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PubMed2004

Toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients: a current situation.

The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among 505 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients was 226 (44.8%; 95% CI 42.64-51.76): 27 (47.4%) and 199 (44.4%) showed Toxoplasma seropositivity with and without toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), respectively (P <0.05). The majority of these patients were in the 25-34 age group (44 versus 39%), male (86 versus 76%), and Chinese (49 versus 53%), though no statistical significance was found between the two. Significant differences between these two groups were noted, however, in terms of marital status, occupation, and present address. The heterosexual exhibited the most frequent behavior at risk for HIV infection, and accounted for 51 and 59% of patients with and without TE, respectively. Only 17/260 (6.5%) and 1/137 (0.7%) of them later acquired TE after receiving primary chemoprophylaxis (cotrimoxazole) and antiretroviral therapy including HAART (P <0.05). Fifty-seven (11.3%) out of those 505 patients were diagnosed with AIDS-related TE. The most common clinical manifestation was headache (56%). The computed tomography scan findings showed most lesions to be multiple (96.4%), hypodense (66.7%), and in the parietal region (39.3%). Twenty-seven (47.4%) patients had chronic (latent) Toxoplasma infection as evidenced by seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma (IgG) antibody. At the time of diagnosis, the range of CD4 cell count was from 0-239 with a median of 25 cells/cumm. We also found that a CD4 count of less than 100 cells/cumm was significantly associated with development of TE (P <0.05). Clinical outcomes showed that among those who survived, 21 (36.8%), 16 (28.1%), and 2 (3.5%) of patients had completed treatment, transferred out, and were lost to follow up, respectively. Unfortunately, 18 (31.6%) of the cases were officially pronounced dead. Overall, 7 (12.3%) patients were detected as recurrent TE in this study.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in female migraine sufferers].

INTRODUCTION: The comorbidity migraine and mental disorder is high, specially, anxiety and depressive disorders. Aim. To establish the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in a clinical population of women who suffered from migraine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included women with migraine over 18 years old, no pregnant and without psychiatric history. We quantified anxiety and depressive symptom with Zung's self-reporting scales. RESULTS: A group of 110 women was studied, mean age was 34.4 years (SD 9.4); average scholarity was 9.1 years (SD 4.5); 72.7% was married, and 46.9% was housewife. 68.2% suffered from migraine with aura and 31.6% migraine without aura. 70.0% presented anxiety and 52.7% depression clinically important. Average Zung' scores for anxiety was 53.9 (SD 7.9) and for depression was 51.0 (SD 9.5). It was significant comorbidity migraine associated with anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anxiety and depression is high among women with migraine. It was independent of age, scholarity, marital status, occupation and sort of migraine. It is frequent comorbidity anxiety and depressive symptoms among women with migraine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes along with its risk factors in urban slum population of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A random sample of 1555 slum dwellers of Dhaka city (age > or = 20 years) were included in the study. Capillary blood glucose levels, fasting and 2-h after 75g oral glucose load (for a selected subjects, n = 476), were measured. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure and some other important socio-demographic information on age, sex, education, income, and occupation status were collected. The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes was found to be 8.1 percent, and the prevalence for men and women were 7.7 percent and 8.5 percent respectively. Prevalence of diabetes was found to be lower following 2-h glucose values in the selected population compared to the FBG procedure. Age, sex, literacy and waist to hip ratio for men were found as significant risk factors following both fasting blood glucose and 2-h post glucose values adjusted for a number of confounding variables. Poor to moderate agreement was observed between fasting blood glucose and 2-h glucose (kappa 0.41, p < 0.001). The agreement was even poorer between impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Poor agreement between FBG and 2-h BG may raise concern for the dependability of diagnostic procedures. Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the urban slum may indicate an epidemiological transition due to fast urban migration and possibly urbanization. However, this issue needs further exploration.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Smoking and passive smoking in Chinese, 2002].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of smoking, quitting smoke, and passive smoking in different populations by education status, occupation and geographic distribution. METHODS: Surveillance on risk behaviors in 145 disease surveillance points (DSP) was carried out in 2002 by multi-steps random sampling through questionnaires. 16,407 records had been completed with 16 056 used for analysis. Indicators as smoking, current smoking, average cigarettes smoked and the cost per day, etc., were calculated by weight on age proportions from the 2000 census. RESULTS: Ever-smoking rates in males and females aged 15 and over were 66.0% and 3.1%, respectively with ever-smoking rate dropped 1.8% in whole population, but increased in people aged 15-24. The number of total smokers was about 350 million, 30 million more than that in 1996. There were no obvious geographic differences seen among male, but big difference was seen in female smokers. Higher smoking rates were seen in the northeast and northern parts of the country. Rate of quitting smoking was increasing, from 9.42% in 1996 to 11.5% in 2002, referring to an increase of 10 million quitters. However, the rate of no intention to quit among smokers was still very high--74%. The average cigarettes consumption per person-day was the same as that in 1996--14.8 cigarettes/day, which cost 2.73 RBM/day. The cost was various in different groups of population with a 15 times difference. The level of exposure for passive smokers was not improved. The prevalence of passive smoking in nonsmokers were 53% in 1996 and 52% in 2002. Knowledge on smoking and health condition in population had been greatly improved, but still poor in the western areas. 60% of the people claimed in supporting banning of smoking in public places, 45% supporting the banning of all cigarettes ads, but big difference was seen in different geographic areas. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of smoking in Chinese males had reached its peak, leveling but had not yet obvious dropped. Communication on the knowledge of harm in smoking remained weak since people did not understand or support the strategies on tobacco control, especially in the western areas. Data indicated that the prevalence of tobacco use would not decrease over in short period and the disease burden caused by tobacco use would still be heavy in the next 30-50 years. The government and public health authorities should develop effective tobacco control in no time to decrease disease burden caused by smoking and passive smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Bipolar disorder and work loss.

Bipolar disorder affects many aspects of an individual's life and greatly interferes with a person's ability to find and maintain employment. The evidence indicates that a majority of patients with bipolar disorder are not employed and many others are employed only part time. Job-related difficulties are common, and patients with bipolar disorder tend to have higher rates of absenteeism from work compared with working individuals without bipolar disorder. A limited amount of data suggests that appropriate treatment may improve occupational status among patients with bipolar disorder. The ability to work is closely related to functional recovery, which tends to be incomplete in a majority of patients with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2005

[Association between the beta 2 adrenergic receptor polymorphism and blood pressure in YueXi population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between Arg16Gly polymorphism of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene and blood pressure levels. METHODS: A total of 487 hypertensive individuals were recruited from YueXi county of Anhui province. 672 patients' parents and siblings were also invited to take part in the study and used as genomic control. Blood pressure was measured and a standardized questionnaire regarding social-economic characteristics, general health status, occupational history and life-style and dietary factors was administered for each participant. The ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism was genotyped by using a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. The association between the ADRB2 polymorphism and hypertension in hypertensive adults was determined by utilizing a family-based association test analysis. RESULTS: In this study population, carriers of the ADRB2 Arg16 allele had lower systolic (P < 0.01) and diastolic (P < 0.01) blood pressure, suggesting that the genetic effect on blood pressure was more likely to fit an additive model. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a probable association between Arg16Gly polymorphism of ADRB2 gene and hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to determine the association between smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study included 234 cases with newly confirmed diagnose of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 468 controls who were free of the disease in 2001. Cases and controls were matched by gender and age (+/-5 years). Information on age, gender, body mass index, family history on diabetes, education level, years of total education, occupation status, nutrition habits, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and stress was collected using questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute the odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p for trend. The ORs were adjusted for potential confounders such as family history on diabetes, body mass index, speed of eating, portion of food, using of salty and fatty food, physical activity early in life, exercise, years of total education, and stress that were related to type 2 diabetes mellitus in univariate regression model, and alcohol drinking that was associated with the disease. RESULTS: After adjustment for possible confounders, increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus was determined for current smokers (OR=2.25; 95% CI 1.03-4.92), who have smoked for 20-39 years (OR=2.43; 95% CI 1.14-5.20), as compared with never-smokers. There were no statistically significant associations between risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and number of cigarettes smoked a day, number of pack-years, and time after quitting smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that smoking is a significant risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Study of the environmental health aspects of swimming pools in Alexandria City.

There has been a rapid increase in the number of public as well as private swimming pools in recent years. This is because the general public is now much more health and fitness-oriented, and swimming is thought by many to be the perfect form of exercise. Assessment of the environmental and health aspects of some of Alexandria swimming pools was carried out through the present study. All the recorded temperatures during the present study agreed with the Infectious Diseases Regulations. As regards turbidity, although the annual mean values of most pools had shown compliance with the allowable limit of the decree, there were many violations of the limit values in some individual results recorded during the different months. Most of the residual chlorine results recorded at the different pools during the different months showed that the operators were adding the Cl2 in a haphazard way. The low pH values could be attributed to the addition of slug doses of Cl2 which hydrolyze, producing high concentrations of hydrochloric and hydrochlorous acids. The high incidence of recorded itching and redness of the eyes followed by ear infections was attributed to the exposure to excess chlorine, and to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. As regards the awareness and practice to pool hygienic instructions, the low percentage of swimmers using head caps during swimming (30.1%) was mainly comprised of females. It could be concluded that the majority of the users followed some of the hygienic instructions, like showering, washing the feet before entering the pool, and wearing bathing suites instead of private clothes. The frequencies of health problems observed among users were related to many factors, like age, marital status, occupation, frequency, and duration of use of the swimming pool.

Egypt↗
PubMed1991

Hypertension in Kitui district: a comparative study between urban and rural populations.

This study was conducted in 1986, with the objective of finding out whether high blood pressure is a problem in the urban and rural populations of Kitui, and the risk factors that may be contributing to the problem. 360 people were visited at home and work places and their blood pressure, were taken in the sitting position under field conditions. A questionnaire on age, sex, marital status, occupation, smoking, miraa chewing and alcohol consumption and the number of people in the household was administered to every study subject, after which their heights and weights were recorded. Prevalence was found to be 6.4%. There was no difference in the occurrence of hypertension between the urban and rural populations. The relationship between the occurrence of hypertension and other parameters is presented and discussed in this paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Dietary habits of elderly persons with diabetes.

The dietary habits and nutrient intakes of a group of 151 persons with diabetes were compared with those of a group without diabetes in a random postal survey of 3,000 individuals aged 65 years and older residing in Adelaide, South Australia. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used. The response rate was 77%. Only 64% of individuals with diabetes reported following a diabetic diet at the time of the survey, and only 6% were consuming a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet (greater than or equal to 50% energy intake from carbohydrate and less than or equal to 30% from fat). The dietary habits of elderly persons with diabetes suggested an awareness of the need to limit simple sugars; however, adherence to the latest recommendations concerning dietary fat and fiber was poor. Individuals with diabetes had lower intakes of refined carbohydrate but were just as likely as those without diabetes to eat high-fat foods, and they ate eggs and cheese more frequently. Those with diabetes were no more likely than those without diabetes to consume the recommended complex-carbohydrate and fiber-rich foods. The extent of adherence to current dietary recommendations for the management of diabetes was found to be independent of sex, age, occupational status, educational attainment, marital status, living arrangements (alone vs with a spouse), and source of income.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Place of death in South Australia. Patterns from 1910 to 1987.

OBJECTIVES: To portray the changes in the place of death of South Australians during the 20th century and to examine the effects of sociodemographic and cause of death variables. DESIGN: Data relating to 2566 deaths from 1910 to 1987 were extracted from the records of funeral directors. A comparison of our sample of deaths with State mortality statistics, in terms of age, sex and diagnosis, was made to assure the representativeness of the sample. RESULTS: The proportion of deaths which occurred at home decreased from 55.6% in 1910 to 26.2% in 1970, and thereafter about a quarter of all deaths occurred at home. Most of the "institutionalisation of death" was due to increasing proportions of deaths in public hospitals; by 1970 over two-thirds of all deaths occurred in hospitals. After 1970 death has been transferred from hospitals to nursing homes and inpatient hospices. Multivariate analyses indicated that the institutionalisation trend was present after taking account of confounders (age, sex, marital status, occupation, number of children, and cause of death). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality patterns are determined by social and demographic characteristics of those who die, the availability of hospital and nursing home beds, changes to health insurance schemes, and the emergence of hospice care and related services. Further study is required to determine whether patterns of terminal care are cost-effective and medically appropriate.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1991

Maternal participation in the care of the high risk infant: follow-up evaluation.

Fifty mothers of high risk infants admitted to the Neonatal Special Care Unit were followed up to the postnatal age of 2.5 mo +/- 15 days. Twenty five mothers (Group I) had stayed in the nursery with the infant for a period of 4.8 +/- 4.6 days until the discharge of the infant, providing expressed milk and participating in the non-specialised care of the infant. The other 25 mothers (Group II) remained separate from their babies for the duration of the latter's stay in the hospital although some of the mothers did come off and on to give expressed human milk and at times handle their infants. Family features such as parental age, educational and occupational status, and presence of residential elder women, were similar in the two groups. Infant characteristics too, such as sex, birth weight, and early neonatal morbidity were also comparable. Operative deliveries and maternal problems were as expected more in the separated group. The duration of the infants' hospital stay was also more in the latter (9.5 +/- 3.5 vs 6.3 +/- 3.9 days; p greater than 0.05). Subsequent to their discharge, mothers who had stayed with the infant identified the following benefits of their stay--acquiring of knowledge relevant to infant care especially hygiene (19) and their personal involvement in the care of their infant (12), both of which they said increased their self confidence in looking after the babies after discharge, and provision of breast milk round the clock (17).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Mental retardation research in the Soviet Union.

Twenty-six studies on mental retardation conducted in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s were reviewed: 8 focused on etiological questions; 15, on psychoeducational issues; and 3, on vocational or social policy concerns. The findings, which tend to support general trends found in the United States for individuals with mental retardation, were: higher risk factors for mental retardation for children if the mother rather than the father had mental retardation; lower levels of education, lower occupational status, and a larger number of children for families of children with mental retardation (a significant finding in a society traditionally described as classless); and significantly higher number of males than females among persons with dual diagnoses.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1990

The epidemiology of hypertension in family practice in Cape Town.

A prevalence study of hypertension in 8 family practices in low socio-economic areas of Cape Town examined 1,046 patients over the age of 15 years. The crude prevalence rate of hypertension was 20.26%. There was no significant sex difference. Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and hypertensive status increased with age and body mass index (BMI). There were complex relationships with regard to sex in that the female sex was predictive of hypertensive status after the age of 45 years unexplained by differences in BMI. After adjusting for age, BMI and sex differences, widowhood, poor education, obesity, a family history of hypertension or stroke and a past history of hypertension were significant predictors of hypertensive status. Smoking status, occupational social class or property ownership were not predictive. Fifty-one per cent of hypertensive subjects were treated. Of those receiving treatment, 30% were controlled resulting in a control prevalence of only 18%. Younger male subjects were better controlled by treatment. A strong need for improved diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in family practice exists in this region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Psychological determinants of motivation in adult education (author's transl)].

The psychology of motivation in adult education has been mostly confined to the assessment of superficial causes for attending courses and seminars. The findings were not integrated in a ced in a conclusive theory of motivation elaborated for instance by American and German psychologists. Besides that the verbalized "motives" to attend courses were hardly correlated with other psychological and social context variables. An investigation of the relationship between verbalized "motives" to attend courses, certain personality dimensions (Freiburg Personality Inventory) and some aspects of the "life space" (occupational and non-occupatoinal) revealed that the motivation to participate in adult education is embedded in the context of psychological and socio-demographic factors and that the motive structure depends on the relevance of life-long learning, for example, to keep or improve the occupational status or to meet people involved in creative activities.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The professional role of the dental hygienist as viewed by accreditation commissioners and consultants.

Members of the Commission on Accreditation of Dental and Dental Auxiliary Educational Programs and of its associated Committee D (Committee on Dental Hygiene) were asked a series of questions designed to elicit their positions on (1) the occupational status of dental hygiene in society at large and in the social prestige hierarchy of the dental profession, (2) reference groups for dental hygienists, (3) ethical norms for the hygienist role, (4) revivalism movements within dental hygiene, and (5) images of the "ideal dental hygienist." Results indicate that commissioners and consultants see dental hygienists as (1) ranking 7.1 on a ten-point scale of professional status in the community-at-large, (2) somewhat lower than dentists but higher than other auxiliaries in the social hierarchy of the dental profession, (3) socially referenced to dentists rather than hygienists, (4) primarily oral health educators with strong clinical skills, (5) better educated and more skilled now than they have ever been before, (6) bound to essentially the same ethics as dentists, except for self-regulation, and (7) much too aggressive at the national level for their own good. The ideal dental hygienist was seen as a behavioral change specialist with (1) clinical skills, (2) an attitude of service to patients (3) a willingness to work with dentists to increase the scope of dental hygiene duties in the preventive and periodontal areas, and (4) a willingness to leave the decisions regarding the profession of dental hygiene to dentists.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1989

Cancer risk in relation to serum copper levels.

A nested, matched case-control study was conducted to assess the relationship between serum levels of copper and the subsequent risk of cancer. One hundred thirty-three cases of cancer were identified during 1974-1984 among 5000 members of a northwest Washington State employee cohort from whom serum specimens had been previously obtained and stored. Two hundred forty-one controls were selected at random from the cohort and were matched to the cases on the basis of age, sex, race, and date of blood draw. Serum copper levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Risk of a subsequent diagnosis of cancer was positively associated with serum copper levels, but only among those cases diagnosed within 4 years of the time the serum specimens were collected. Among cases diagnosed more than 4 years after specimen collection, there was no consistent association between serum copper levels and risk. Adjustment for age, sex, race, occupational status, cigarette smoking, family history of cancer, alcohol consumption, and, among females, use of exogenous hormones had no appreciable effect on these relationships. The findings suggest that the presence of cancer may increase serum copper levels several years prior to its diagnosis. They are less supportive of the hypothesis that serum copper levels affect cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Relation of intelligence and the pathogenesis of various psychological disorders in children].

In a study on 5- to 13-year-old children referred to a residential facility for psychiatric care we explored the interrelations between intelligence on the one hand and onset of manifest behavior problems and clinical diagnosis on the other. We controlled statistically for confounding effects of parental occupational status and the children's sex. There was a statistically significant association between type of disorder and level of intelligence. When intelligence was above average, neurotic and emotional disturbances as well as some other syndromes that are generally considered to have a good prognosis dominated. In contrast, average or below-average intelligence frequently coincided with more enduring types of syndromes such as conduct disorders. The level of correlation between age at onset and IQ depended on the type of disorder. For the children with neurotic/emotional syndromes or conduct disorders, the lower the IQ the earlier the age of onset and initial referral. But this did not hold for children with autism, hyperactivity or certain developmental disorders. The results are tentatively interpreted as supporting the position that cognitive competence acts as a protective factor in emotional development.

Affective Symptoms↗