying sense of uncertainty about their analytic work. Their uncertainty may generate concerns that research may raise questions and doubts about their rationales and techniques, and, consequently, they have little interest in empirical psychoanalytic research. Such an attitude would be understandable because analysts sense or explicitly believe that confidence in their work is an important, perhaps essential, element in the mutative effects of treatment, and must be maintained and protected. The authors believe that clinical and research approaches have each contributed to the development of psychoanalysis and that both need to be used.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1994

Western blotting of formaldehyde-fixed neuropeptides as small as 400 daltons on gelatin-coated nitrocellulose paper.

A method is described for Western blotting of peptides as small as 400 daltons (Da). Peptides were separated by tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and electroblotted to gelatin-coated PH79 nitrocellulose paper (0.1 micron). The electroblotted peptides were fixed to the nitrocellulose paper for 5-10 min in 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Using anti-rabbit FMRF-amide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) as primary antibody, positive immunoreactivity was detected with an amplified alkaline phosphatase assay which was sensitive to at least 0.5 microgram FMRFamide/lane. When immunoreactivity was determined with 125I-protein A, it was possible to amplify and detect weak signals by increasing the autoradiography time. Therefore, using the 125I-protein A detection method, Western blot analysis of brain extracts from Lymnaea stagnalis (pond snail) and Poecilia reticulata (guppy) indicated the presence of four FMRFamide immunoreactive bands after a 7-day exposure to X-ray film. The most abundant peptide coelectrophoresed with the FMRFamide standard (M(r) 598.8 Da). In addition, this Western blotting procedure also detected APGWamide (Ala-Pro-Gly-Try-NH2; 428.5 Da) and [D-Ala2]-Leu-enkephalinamide (568.7 Da) with their respective specific antibodies.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Screening for inherited metabolic disease in Wales using urine-impregnated filter paper.

Urine specimens from 135 295 infants have been collected on filter papers and tested for 7 abnormal urinary constituents using spot tests and paper chromatography. The method has detected 5 infants with phenylketonuria, 4 with histidinaemia, 5 with cystinuria, 5 with diabetes mellitus, and one with alcaptonuria. Transient abnormalities such as tyrosyluria, generalized aminoaciduria, cystinuria, and glycosuria have been noted. 2 phenylketonuric infants failed to excrete a detectable quantity of o-hydroxyphenlacetic acid at the time of testing. The findings show that the detection of this compound in urine is an unreliable method of screening for phenylketonuria.

Alkaptonuria↗

PubMed1975

Screening for drug abuse: use of NaCl to increase drug recovery from papers coated with ion-exchange resin.

Use of papers loaded with ion-exchange resins to adsorb drugs from urine specimens resulted in large losses during the procedure. The first step, removal of drugs from urine specimens, was 25-85% efficient. The second step, elution of drugs from paper for further processing, was approximately 40-70% complete. The efficiency of the first step was decreased and the efficiency of the second step was increased by addition of NaCl, except in the case of barbiturates. Presence of salt during elution increased the yield of dihydromorphine by 20%, of methadone by 16%, of amphetamine by 34%, and of chlorpromazine by 40%, but did not enhance the yield of pentobarbital. Overall recovery rates were: 51% for the opiates, 57% for methadone, 72% for a phenothiazine tranquillizer, but only 35% for amphetamine and 15% for a barbiturate.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1996

Cohort study on cancer mortality among workers in the pulp and paper industry in Catalonia, Spain.

We examined mortality in a retrospective follow-up study of 3,241 workers employed between 1970-1992, in four pulp and paper mills in Catalonia, Spain. Vital status was determined for 95% of the cohort. Exposure was reconstructed using job histories and a company exposure questionnaire. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were derived using mortality rates of Spain as the reference. For all workers, mortality from all causes (SMR = 76; 95%; confidence intervals [CI] = 65-88; 189 deaths) and all malignant neoplasms (SMR = 93; CI = 72-119; 65 deaths) were less than the expected. Excess risk was observed for mortality from all neoplasms in females (SMR = 168; CI = 84-303; 11 deaths), for large intestine cancer in both sexes (SMR = 250; CI = 115-525; 8 deaths), particularly after 10 years of employment and latency (SMR = 355; CI = 154-701; 8 deaths), and for breast cancer in females (SMR = 286; CI = 77-732; 4 deaths). These findings suggest that workers employed in the pulp and paper industry may have an excess risk of specific cancers.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Industrial hygiene measurements in a new industry: the repulping and deinking of paper waste.

Six Danish paper recycling plants were included in an assessment of exposure to chemicals. A questionnaire on processes was completed, and in-plant industrial hygiene measurement data collected 1982-1994 were examined. The assessment of chemicals did not reveal a major use of possible carcinogens, but acrylamide may have been released in the work environment in one plant. A total of 197 hygiene measurements were recorded: 126 in the largest plant. Airborne concentrations of dust, microorganisms, and endotoxins varied widely between plants. High concentrations of dust were recorded in the paper machine area in one plant and in the repulping unit in another plant. In general, endotoxin levels were low, but endotoxin levels were increased in one plant when reuse of process water was intensified. Changes in procedures should be assessed by industrial hygiene measurements.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1997

Mortality in employees of a Scottish paper mill.

To assess possible health risks associated with the manufacture of paper, we carried out a retrospective analysis of mortality among 4,242 men and women employed at a Scottish paper mill between 1955 and 1992. During follow-up to 1994, 959 subjects had died giving an SMR of 0.85 (95% CI 0.80-0.90) in comparison with the national population. Mortality from all cancer (SMR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.88) and particularly from lung cancer (SMR 0.64, 95% CI 0.50-0.81) was lower than expected. An excess of lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer (11 deaths, SMR 2.17) was observed in the making department. These findings do not support an occupational hazard of lung cancer as suggested by several earlier studies. The excess of lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer in the making department was unexpected, and may be a chance occurrence.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed1998

Industry-wide study of mortality of pulp and paper mill workers.

A study of pulp and paper mill workers indicated low risks of death from all causes (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 0.74) and all cancers (SMR = 0.81) compared with U.S. rates. The leukemia death rate in workers was not higher than the U.S. rate but was higher than the rate in county populations surrounding mills. Workers whose last jobs were in the finishing areas of the mills had an elevated SMR for liver cancer. An internal comparison of occupational characteristics indicated that workers employed in mills using other chemical pulping operations had significantly elevated mortality from all causes, all cancers, heart disease, lymphomas, and brain cancers. Lung cancer mortality was elevated in mills using kraft pulping. The internal comparisons confirmed the association between work in finishing and the risk of liver cancer. This study was designed to investigate whether pulp and paper mill workers have any risks that would indicate the need for studies detailing exposures.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on simulated ageing of paper by photochemical degradation.

The study of the ageing of two paper types was performed on monitoring it during a simulated process by means of the measure of the photocatalytic degradation of the paper cellulose. Such evaluation was possible due to the combined responses of a photosensor based on titanium dioxide in suspension, of an enzymatic biosensor based on superoxide dismutase (SOD), of a specific conductivity sensor and of an enzymatic biosensor based on glucose oxidase.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of environmental persistence and thermogravimetric analysis of paper artificially aged by photoirradiation.

Fabriano paper was aged by irradiation with ultraviolet light (k=310) in a veterometer for 300 hours. At fixed time intervals, samples of the paper under test were analysed by titanium dioxide photosensor to determine electrochemically the "environmental persistence" index, by a suitable conductimeter method, to determine the specific conductivity variation and by thermogravimetry to determine the moisture content, the onset temperature of the cellulose degradation process and the value of the activation energy of the same process. The behaviour of these different types of indicators displayed approximately monotonous trends as a function of time.

Cellulose↗

PubMed1991

Mortality pattern among pulp and paper mill workers in Sweden: a case-referent study.

The mortality pattern among Swedish pulp and paper mill workers was evaluated in a case-referent study encompassing 4,070 men decreased during the period 1950-1987. The subjects were identified from the register of deaths and burials in six parishes. A significantly increased mortality was seen for diabetes mellitus and for secondary tumors of the lung and liver among the pulp and paper mill workers. Indications of excess risks were also found for obstructive lung disorders, pulmonary emboli, accidents, and pneumonia, as well as for malignant lymphomas, leukemias, and cancer of the pancreas and stomach. In the only parish where a sulfite process was exclusively used, cancer of the digestive tract and especially of the rectum was found to be in excess. Except for this parish, the sulfate process predominated in the plants included. The mortality pattern found in this study is in reasonable agreement with findings in various studies from this type of industry.

Adult↗