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PubMed1995

The relationship between calcium, phosphorus, and sodium intake, race, and blood pressure in children with renal insufficiency: a report of the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases (GFRD) Study.

Nutritional data compiled during the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Clinical Trial were analyzed to determine the relationship between the dietary intake of divalent minerals and sodium, nutritional status, and serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations and blood pressure in black versus white children. One hundred eighteen patients are included in this report; 25 were black (21%) and 93 were white (79%). Although more of the blacks were male, the age distribution, midarm circumference, midarm muscle circumference, blood pressure, and serum calcium, phosphorus, and PTH concentrations were comparable in the two groups. Phosphorus intake was within the recommended daily allowance in both groups; in contrast, calcium intake was inadequate in all patients: 81% of the recommended daily allowance in whites, and 74% in blacks. Sixteen children were noted to be hypertensive during the observation period; six patients were receiving a variety of antihypertensive medications, including diuretics in two children. Linear regression analysis revealed that systolic and diastolic blood pressures were directly related to calcium and phosphorus intake in black patients. In white children, only dietary phosphorus intake and diastolic blood pressure were directly related. There was no relationship between sodium intake or GFR and blood pressure in the white or black children. PTH levels were directly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all children. The correlations between PTH and blood pressure were stronger in white versus black patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Black People↗
PubMed1998

Dipyridamole decreases renal phosphate leak and augments serum phosphorus in patients with low renal phosphate threshold.

It has been shown that an acute infusion of dipyridamole increased renal phosphate reabsorption in rats and humans. A prospective study was performed to determine whether chronic treatment by dipyridamole given orally could decrease renal phosphate leak and increase serum phosphorus in patients with idiopathic low renal phosphate threshold (TmPO4/GFR < 0.77 mM). Sixty-four patients with low TmPO4/GFR were included and treated with dipyridamole (75 mg, 4 times daily) for more than 12 mo. Serum phosphorus, TmPO4/GFR, parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured sequentially before treatment, and after 3, 6 to 9, and 12 mo of treatment. Under chronic treatment with dipyridamole, TmPO4/GFR and serum phosphorus significantly increased in 80% of patients within 3 mo, with maximal values reached within 9 mo. This improvement persisted after 12 mo of treatment. In 28 patients, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were above the normal range (> 42 pg/ml) and normalized in parallel with the increase of serum phosphorus. The 24-h calcium excretion (which was initially increased in patients with high vitamin D concentrations) and urolithiasis decreased under treatment. Ionized serum calcium and parathyroid hormone remained unchanged. After 2 yr, treatment was discontinued in three patients; serum phosphorus and TmPO4/GFR decreased within 1 mo after discontinuation. Dipyridamole at a dose of 75 mg 4 times daily increases low TmPO4/GFR and improves hypophosphatemia in patients with renal phosphate losses and can be used to treat these patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Planned versus actual outcomes as a result of animal feeding operation decisions for managing phosphorus.

The paper explores how decisions made on animal feeding operations (AFOs) influence the management of manure and phosphorus. Variability among these decisions from operation to operation and from field to field can influence the validity of nutrient loss risk assessments. These assessments are based on assumptions that the decision outcomes regarding manure distribution will occur as they are planned. The discrepancy between planned versus actual outcomes in phosphorus management was explored on nine AFOs managing a contiguous set of 210 fields in south-central Wisconsin. A total of 2611 soil samples were collected and multiple interviews conducted to assign phosphorus index (PI) ratings to the fields. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (r(S)) indicated that PI ratings were less sensitive to soil test phosphorus (STP) levels (r(S) = 0.378), universal soil loss equation (USLE) (r(S) = 0.261), ratings for chemical fertilizer application (r(S) = 0.185), and runoff class (r(S) = -0.089), and more sensitive to ratings for manure application (r(S) = 0.854). One-way ANOVA indicated that mean field STP levels were more homogenous than field PI ratings between AFOs. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests displayed several nonsignificant comparisons for cumulative distribution functions, S(x), of mean STP levels on AFO fields. On the other hand, the K-S tests of S(x) for PI ratings indicated that the majority of these S(x) functions were significantly different between AFOs at or greater than the 0.05 significance level. Interviews suggested multiple reasons for divergence between planned and actual outcomes in managing phosphorus, and that this divergence arises at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels of decision-making.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of phytase addition to poultry diets on phosphorus forms and solubility in litters and amended soils.

Diet modification to decrease phosphorus (P) concentration in animal feeds and manures can reduce surpluses of manure P in areas of intensive animal production. We generated turkey and broiler litters from two and three flock trials, respectively, using diets that ranged from "high" to "low" in non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) and some of which contained feed additives such as phytase. Phosphorus forms in selected litters were analyzed by sequential chemical fractionation and solution (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Selected litters were also incubated with four contrasting soils. Reducing dietary NPP and using phytase decreased total P in litters by up to 38%. Water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) in litters was decreased 21 to 44% by feeding NPP closer to animal requirement, but was not affected by phytase addition. Solution (31)P NMR spectroscopy showed that feeding NPP closer to requirement decreased orthophosphate in litters by an average of 38% and that adding phytase to feed did not increase the concentration of orthophosphate in litters. Phytase also decreased phytate P in litters by 25 to 38%, demonstrating that it increases phytate P hydrolysis. Incorporation of litters with soils at the same total P rate increased WSP in soils relative to the control; this increase was correlated to soluble P added with litters at 5 d, but not by 29 d. Changes in soil Mehlich-3 phosphorus (M3-P) were related to total P added in litter, rather than soluble P. We conclude that feeding NPP closer to requirement and using feed additives such as phytase decrease total P concentrations in litters, while having little effect on P solubility in litters and amended soils.

6-Phytase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solubility of phosphorus and heavy metals in potting media amended with yard waste-biosolids compost.

The potential risk of surface and ground water contamination by phosphorus (P) and heavy metals leached from compost-based containerized media has become an environmental concern. Solubility and fractionation of P and heavy metals were evaluated in media containing 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% compost derived from biosolids and yard trimmings for potential impacts on the environment. As compost proportion in peat-based media increased from 0 to 100%, concentrations of total P, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn in the media increased whereas concentrations of total Co and Cr decreased. Except for Cu, all heavy metals in the water-soluble fraction decreased with increasing compost proportion in the media, because of higher Fe, Al, and Ca concentrations and pH values of the composts than the peat. When the media pH is controlled and maintained at normal range of plant growth (5.5-6.5), leaching of the heavy metals is minimal. Incorporation of compost to the peat-based media also decreased the proportion of total P that was water-soluble. However, concentrations of bioavailable inorganic phosphorus (NaHCO3-IP), readily mineralizable organic phosphorus (NaHCO3-OP), potentially bioavailable inorganic phosphorus (NaOH-IP), and potentially bioavailable organic phosphorus (NaOH-OP) were still higher in the media amended with compost because of higher total P concentration in the compost. Further study is needed to verify if less or no topdressing of chemical P fertilizer should be applied to the compost-amended media to minimize P effect on the environment when compost-amended potting media are used for nursery or greenhouse crop production systems.

Fertilizers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of phytase on water-soluble phosphorus in poultry and swine manure.

The effect of dietary non-phytin phosphorus (NPP) and phytase (PHY) concentration on total phosphorus (TP) and water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) excretion was determined. Diets tested in broiler experiments were: National Research Council nutrient requirements for non-phytin phosphorus (NRC), NRC + PHY, reduced non-phytin phosphorus (RED), and RED + PHY. Turkey and swine experiment diets included NRC, RED, and RED + PHY. For all experiments, except broiler Experiment 1, excreta were: (i) boiled, antibiotic added, then frozen; (ii) boiled, antibiotic added, incubated (37 degrees C for 72 h), then frozen; and (iii) incubated, boiled, antibiotic added, then frozen. In Experiment 1, excreta were collected and frozen or incubated for 24 or 48 h. In broiler Experiment 1, WSP was not affected by phytase but increased with post-excretion incubation. In a broiler Experiment 2, reducing NPP resulted in reduced excreta TP and WSP (11.3 to 8.3 and 5.3 to 2.7 g kg(-1)). Feeding RED + PHY diets resulted in less TP and WSP (7.6 and 0.6 g kg(-1)) as compared with NRC + PHY (11.2 and 3.9 g kg(-1), Experiment 3). Incubation resulted in increased WSP, irrespective of phytase addition such that WSP as a percent of TP was similar among treatments. Addition of antibiotics before incubation prevented the increase in WSP. Similar results were observed with turkey and swine. Therefore, when phytase is used properly (i.e., with a simultaneous reduction of NPP), WSP or WSP as a percent of TP are not affected. The increase in WSP as a percent of TP post-excretion is a function of excreta microbial activity and not dietary phytase addition.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2006

Fixed film phosphorus removal--flexible enough?

While biological phosphorus removal (BPR) has been practised for 30 years, up to recently it has been restricted mainly to activated sludge processes, with the corresponding need for large basin volumes. Yet, research with biofilm reactors showed that the principle of alternate anaerobic and aerated conditions was applicable to fixed bacteria by changing the conditions in time rather than in space. Attached growth enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems are attractive because of their compactness and capability to retain high biomass levels. However, the phosphorus extraction depends on backwashes to enhance the phosphorus-rich attached biomass, and correct control of unsteady effluent quality created by frequently modified process conditions. Accordingly, EBPR remains a challenging task in terms of combining nitrogen and phosphorus removal using attached growth systems. Nevertheless, a combination of activated sludge and biofilm carriers, in the integrated fixed-film activated sludge system, provides treatment opportunities not readily available using suspended growth systems. Current practice is only at the beginning of exploiting the full potential of this combination, but the first full-scale results show that compact tankage and low nutrient results based on biological principles are possible.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2006

Operation of a new sewage treatment process with technologies of excess sludge reduction and phosphorus recovery.

This paper shows the potential application of a new sewage treatment process with technologies of excess sludge reduction and phosphorus recovery. The process incorporated ozonation for excess sludge reduction and crystallisation process for phosphorus recovery to a conventional anaerobic/oxic (A/O) phosphorus removal process. A lab-scale continuous operation experiment was conducted with the ratio of sludge flow rate to ozonation tank of 1.1% of sewage inflow under 30 to 40 mgO3/gSS of ozone consumption and with sludge wasting ratio of 0.34% (one-fifth of a conventional A/O process). Throughout the operational experiment, a 60% reduction of excess sludge production was achieved in the new process. A biomass concentration of 2300 mg/L was maintained, and the accumulation of inactive biomass was not observed. The new process was estimated to give a phosphorus recovery degree of more than 70% as an advantage of excess sludge reduction. The slight increase in effluent COD was observed, but the process performance was maintained at a satisfactory level. These facts demonstrate an effectiveness of the new process for excess sludge reduction as well as for phosphorus recovery.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of reduced return activated sludge flows and volume on anaerobic zone performance for a septic wastewater biological phosphorus removal system.

Enhanced biological phosphorous removal (EBPR) performance was found to be adequate with reduced return-activated sludge (RAS) flows (50% of available RAS) to the anaerobic tank and smaller-than-typical anaerobic zone volume (1.08 hours hydraulic retention time [HRT]). Three identical parallel biological nutrient removal pilot plants were fed with strong, highly fermented (160 mg/L volatile fatty acids [VFAs]), domestic and industrial wastewater from a full-scale wastewater treatment facility. The pilot plants were operated at 100, 50, 40, and 25% RAS (percent of available RAS) flows to the anaerobic tank, with the remaining RAS to the anoxic tank. In addition, varying anaerobic HRT (1.08 and 1.5 hours) and increased hydraulic loading (35% increase) were examined. The study was divided into four phases, and the effect of these process variations on EBPR were studied by having one different variable between two identical systems. The most significant conclusion was that returning part of the RAS to the anaerobic zone did not decrease EBPR performance; instead, it changed the location of phosphorous release and uptake. Bringing less RAS to the anaerobic and more to the anoxic tank decreased anaerobic phosphorus release and increased anoxic phosphorus release (or decreased anoxic phosphorus uptake). Equally important is that, with VFA-rich influent wastewater, excessive anaerobic volume was shown to hurt overall phosphorus removal, even when it resulted in increased anaerobic phosphorus release.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2006

The mechanism of enhanced biological phosphorus removal washout and temperature relationships.

In this study, the combined effects of temperature and solids retention time (SRT) on enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) performance and the mechanism of EBPR washout were investigated. Two pilot-scale University of Cape Town (South Africa) systems fed with synthetic wastewater were operated at 5 and 10 degrees C. The results showed that the phosphorus removal performance was optimum at total SRT ranges of 16 to 24 days and 12 to 17 days for 5 and 10 degrees C, respectively, and steady-state phosphorus removal was greater at the lower temperature. Higher SRT values of up to 32 days at 5 degrees C and 25 days at 10 degrees C slightly reduced EBPR performance as a result of increased extent of endogenous respiration, which consumed internally stored glycogen, leaving less reducing power for poly-hydroxy alkanoate (PHA) formation in anaerobic stages. The phosphorus-accumulating organism (PAO) washout SRTs of the systems were determined as 3.5 days at 5 degrees C and 1.8 days at 10 degrees C, considerably less than the washout SRTs of nitrifiers. Polyphosphorus, the main energy reserve of the EBPR bacterial consortium, was not completely depleted, even at washout points. The inability of EBPR biomass to use glycogen to generate reducing power for PHA formation was the major reason for washout. The results not only suggest that glycogen mechanism is the most rate-limiting step in EBPR systems, but also that it is an integral part of EBPR biochemistry, as proposed originally by Mino et al. (1987), and later others (Pereira et al., 1996, Erdal et al., 2002; Erdal, Z. K., 2002). The aerobic washout SRT values (2.1 and 1.2 days for 5 and 10 degrees C, respectively) of this study did not fit the linear line for PAO washout developed by Mamais and Jenkins (1992). Perhaps this was because the feeds used during this study were chemical-oxygen-demand-limited (acetate-based synthetic feed), whereas the feeds used for their study were phosphorus-limited (external acetate added to domestic wastewater), resulting in different ratios of PAOs and nonPAOs in the biomass.

Acetates↗
PubMed1980

Postpartum reproductive function of daity cows as influenced by energy and phosphorus status.

To determine if energy or phosphorus status would affect postpartum reproductive performance, we assigned primiparous heifers, six per group, to either high (135% NRC) or low (85% NRC) energy, and high (138% NRC) or low (98% NRC) phosphorus in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Treatments were continued from parturition through 84 days postpartum, after which standard diets were fed. The entire experiment was repeated. Reproductive function was almost identical among energy and phosphorus groups. However, no cow with peak serum progesterone below 2.7 ng/ml before insemination conceived to that insemination. Interval from parturition to first observation of serum progesterone (larger than or equal to 3 ng/ml) was correlated with serum phosphorus (r = -.34), glucose (r = -.33) and and growth hormone (r = .51). In addition, body weight change, milk production and glycemia did not seem to affect reproduction markedly. These data suggest that neither energy nor phosphorus status, within the ranges studied, influences reproduction of dairy cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of acid-base disturbances and effects on calcium and phosphorus balances of dietary fixed ions in pregnant or lactating does.

Effects of fixed cation-anion balance on acid-base status and calcium and phosphorus balances were examined. Pregnant and lactating goats were fed a diet of alfalfa hay, concentrate and minerals to vary the cation-anion balance [meq sodium (Na) + meq potassium (K)-meq chloride (Cl)]/100 g diet dry matter (DM) over the range found in ruminant feeds. Small but significant effects on ruminal pH, fermentation and dilution rate were observed. Metabolic acid-base status of pregnant and lactating goats was normal when (Na + K - Cl) balance was 40 to 50 meq/100 g DM. The other treatments drastically altered plasma electrolyte concentrations, causing metabolic acid-base disturbances and profound changes in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Subclinical hypernatremic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis was induced by a dietary fixed cation excess (Na + K - Cl) of greater than 85 meq/100 g DM (typical of buffered, alfalfa diets) and caused hypocalciuria, diminished calcium and phosphorus absorption, and possibly diminished dietary calcium absorption and resorption of calcium from bone. Subclinical hyperchloremic, hyponatremic metabolic acidosis from a diminished dietary fixed cation-anion balance (Na + K - Cl) of less than 10 meq/100 g DM (typical of nonbuffered corn silage or grain diets) caused hypercalciuria, enhanced calcium and phosphorus absorption and apparently enhanced calcium resorption from bone. Apparent effects on absorption and resorption depended on calcium and phosphorus intakes. Alterations in goats performance were not demonstrable. Dietary excesses of fixed cations over anions (meq Na + K - Cl/100 g diet DM greater than 50) cause metabolic alkalosis in ruminants, whereas fixed anion excesses (meq Na + K - Cl/100 g diet DM less than 40) cause metabolic acidosis. Content of electrolytes in diets should be reported in all nutrition trials with ruminants for assessment of metabolic acid-base status.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1985

Phosphorus-31 NMR as a probe for phosphoproteins.

Nuclear magnetic resonance methodology continues to advance such that phosphorus-31 NMR experiments can be profitably applied to elucidate some aspects of proteins which are covalently phosphorylated. This review introduces NMR spectral parameters pertinent to using phosphorus-31 NMR for investigation of structure and dynamics. The techniques of two-dimensional NMR, solid state NMR, and isotopic substitution are also introduced. Characteristics of phosphorylated amino acids and peptides, as revealed by phosphorus-31 NMR, are described. Studies of phosphorylated containing phosphomonoesters, phosphoramidates, acyl phosphates, and disubstituted phosphorus bridges are discussed. Among these phosphoproteins are several examples where phosphorus residues evidently play a role as polyelectrolytes, in enzyme catalysis, and in regulation of protein function.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1981

Acute yellow phosphorus poisoning from pesticide pastes.

Ten cases of ingestion of yellow phosphorus rat poison, including four cases that occurred during the past 3 years, are reported. Comparison of these cases with 82 others from the literature showed that ingestion of yellow phosphorus paste often results in clinical findings that are different from those described for acute yellow phosphorus poisoning in current toxicology texts. The time lag between swallowing of the poison and onset of symptoms varied from a few minutes to 24 h. Garlic odor, mucosal burns, and phosphorescent vomitus or feces occurred in only a small percentage of cases. Diarrhea was not a presenting complaint. Initial symptoms were referable to the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, or both. Mortality rates were 23% for patients who had early symptoms of vomiting or abdominal pain; 73% for those where the first manifestation of intoxication was restlessness, irritability, drowsiness, stupor, or coma; and 47% for patients who had a combination of these GI and CNS symptoms initially. Applying standard diagnostic criteria for yellow phosphorus poisoning to patients who have consumed yellow phosphorus pastes may result in serious diagnostic errors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Factors that influence milk cholesterol and lipid phosphorus: content and distribution.

Average cholesterol content of 356 raw milk samples was 152.2 mug/ml and upon centrifugation (3000 X g for 8 min), 16.9% was distributed in the skim milk phase. Lipid phosphorus averaged 19.0 mug/ml and was partitioned 50:50 between cream and skim milk phases. Weight ratios of cholesterol to lipid phosphorus for milk and skim milk were 8.30:1 and 2.94:1. When variation due to milk yield, fat percent, and somatic cell numbers (deoxyribonucleic acid percent reflectance) was accounted for by least squares, cholesterol content and distribution did not differ among breeds (Holstein, Jersey, and Guernsey). Breed differences in lipid phosphorus content of whole milk could not be detected. However, Holsteins had a significantly lower content of lipid phosphorus and a higher weight ratio for skim milk. Milk yield, fat content, and somatic cells affected responses of cholesterol and lipid phosphorus. This supports a multiple origin concept for membrane material in skim milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Energy and phosphorus status as factors affecting postpartum performance and health of dairy cows.

To determine if energy and phosphorus status would affect postpartum health and lactational performance, first-calf heifers were assigned at parturition, 12 per group, to either high (135% of requirement) or low (85% of requirement) energy, high (138% of requirement) or adequate (98% of requirement) phosphorus in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Treatments extended 84 days postpartum after which standard rations were fed. Milk yields were similar until wk 5 of lactation. From wk 5 to 12, cows fed adequate phosphorus (98% of requirement) yielded 1.8 kg/day more milk than high phosphorus groups. Energy did not affect milk yield until wk 9 when persistency of low energy groups declined. High energy groups had almost twice as much disease and higher rectal temperatures than low energy groups in the first 3 mo of lactation. All heifers had temperatures above expected during the 1st mo of lactation. Excess energy should be avoided for the 1st mo of lactation and then gradually increased. Phosphorus should be fed as recommended and no more.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Estrous behavior and endocrine status of dairy heifers with varied intakes of phosphorus.

We investigated whether dietary phosphorus affected estrous intensity of heifers. A total of 48 heifers (Holstein and Jersey) were allotted to diets containing approximately 73% (low), 138% (medium), or 246% (high) of the phosphorus recommended by the National Research Council. Heifers were observed continuously for 48 h beginning 36 h after an estrous-synchronizing treatment of prostaglandin F2 alpha. Heifers began standing estrus 55 +/- 12.6 h (standard deviation) after prostaglandin, with onset randomly throughout the day. Standing estrus lasted 15.4 +/- 4.1 h (standard deviation), and heifers stood to be mounted 3.68 +/- 2.38 (standard deviation) times per hour. Dietary phosphorus concentration altered inorganic phosphorus of blood serum but did not affect significantly overall estrous behavior or blood serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, or luteinizing hormone measured around the time of estrus. We conclude that a dietary phosphorus inadequacy as in this study does not alter reproductive endocrine function or estrous intensity in heifers.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Relationships between dietary and plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in intact and ultimobranchialectomized chickens.

Two experiments were conducted with cockerels to determine whether the presence or absence of the ultimobranchial glands would influence the relationship between dietary and plasma calcium and phosphorus. Broiler type cockerels, 16 weeks of age which had been sham operated (SHAM) or ultimobranchialectomized (UBX) 1 to 3 weeks earlier, were fed diets containing 0.8 or 2.4% calcium and 0.13 to 0.33% phosphorus. The SHAM cockerels fed diets containing 0.8% Ca and 0.13% P did not develop hypercalcemia whereas the UBX cockerels fed this diet developed slight significant hypercalcemia after 17 to 21 days. In Experiment I, SHAM cockerels fed the diet containing 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P developed mild, chronic hypercalcemia (12.7 mg./100 ml.) with a plasma phosphorus of 3.03 mg. P/100 ml., whereas the UBX cockerels fed the same diet developed severe hypercalcemia (16.0 mg./100 ml.) and hypophosphatemia, 1.68 mg. P/100 ml. In Experiment 2 the following plasma values were observed after 17 days of consuming the experimental diets: SHAM fed 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P had 10.6 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 3.59 mg. P/100 ml., whereas UBX fed the same diet had 12.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 2.24 mg. P/100 ml. The UBX fed 2.4% Ca and 0.33% P for 17 days had plasma values of 10.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 4.48 mg. P/100 ml. It is concluded that the presence of the ultimobrancial glands are essential to the regulation of plasma calcium and phosphorus in chickens which consume high calcium-low phosphorus diets.

Animals↗