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PubMed2003

Relationship between volatile organohalogen compounds in drinking water and human urine in Poland.

Selected volatile organohalogen compounds (VOX) were investigated in urine samples from people living in different areas of the Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia TriCity (Poland). The analytes were isolated and preconcentrated using the so-called thin layer headspace technique with autogenous generation of the liquid sorbent. Final gas chromatographic determination was carried out by direct aqueous injection with electron capture detection. Analyte concentrations in drinking water ranged from not detected to approximately 8 microg/l (chloroform), depending on the source of drinking water in a given part of the TriCity (underground, surface or mixed). The corresponding urine levels were typically lower by about an order of magnitude. VOX levels in urine of people living in the parts of the TriCity supplied with drinking water containing elevated levels of the analytes were higher than the levels in urine of people whose drinking water originated from deep underground wells. The linear correlation coefficients for the relationships between total VOX and chloroform levels in drinking water and in urine were r2=0.65 and 0.88, respectively. The fraction of VOX excreted with urine in unchanged form did not exceed 20%.

Chloroform↗
PubMed2004

Mercury in wild mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from Koszalin, North-central Poland.

Concentrations of total mercury were determined by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) in 221 caps and 221 stalks of 15 species of wild growing higher fungi/mushrooms and 221 samples of corresponding soil substrate collected in 1997-98 in Manowo County, near the city of Koszalin in North-central Poland. Mean mercury concentrations in caps and stalks of the mushroom species examined and soils varied between 30+/-31 and 920+/-280, 17+/-11 and 560+/-220, and 10+/-9 and 170+/-110 ng/g dry matter, respectively. Cap to stalk mercury concentration quotients were from 1.0+/-0.4 in poison pax (Paxillus involutus) to 2.8+/-0.7 in slippery jack (Suillus luteus). Brown cort (Cortinarius malicorius), fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), orange-brown ringless amanita (A. fulva), red-aspen bolete (Leccinum rufum) and mutagen milk cap (Lactarius necator) contained the highest concentrations of mercury both in caps and stalks, and mean concentrations varied between 600+/-750 and 920+/-280 and 370+/-470 and 560+/-220 ng/g dry matter, respectively. An estimate of daily intake of mercury from mushroom consumption indicated that the flesh of edible species of mushrooms may not pose hazards to human health even at a maximum consumption rate of 28 g/day. However, it should be noted that mercury intake from other foods will augment the daily intake rates. Species such as the sickener (Russula emetica), Geranium-scented russula (R. fellea) and poison pax (P. involutus) did not concentrate mercury as evidenced from the bioconcentration factors (BCFs: concentrations in mushroom/concentration in soil substrate), which were less than 1. Similarly, red-hot milk cap (L. rufus), rickstone funnel cap (Clitocybe geotropa) and European cow bolete (S. bovinus) were observed to be weak accumulators of mercury. Fly agaric (A. muscaria) accumulated great concentrations of mercury with BCFs reaching 73+/-42 and 38+/-22 in caps and stalks, respectively. Mercury BCFs of between 4.0+/-2.3 and 23+/-25 (caps) and 2.6+/-1.9 and 14+/-12 (stalks) were noted for the other mushroom species. Relatively great concentrations of mercury in fly agaric (A. muscaria) were due to preferential uptake of this element by this species.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1997

Standard species from Poland for environmental specimen bank.

The Environmental Specimen Bank has proposed a list of matrices recommended for collection from terrestrial and marine areas as well as from inland waterbodies. There have been taken into consideration the most common and available species, chiefly in western Europe. Poland is making ready for co-operation with ESB to gather samples within the country and must consider a number of regional differences resulting from among others geographical distinction (another quantity of populations, spatial distribution etc.). There are also different legislative regulations with respect to protection of certain species. The authors have selected some species from the list of ESB and proposed in certain cases substitutional matrices.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in some waste motor and transformer oils from Poland.

Waste motor and transformer oils are considered as a main source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emission into the environment. The levels of total PCB in twenty six randomly selected samples of waste motor and transformer oils from different regions of Poland were studied. The clean-up of the extracts on two solid phase extraction columns system and determination of PCBs by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection were performed. The determined content of PCBs in motor oils was by one order of magnitude higher than in transformer oils, but in the both types of analysed samples, except one sample, did not exceed 50 micrograms/g.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2001

Daily intakes of 238U, 234U, 232Th, 230Th, 228Th and 226Ra in the adult population of central Poland.

Activity concentration of the uranium and thorium series radionuclides was determined in foodstuffs and drinking water in central Poland. Annual and daily intake for the adult population was estimated from the concentrations determined and average annual consumption of food and water. The daily intakes (in mBq) were 22.1 (238U), 26.5 (234U), 2.38 (232Th), 4.06 (230Th), 11.2 (228Th) and 42.2 (226Ra). The intake of uranium isotopes occurred mainly with water; the main intake of thorium isotopes was with animal products, vegetables, cereals and potatoes, whereas 226Ra entered mainly with animal products, cereals and vegetables. From the intake and dose coefficients, the annual effective doses for the ingested radionuclides were calculated. The annual effective dose was 5.95 microSv, of which 72.4% originated from 226Ra.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The concentrations and bioconcentration factors of mercury in mushrooms from the Mierzeja Wiślana sand-bar, northern Poland.

The total concentration of mercury was determined in 15 species of wild growing mushrooms, each represented by 15 specimens including underlying substrate, collected from the unpolluted area of the sand-bar Mierzeja Wiślana in the northern part of Poland in 1993-1994. Mercury was measured by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) after wet digestion of the samples with concentrated nitric acid in a glass system. The mushroom species examined showed a wide range of mercury concentrations, i.e. from 5.6 +/- 2.1 micrograms/g dry wt. in Scleroderma citrinum to 1100 +/- 240 micrograms/g in the edible Macrolepiota procera. No bioconcentration of mercury was observed in Xerocomus badius, Paxilus involutus, Russula queletii and Lactarius rufus. In Hygrophorius aurantiaca, Armilariella mellea and Amanita vaginata the bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of mercury were close to one. Accumulation of mercury was slight in Oudemansiella platyphylla and Amanita citrica (BCF between 2.0 and 3.3 in the caps and 1.7 in the stalks) and high in Leccinum scabrurm, Amanita muscaria and Macrolepiota procera (BCFs between 11 and 35 in the caps and 6.7-18 in the stalks). In the whole fruiting body of Polyporus melanopsuss and Scleroderma citrinum the BCF values of mercury were 4.4 and 0.083, respectively. There was a high correlation between the concentrations of mercury in the caps and stalks of Macrolepiota procera and in the underlying substrate (P < 0.001), a slight correlation for Polyporus melanopsuss, and also for the caps of Leccinum scabrum, Oudemansiella platyphylla and Russula aeruginea and the stalks of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (P < 0.01) and L. scabrum (P < 0.05). For the other mushroom species investigated there was no correlation between mercury concentration in the fruiting bodies and underlying substrate.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1999

A study of fibrous aerosols in the home environment in Sosnowiec, Poland.

This work constitutes the first report on the concentration of airborne respirable fibers, and their length distribution in different groups of homes in Sosnowiec, Poland. The measurements have been made by using the MIE Laser Fiber Monitor FM-7400. Mean concentration level of the respirable fibers, longer than 5 microns, ranged from 350 m-3 through 910 m-3 up to 1020 m-3 in the homes located in suburban areas, near the busy streets, and in the buildings covered with asbestos-cement sheets, respectively. These results indicate the outdoor asbestos-containing materials as the main sources of airborne fibers inside the Sosnowiec dwellings.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2003

Comparative studies on the concentrations of some elements in the urban air particulate matter in Lodz City of Poland and in Milan, Italy.

Urban air particulate matter (APM) was collected at two sampling sites in the city of Lodz, Poland in March, May and July 2001. The concentrations of several trace elements (TEs) as well as heavy metals were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). It was found that for many elements, the contribution of the blank values arising from the filtering material is very high, especially for glass fiber filters. The results obtained for Lodz were compared to those obtained for Milan, Italy. The data of Lodz are, in general, lower than those found in Milan downtown in the winter season. The influence of three coal-fired power plants located within the city of Lodz on the concentration of trace elements in APM was also considered.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Smoking, passive smoking and lung cancer cell types among women in Poland.

A case-control study involving 242 women with histologically confirmed lung cancer and 352 healthy controls, was conducted in Cracow, Poland between 1991 and 1997. Subjects were interviewed about their exposure to smoking, passive smoking and other suspected risk factors, according to a structured questionnaire. Multivariate analysis has shown that cigarette smoking was the most strongly active risk factor in female lung cancer. The strongest influence of this factor was observed with reference to small cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. It has also been observed that passive smoking exposure during childhood before the age of 18, significantly increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and all cell types combined. A similar effect was observed for adenocarcinoma, but there was no statistical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Isolation and epidemiological study of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from patients of a haematological unit in Poland.

Enterococcus faecium has recently emerged as a serious nosocomial pathogen. Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) have been isolated in Europe and the USA since 1988. This is the first report on isolation of vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREM) strains in Poland, from Haematological Unit patients in the Clinical Hospital in Gdańsk. In total, 6412 samples were examined between December 1996 and October 1997. Five hundred and five isolates of Enterococcus spp. were collected. One hundred and one were classified as Enterococcus faecium of which 49 were resistant to vancomycin (MIC > 256 mg/L) and teicoplanin (MIC > 256 mg/L), characteristic of the VanA phenotype. Twenty-nine patients were infected or colonized. A PCR-based specific diagnostic assay confirmed the phenotype. The multiplex PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns were consistent with VanA-type of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium for all isolates examined. These isolates were epidemiologically-related as shown by PCR-fingerprinting.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Pogotowie Ratunkowe: the emergency medical system of Poland.

In March 1983, in conjunction with the Columbia University Affiliated Hospitals Residency in Emergency Medicine, Overlook Hospital, and under the auspices of the Ministry of Health in Warsaw, we visited Poland to study the country's emergency medical system. The emergency medical service, Pogotowie Ratunkowe, is responsible for civilian acute care throughout the nation. Its domain includes operation of the freestanding emergency medical care centers, all emergency transport and ambulance services, and several short-stay emergency hospitals. The system utilizes a modular concept, and the same basic organization is employed in each of the 49 provinces and five largest cities. The heart of each module is a central dispatch station, ambulance base, and emergency treatment facility. A hub of substations, with treatment areas and ambulance bases, completes the system. All ambulance dispatches come from the central office. A toll-free number provides access. An integral part of the central dispatch station is the information bureau. Individuals seeking a missing person can, by calling a single number find out if they have been picked up by any ambulance, admitted to any hospital, or treated in any ambulatory emergency center within the province. Ambulances are staffed by physicians and equipped with medications. Once on the scene the physician may elect to treat the patient, transport him to an emergency station, or admit him to a hospital. A system of general and specialized ambulances makes the best use of limited resources, such as cardiac resuscitation and trauma vehicles. The need for such technology as telemetry is averted because a physician is on the scene to read the electrocardiographic monitor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Hepatitis A shifting epidemiology in Poland and Eastern Europe.

The clinical morbidity of hepatitis A probably only represents 20% of cases of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. When it became possible to determine specific antibodies, a seroepidemiological survey of anti-HAV was undertaken in Poland, which showed that between 1979 and 1997 there was a shift in the peak age of infection from childhood to adulthood, concomitant with a substantial decline in the incidence of HAV infection. Data from the World Health Organization also indicate that there has also been a decline in the incidence of hepatitis A in Eastern European countries in general, over the 3 years from 1994 to 1996. The potential risk of epidemics still exists, however, when appropriate conditions are created. The available data show that fewer young people are becoming infected with HAV, and general preventive measures, including vaccination of children and high-risk groups (e.g. healthcare and childcare personnel and those living in 'closed communities') are needed to deal with HAV infections in Eastern Europe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Study of 222Rn concentrations in drinking water in the north-eastern hydroregions of Poland.

This paper presents the results of radon concentration measurements in the drinking water from the municipal water supply system and private wells located in the north-eastern part of Poland. The measurements were carried out on 643 samples using a liquid scintillation method. The mean value was found to be 5262 Bq m-3 with a maximum of 38347 Bq m-3. The samples were obtained from different water-bearing levels, i.e. surface water, deep borehole water and well water and have respective mean values of 3398, 5178 and 6155 Bq m-3. In 57 water samples, a guideline maximum level of 11,000 Bq m-3 was found to be exceeded. The observed radon concentration in water can contribute to a 2% increase in indoor radon concentration.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2003

Mayfly larvae (Baetis rhodani and B. vernus) as biomonitors of trace metal pollution in streams of a catchment draining a zinc and lead mining area of Upper Silesia, Poland.

Larvae of two Baetis species were used to investigate spatial and temporal variability in the bioavailabilities of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and iron in the river Biala Przemsza and its tributaries draining an area of lead and zinc mining in Upper Silesia, Poland. Accumulated metal concentrations were measured in April, May, August and November 2000. Both species indicated significant local geographical variability in availabilities of zinc, iron, lead and cadmium, but not copper. Accumulated concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium confirmed the high general contamination of the Biala Przemsza system by these three trace metals. Larvae showed little seasonal variation in concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and iron. Accumulated zinc concentrations were low in Baetis rhodani in August, perhaps as a result of insufficient time for high concentrations to accumulate since hatching of the larvae. Samples collected in August most nearly matched criteria of the greatest availability of larvae for collection and their size homogeneity, minimising the possibilities of any effect of differential larval size and/or age on accumulated metal concentrations. Mayfly larvae are members of a suite of potential stream biomonitors in Central Europe, which together can provide information on the different sources of bioavailable trace metals present in aquatic ecosystems.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Provision of ambulatory health services in Poland: a case study from Krakow.

This study provides a comprehensive picture of the organization and delivery of ambulatory health care services in Poland. A main finding of the study is that, following the introduction of health insurance in 1999, the newly introduced Sickness Funds have become the main players in the medical services market, introducing new bidding procedures and contracts for provision of medical services. Contracts, and negotiations which precede them, have introduced elements of market competition, which has affected the number and types of services provided by health care centers operating under a contract. The health financing reforms have led to an even playing field for public and non-public providers, marked by a proliferation of structurally smaller health units. The introduction of a market environment has changed the way in which providers are compensated, with a discernible shift away from salary-based systems to capitation and fee-for-service compensation. The analysis of the provider market for outpatient care underscores the importance of understanding the organization and supply of health services, particularly insofar as it relates to the design of appropriate financial and other incentives for providers of health services and of policy interventions necessary for achieving systemic changes.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1999

Household nutrition and health in Poland.

Data from 600 households in the province of Lublin, Poland, are used to assess the relationships among self-rated household health, change in health status, sociodemographic characteristics, food purchasing behavior changes, and health care seeking behaviors. High ratings of health are enjoyed by rural families headed by comparatively young individuals with high education. Average household health is also a function of household changes in food purchasing behavior over the past 5 years and per capita consumption of starch-based foods. Families consuming greater proportions of bread and potatoes and purchasing foods of reduced quality, quantity, and price experience lower average levels of subjective physical health than other families. Reduction or postponement of medical or dental care over the past 5 years did not affect health status in this model.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2001

[Corrective surgery of thoracic anomalies in Poland syndrome. General review of 20 patients].

UNLABELLED: Breast and thoracic anomalies in Poland's syndrome, whether associated or not with hypoplasia of the upper limb, have no functional impairment. They present an important cosmetic disgrace. Several methods for correction were proposed: muscular transfer with or without implants. Each one has its advantages and drawbacks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We operated 20 adolescents and adults with this deformity: 13 females and 7 males. If the inferior bundle of the pectoralis major was always absent, other muscular anomalies such as aplasia of the latissimus dorsi may complicate the corrective procedure. The choice of the treatment depends upon the importance of the muscular and sometimes associated costal aplasia, in the young girl, the breast development and in both sexes the position of the nipple. RESULTS: The latissimus dorsi transfer may be considered as the most adapted technique for the pestoralis major replacement. The results are often disappointing due to the secondary muscular atrophy. A composite implant with a part for breast reconstruction and another to fill the subclavicular gap gives satisfactory results but it has the hazards of implants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Poland's syndrome: clinic series and thoraco-mammary reconstruction. Report of 27 cases].

The authors evaluate the quality of thoraco-mammary reconstructions in Poland's syndrome. There was 34 patients in our serie, and 27 were operating between 1982 and 2001. There was 19 women and 8 men; the mean age was 19 years (9-40 years). Because of the clinical variability, the authors propose a classification of the malformation's importance in 3 degrees. In our serie, there is 35% of degree I, 53% of degree II and 12% of degree III. Each patient had an average of 2 general anaesthesias (1-6). For the first operation time, men had translation of the homolateral latissimus dorsi muscle flap in 25%, and a thoracic prosthese in 75%. Women had mammary prosthese in 50%, expansion prosthese in 20%, mammary prosthese and thoracic prosthese in 20%, muscle flap in 10%. The same person analysed the results in terms: good, middle or bad. The results are good in 67%, middle in 22%, poor in 11%. In degree 1, the results are always good; in degree II, they are good in 59%, middle in 29% and poor in 12%; in degree III, the results are good, middle and poor in 33%.

Adolescent↗