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PubMed2006

Individual contributory factors in teacher stress: the role of achievement striving and occupational commitment.

Workplace stress and its impact upon retention levels are becoming an increasing concern within the teaching profession (Brown, Davis, & Johnson, 2002; Jarvis, 2002). Research has largely focused upon the effects of environmental factors, whilst noting that it is the interplay between the individual and the environment which may hold the key to understanding this problem (Cox, 1978; Parkes, 1994). Identifying individual contributory factors is essential in understanding why, under the same environmental conditions, some people suffer much greater levels of stress than others. This study examined the influence of Type A behaviour, personal achievement strivings, occupational commitment, gender and nature/experience of teaching on perceived workplace stress within the teaching profession (N = 95). It was predicted that perceived stress would be strongest amongst those reporting higher levels of these factors. A multiple regression analysis indicated that there was a positive relationship between Type A behaviour, personal achievement strivings, and perceived stress. The relationship between perceived stress and occupational commitment, however, was found to be negative. The possible explanations for these findings, and potential implications, are discussed. Future research plans are outlined for exploring the relationships between these individual contributory factors and environmental stressors.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Female and married: damaging to the therapy profession?

The first half of this paper describes the socialization process of women to their role in life. An examination is made of the literature and the lessons female children are taught about their place in the adult world in relationship to men. This "place" is typified by the hospital structure where the majority of therapists are employed. The second half of the paper looks into four aspects of professionalism--motivation, autonomy, commitment, and a sense of community--and examines each with the added dimension that membership in the therapy professions is predominantly female and married. Criteria for professionalism are defined on a continuum. Female occupational therapists fit much of this criteria, but conflicts of motherhood and career have a negative effect on their professional life and thus on their profession as well.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The corruption process of a law enforcement officer: a paradigm of occupational stress and deviancy.

The public does not want all laws enforced. In the closed society of law enforcement institutions, police discretion, the conspiracy of silence, the lack of an administration with integrity, and susceptible law enforcement officers contribute to the development of corruption from occupational deviance. Corruption in law enforcement agencies may have similar roots in business, law, medicine, and other professions. Understanding the law enforcement corruption paradigm may therefore be helpful in correcting and curbing corruption in other professions.

Ethics, Professional↗

PubMed1984

The prevalence of hepatitis B serological markers in emergency physicians.

Hepatitis B (HBV) is a well-documented, increasing occupational hazard to those in the medical and dental professions. While the prevalence of markers of hepatitis B in the general population in the United States is approximately 3% to 5%, the prevalence in the health professions has been found to be higher. The prevalence of markers in 260 emergency physicians, consisting of teaching and nonteaching staff and emergency medicine residents, was the focus of this study. Two hundred fourteen participants had not received hepatitis B vaccine; 46 had received the vaccine. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (anti-HBs) and core antibody (anti-HBc) were tested. The overall prevalence of markers in the nonvaccinated group was 11.7% (25/214). Forty-one of 46 participants (89%) who had received hepatitis B vaccine demonstrated anti-HBs, evidence of immunity to hepatitis B. Thirty-nine of them had anti-HBs alone, and two had anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Of the five vaccinees who failed to demonstrate anti-HBs, one demonstrated anti-HBc alone. There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in prevalence or type of markers. The prevalence of hepatitis B serological markers in this survey of emergency physicians was two and a half to four times that of the general population. Because of the increased risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus, early immunization against this disease through the use of hepatitis B vaccine should be considered by physicians in the practice of emergency medicine.

Emergency Medicine↗

PubMed2004

Occupational allergy in medical doctors.

Allergic diseases have increased in many developed countries including Japan. Doctors are also at risk for allergic diseases from exposure to allergens in working conditions and hospital environments. We investigated the factors relating to occupational allergy in doctors. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to all doctors (n=895) who had previously graduated from School of Medicine, Fukui Medical University. Data from 307 responders (response rate: 34.3%, male 241, female 66, mean age +/- S.D., 30.8 +/- 4.2) were analyzed. Eighty-nine doctors stated that they had occupational allergy including contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Fifty-four had contact dermatitis caused by surgical gloves; 77 had contact dermatitis from disinfectants, e.g. 23 from chlorhexidine gluconate; 21 from povidone iodine; and 15 from ethanol. Fifteen doctors experienced allergic rhinitis and/or asthma caused by handling laboratory animals. Univariate analysis showed that profession (surgical doctors) and past histories of allergic diseases (rhinitis, sinusitis, or atopic dermatitis) were significantly related to occupational allergy in doctors, but that gender, smoking or physical exercise were not significantly related to it. A logistic regression analysis showed that past histories of allergic diseases and the profession of surgical doctors were significantly related to occupational allergy, but that gender, age or smoking were not significantly related to it. The results of the present study suggest that past history of allergic diseases is a factor predisposing to occupational allergy in doctors. It is necessary and possible to extend more prophylactic measures for doctors, especially for surgeons, because exposure to responsible agents and materials for them can be more frequent.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Components of occupational health information systems.

Occupational health information systems continue to evolve and mature. Consistent throughout this evolution is the linkage of four data bases: job history, work site exposure, environmental agents, and health and safety. A review of the literature cites common elements within these data bases and characteristics of successful systems. Among the factors of successful systems is the role of key staff members. The medical record practitioner can be a significant contributor in the design of such systems. The profession should explore further the opportunities that exist in the occupational health setting.

Environmental Pollutants↗

PubMed1988

Religion's support for the domination of women--breaking the cycle.

Throughout history, certain religious images and symbols often have been uncritically used to legitimate the dominance of men over women. This uncritical use has had lasting effects upon our culture, and these images and symbols often continue to be used as rationale for subordinating women today. Since the nursing profession has been, and continues to be, a predominantly female occupation, nurses are especially impacted by this inherited imagery. In their role as primary health care givers, nurse practitioners often care for women who have been victimized by a pattern of male domination that culturally is bound up in and perpetuated by certain religious imagery. This article describes and analyzes the power of religious sex-role imagery to maintain the public and professional order of female subordination to the male. Practical ideas are suggested for the nursing profession that will help to reconstruct this imagery along more equitable and humane lines. Through such efforts, nurses can justly achieve more reciprocity and equality for themselves, and can take active steps to prevent the victimization of many of the women they care for.

Bible↗

PubMed1989

[The development of the dental profession in The Netherlands in the beginning of the 19th century].

In 1798 the French occupational forces in the Netherlands abolished all guilds. This created a vacuum for the Dutch dentists in the field of dental education, examination and controlling the dental practitioners, because this belonged to the task of the guilds. New legislation in 1804 filled this vacuum only partially and until 1865 there was no sufficient legislation for the dental profession. A brief survey about the social and educational situation of the profession can give the beginning of an answer to the question why the legislation payed no attention to the dentists. In 1865 dentistry became a part of general medicine and could only be practiced by physicians. In 1876 a threatening shortage of dentists resulted in a new law in which the dentist again received his place in health care. In the same year the first dental school in the Netherlands was founded and from that time the dental profession started to develop.

History of Dentistry↗

PubMed1980

Design of the master's degree in occupational therapy, part 1. A logical approach.

The function of the master's degree in a bachelor's level profession is explored, using the principles of the American academic degree structure and the professional educational structure. Based on these principles, the basic master's program in occupational therapy is viewed as being at variance with the degree structure of higher education. This argument is grounded in the fact that the basic master's program entails less complex educational objectives than does the advanced master's program.

Certification↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Testing the reliability and validity of a measure of safety climate.

The lack of compliance with universal precautions (UP) is well documented across a wide variety of healthcare professions and has been reported both before and after the enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard. Gershon, Karkashian, and Felknor (1994) found that several factors correlated significantly with healthcare workers' lack of compliance with UP, including a measure of organizational safety climate (e.g., the employees' perception of their organizational culture and practices regarding safety). We conducted a secondary analysis using data from a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 1,746 healthcare workers at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens to assess the validity and reliability of Gershon's measure of safety climate. Findings revealed no relationship between safety climate and employees' gender, age, education, tenure in position, profession, hours worked per day, perceived risk, attitude toward risk, and training. An association was demonstrated between safety climate and (1) healthcare worker compliance with UP and (2) the availability of personal protective equipment, providing support for the construct validity of this measure of safety climate. These findings could be used by occupational health professionals to assess employees' perceptions of the safety culture and practices in the workplace and to guide the institution's risk management efforts in association with U.P.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pitfalls in diagnosis of occupational lung disease for purposes of compensation--one physician's perspective.

Occupational caused lung disease (OLD) is almost always compensable, either by application to workers' compensation agencies or by a civil lawsuit. For this reason the diagnosis usually comes under close scrutiny. Several pitfalls can occur when a physician diagnoses a patient as having lung disease of occupational origin, especially when compensation is at issue. These pitfalls can trap both the attorney advocate and his client, and lead to a result opposite of that intended (e.g., the claim one supports can be denied). For purposes of discussion I have categorized the pitfalls as follows: A. Making an unsupported medical diagnosis (looking for a "quick fix"). B. Echoing an unsupported diagnosis made by someone else. C. Inadequate clarification of 'impairment' and 'disability.' D. Ignoring or minimizing relevant medical history. E. Arguing against yourself. F. Ignoring the possibility of a rare or unusual diagnosis. G. Not obtaining or reviewing independent chest x-rays and reports. H. Attributing causation with certainty when it is unwarranted by the facts. I. Relying on a claimant's own smoking history. J. Misinterpreting pulmonary function and arterial blood gas tests. K. Missing the real cause of a patient's complaint. L. Diagnosing occupational lung disease without attempting to remove the patient from the cause. M. Confusion over basic terminology and pathophysiology in OLD. N. Using sloppy or incorrect language, including misspelling. O. Not saying "I don't know," when you don't know. Pitfalls in diagnosis generally arise from either physician bias or inadequate evaluation. Although most pitfalls seem to be made by physicians on the plaintiff's side, they are also made by physicians on the defendant's side, as when bias interferes with recognizing a condition that is occupational in origin. Ideally, the fact that diagnosis of OLD involves the legal profession should not affect a physician's objectivity or clinical approach. Physicians have an obligation to help assure that deserving patients receive compensation, and that claimants without a compensable occupational illness are not unjustly rewarded. However, the attorney's need to prove a diagnosis "with medical certainty," and the defendant's need to refute that diagnosis with equal certainty, often skew what would otherwise be a straightforward diagnostic process. Resulting pitfalls in diagnosis can, in the end, trap the physician advocate and the side he is trying to help.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2006

How far can complementary and alternative medicine go? The case of chiropractic and homeopathy.

This paper examines the efforts of two complementary and alternative occupations, chiropractors and homeopaths, to move from the margins to the mainstream in health care in the province of Ontario. We use a variety of theoretical perspectives to understand how health occupations professionalize: the trait functionalist framework, social closure, the system of professions, and the concept of countervailing powers. The research traces the strategies that the leaders of the two groups are employing, as well as the resources they are able to marshal. These are analyzed within the context of the larger institutional and cultural environment. The data are derived from in-person interviews with 16 leaders (10 chiropractic and 6 homeopathic) identified through professional associations, teaching institutions and informants from the groups. The responses were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. We also used archival materials to document what the leaders were telling us. The data revealed four main strategies: (1) improving the quality of educational programs, (2) elevating standards of practice, (3) developing more peer reviewed research, and (4) increasing group cohesion. Although both groups identified similar strategies, the chiropractors were bolstered by more resources as well as state sanctioned regulation. The efforts of the homeopaths were constrained by scarce resources and the absence of self-regulation. In both cases the lack of strong structural support from government and the established health professions played an important role in limiting what was possible. In the future, it may be to the state's advantage to modify the overall shape of health care to include alternative paradigms of healing along with conventional medical care. Such a shift would put complementary and alternative medicine occupations in a better position to advance professionally and become formal elements of the established health care system.

Chiropractic↗

PubMed2003

[The occupational therapy assessment: implementation in practice].

The "Ergotherapeutische Assessment" (EA, occupational therapy assessment instrument) is designed as a generic instrument assessing disabilities with consequences on everyday life. It is tested for its practicability and measurement properties and suitable for adult patients treated with occupational therapy. It can be used for routine documentation, as a result-indicator for data based quality management and in outcome research. The EA is integrated in an assessment network currently in development intended for occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy and, optionally, for further professions. The profession-specific approach should enhance the intrinsic motivation for self-evaluation and thus the learning organisation.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

The role of proletarianization in physical education teacher attrition.

As the quality of education provisions continues to come under scrutiny, so too have the conditions for teachers' work. The purpose of this study was to ascertain what were the dissatisfactions for beginning physical education teachers in Australian schools. Qualitative data were collected using interviews, journals, photographs, and field notes. Data yielded five main categories underpinning teacher dissatisfaction: (a) lack of status, (b) repetitive nature of physical education work, (c) limited decision making, (d) personal and professional surveillance, and (e) unprofessional staffroom culture. The construct of proletarianization was employed to explain the patterns that shape teachers' occupational socialization and underpin teachers' decisions to leave the profession.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Requirement and supply of dental services in Victoria.

The appropriateness of dental manpower has become a great uncertainty in the changing practice of dentistry. This paper presents research on the requirement for and supply of dental services in Victoria between 1984 and 1996. The requirement for dental services was found to be increasing due to population growth and higher per capita demand due to decreased endentulism. The supply of dental services was found to be mildly decreasing due to balanced supplementation and attrition processes and subtle sex ratio and age distribution changes among dentists. The resulting market excess, even after consideration of idle capacity and transfer of services supplied to dental therapists, provides a marked contrast to many, but not all, developed countries. It also offers an opportunity to shape occupational and specialty distribution to the advantage of dental professions and the public.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Some implications of occupational therapy's history for its epistemology, values, and relation to medicine.

Occupational therapy's history is explored to identify some implications for its directions in the 21st century. The profession was founded upon visionary ideas about the nature of human beings and their vital need for activity. Occupational therapy will make a significant contribution to society if it (a) seeks and applies an epistemology consistent with studying human purposes, (b) fosters its optimistic view of human nature, and (c) clarifies its relationship to medicine and other disciplines.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of sports on level of community integration as reported by persons with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether participation in sports by persons with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) affected level of community integration as defined by the World Health Organization and as measured by the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART). METHOD: Forty-eight participants were recruited from a camp for persons with physical disabilities as well as from SCI support groups. Participants were divided into groups of athletes (n = 30) and nonathletes (n = 18) on the basis of their self-reported level of sports participation. RESULTS: Athletes scored significantly higher on four of five subsections of the CHART (physical independence, mobility, occupation, social integration), indicating greater levels of community integration than nonathletes. CONCLUSION: These findings extend the literature outlining the physical and psychological benefits of sports. Occupational therapists have a unique opportunity to use the occupation of sports to integrate the roots of the profession with the cultural demands of society.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diversifying the health professions: a model program.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a university-based mentoring program in the food and nutritional sciences that addresses the need for multicultural professionals in allied health fields. METHODS: The conceptual model for the program includes inputs (goals, resources), transformational process (professional development, social support and recognition) and outcomes (student participation, graduation and placement rates). Outcome data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Between 1993 and 2001, 49 students completed the program, 43 (88%) graduated, 23 were placed in graduate or professional schools, and 21 obtained professional positions. CONCLUSION: This mentoring model resulted in multicultural students who successfully entered health professions.

Allied Health Occupations↗