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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Encoding novel face-name associations: a functional MRI study.

The process of forming new associations between previously unrelated items of information, such as a name and a face, likely requires the integration of activity within multiple brain regions. The hippocampus and related structures in the medial temporal lobe are thought to be particularly critical in binding together items of information. We studied eight healthy young subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the encoding of novel face-name associations compared to viewing repeated face-name pairs. A consistent pattern of activation was observed in the hippocampus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, fusiform and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices across individual subjects. The location of the activation within the hippocampus was more anterior than previously reported in studies using similar novel vs. repeated paradigms with stimuli that did not specifically require relational processing among unrelated items. These data suggest that the process of forming new face-name associations is supported by a distributed network of brain regions, and provide additional evidence for the essential role of the hippocampus in associative memory processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Meta-analyses of object naming: effect of baseline.

The neural systems sustaining object naming were examined using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis approach on the results of 16 previously published studies. The activation task in each study required subjects to name pictures of objects or animals, but the baseline tasks varied. Separate meta-analyses were carried out on studies that used: (1) high-level baselines to control for speech processing and visual input; and (2) low-level baselines that did not control for speech or complex visual processing. The results of the two meta-analyses were then compared directly, revealing a double dissociation in the activation pattern for studies using high and low baselines. To interpret the differential activations, we report two new functional imaging experiments. The aim of the first was to characterize activation differences associated with visual stimuli that are typically used in baseline conditions (complex visual features, simple structures, or fixation). The aim of the second was to classify object-naming regions in terms of whether they were engaged preferentially by semantic or phonological processes. The results reveal a remarkably precise correspondence between the areas identified by the meta-analyses as affected differentially by baseline and the areas that are affected differentially by non-object structure, semantics or phonology. As expected, high-level baselines reduced object-naming activation in areas associated with the processing of complex visual features and speech production. In addition, high-level baselines increased sensitivity to activation in areas associated with semantic processing, visual-speech integration and response selection. For example, activation in the anterior temporal areas that neuropsychological studies have associated with semantic processing was more strongly activated in the context of high-level baselines. These results therefore have implications for understanding the convergence of functional imaging and neuropsychological findings.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Top-down influences on lexical selection during spoken word production: A 4T fMRI investigation of refractory effects in picture naming.

Spoken word production is assumed to involve stages of processing in which activation spreads through layers of units comprising lexical-conceptual knowledge and their corresponding phonological word forms. Using high-field (4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we assessed whether the relationship between these stages is strictly serial or involves cascaded-interactive processing, and whether central (decision/control) processing mechanisms are involved in lexical selection. Participants performed the competitor priming paradigm in which distractor words, named from a definition and semantically related to a subsequently presented target picture, slow picture-naming latency compared to that with unrelated words. The paradigm intersperses two trials between the definition and the picture to be named, temporally separating activation in the word perception and production networks. Priming semantic competitors of target picture names significantly increased activation in the left posterior temporal cortex, and to a lesser extent the left middle temporal cortex, consistent with the predictions of cascaded-interactive models of lexical access. In addition, extensive activation was detected in the anterior cingulate and pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus. The findings indicate that lexical selection during competitor priming is biased by top-down mechanisms to reverse associations between primed distractor words and target pictures to select words that meet the current goal of speech.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Dissociating stimulus-driven semantic and phonological effect during reading and naming.

The aim of the present study was to dissociate the neural correlates of semantic and phonological processes during word reading and picture naming. Previous studies have addressed this issue by contrasting tasks involving semantic and phonological decisions. However, these tasks engage verbal short-term memory and executive functions that are not required for reading and naming. Here, 20 subjects were instructed to overtly name written words and pictures of objects while their neuronal responses were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Each trial consisted of a pair of successive stimuli that were either semantically related (e.g., "ROBIN-nest"), phonologically related (e.g., "BELL-belt"), unrelated (e.g., "KITE-lobster"), or semantically and phonologically identical (e.g., "FRIDGE-fridge"). In addition, a pair of stimuli could be presented in either the same modality (word-word or picture-picture) or a different modality (word-picture or picture-word). We report that semantically related pairs modulate neuronal responses in a left-lateralized network, including the pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus, the middle temporal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and the superior frontal gyrus. We propose that these areas are involved in stimulus-driven semantic processes. In contrast, phonologically related pairs modulate neuronal responses in bilateral insula. This region is therefore implicated in the discrimination of similar, competing phonological and articulatory codes. The above effects were detected with both words and pictures and did not differ between the two modalities even with a less conservative statistical threshold. In conclusion, this study dissociates the effects of semantic and phonological relatedness between successive items during reading and naming aloud.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Impaired picture recognition with preserved object naming and reading.

A case study is reported on a left posterior cerebrovascular accident involving the infracalcarine cortex. The patient (HG) exhibited a marked color anomia and picture naming deficit (photograph anomia) without alexia. However, objects were named successfully from either visual or tactile inspection. Despite successful object categorization in several tasks, it is argued that HG's picture naming deficit is dependent on a disorder of recognition (access to the stored structural descriptions for objects). A similar functional impairment can account for HG's impaired color naming. The site of HG's cortical damage implies that recognition disorders can result from a unilateral left-sided lesion.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Altered visual field asymmetries for letter naming and letter matching as a result of concurrent presentation of threatening and nonthreatening words.

Thirty-two right-handed subjects (16 male and 16 female students) were administered a unilateral letter-naming task and two unilateral letter-matching tasks: physical-identity letter matching (shape task) and nominal-identity letter matching (name task). Each task contained three conditions. In control conditions, no concurrent task was given. In threat and nonthreat conditions, each unilateral stimulus was preceded by a centrally presented threatening or nonthreatening word. Subjects were instructed to recall this word after their response to the lateral stimulus. With letter naming, each trial consisted of three consonants presented horizontally to the left or right visual field. Across conditions, subjects identified more letters correctly in the right visual field than in the left visual field. The concurrent presentation of threatening words resulted in a selective enhancement of left visual-field performance. In the control condition of the shape task, same letter pairs were identified faster than different pairs when they were presented to the right visual field. The concurrent presentation of threatening words resulted in a selective shortening of left visual-field latencies to same pairs. In the name task, the concurrent presentation of threatening words resulted in improved accuracy on left visual field trials. No sex differences in perceptual asymmetries and in emotional priming effects were found. The results demonstrate that threatening stimuli can activate the right hemisphere and alter the laterality patterns for several tasks.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors predicting success in picture naming in Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia.

The aim of the present study was to determine the predictive value of all important variables in the picture naming performance of 8 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 8 patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA). The experimental investigation controlled for (i) visual complexity, (ii) name agreement on dominant response, (iii) age of acquisition, (iv) frequency, (v) word length, (vi) concept familiarity, and (vii) category membership. The results of the multiple regression analyses showed that age of acquisition and name agreement were significant for 10/16 subjects. Visual complexity, frequency, familiarity, and category were also significant for four patients respectively. Word length had no effect. These results are at variance with those of series of patients with AD (Gaillard et al., 1998) and with PPA (Lambon Ralph et al., 1998) where concept familiarity was found to be one of the most predictive factors of naming success.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Formal schooling influences two- but not three-dimensional naming skills.

The modulatory influence of literacy on the cognitive system of the human brain has been indicated in behavioral, neuroanatomic, and functional neuroimaging studies. In this study we explored the functional consequences of formal education and the acquisition of an alphabetic written language on two- and three-dimensional visual naming. The results show that illiterate subjects perform significantly worse on immediate naming of two-dimensional representations of common everyday objects compared to literate subjects, both in terms of accuracy and reaction times. In contrast, there was no significant difference when the subjects named the corresponding real objects. The results suggest that formal education and learning to read and to write modulate the cognitive process involved in processing two- but not three-dimensional representations of common everyday objects. Both the results of the reaction time and the error pattern analyses can be interpreted as indicating that the major influence of literacy affects the visual system or the interaction between the visual and the language systems. We suggest that the visual system in a wide sense and/or the interface between the visual and the language system are differently formatted in literate and illiterate subjects. In other words, we hypothesize that the pattern of interactions in the functional-anatomical networks subserving visual naming, that is, the interactions within and between the visual and language processing networks, differ in literate and illiterate subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Educational and gender normative data for the Boston Naming Test in a group of older adults.

The 60-item version of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) was administered to a group of 176 normal older adults in Middle Tennessee ranging in age from 60 to 93 years. Results are reported in five age groupings by gender and education. Although a few studies have previously examined the performance of the elderly on the BNT, the current study attempted to recruit individuals in proportion to the demographics of the regional population including gender, race, and, as much as possible, education and occupation. The results indicate that while age significantly affected confrontational naming ability, the interaction of age and education appeared to be a better predictor of performance. As with previous studies, more variability was found in higher age groups and in those with less education. Naming ability remained stable in the higher education group (> or = 12th grade) until 80 years, whereas those patients with less than a high school education demonstrated a decrement in naming ability at 70 years. Current results also revealed a gender bias for this population, with males scoring higher on 17 of 19 items where a significant difference existed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morpholexical access and naming: the semantic interpretability of new root-suffix combinations.

In two experiments, pseudowords made up of Italian roots and derivational suffixes were investigated. In visual lexical decision, the licensing of a new root-suffix combination was affected by its semantic interpretability, but not by its grammatical appropriateness. By contrast, the degree of interpretability of new root-suffix combinations did not affect naming. However, and irrespective of differences in interpretability, pseudowords made up of two morphemes were named more efficiently than pseudowords with no morphological constituency. These results, while showing the involvement of the semantic component in the licensing process, also show its dissociability in lexical naming, thus suggesting morpholexical nonsemantic naming.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

The interaction of multiple routes in oral reading: evidence from dissociations in naming and oral reading in phonological dyslexia.

During oral reading we hypothesized that lexical representations are activated and selected for output by the simultaneous activation of the semantic, the direct lexical orthography to phonology, and the sublexical grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (GPC) routes (Southwood & Chatterjee, 1999). Serial models of reading argue that the semantic route governs oral reading with minimal influence from the nonlexical direct route and the sublexical GPC route. These models predict that semantic errors should occur in reading when the semantic route and GPC are both impaired. The Simultaneous Activation Hypothesis predicts few semantic errors in oral reading but many during picture naming. Semantic errors are infrequent in reading because information from all three reading routes constrains activation of a phonological entry. By contrast phonological selection in picture naming is constrained primarily by the semantic route and if damaged additional information is unavailable to select the appropriate phonological code. In agreement with the Simultaneous Activation Hypothesis five phonological dyslexics produced semantic errors during picture naming but not when reading aloud. Phonological errors were present during oral reading and minimal during picture naming.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Category-specific naming errors in normal subjects: the influence of evolution and experience.

The importance of "artifactual" variables (such as conceptual familiarity) have been highlighted in current accounts of category-specific disorders for living things (e.g., Funnell & Sheridan, 1992). The difficulties experienced by patients are essentially viewed as an exaggeration of normal processes and the implication is that normal subjects should also have greater difficulty naming living items (because they have lower conceptual familiarity than nonliving things). The current study examined normal subjects' ability to name pictures of artifact-matched sets of living and nonliving things in a naming-to-deadline paradigm. Contrary to the prediction, normal subjects made more nonliving naming errors. Furthermore, female subjects made more nonliving-thing errors than male subjects. These findings could not be reduced to differences in either category-based or gender-based familiarity ratings. Rather, it is proposed that an elaborated domain-specific evolutionary model parsimoniously explains both the greater incidence of living thing deficits in patients and the better performance of normal subjects with living things.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Performance in picture naming and word comprehension: evidence for common neuronal substrates from intraoperative language mapping.

Correlations of naming ability and performance in the Token Test are known from aphasia; however, the mechanisms underlying these correlations are unclear. Naming tasks are commonly used in intraoperative mapping for identification of cortical areas involved in language processing. In the present study, we measured performance in an elementary Token Test task, i.e., single word comprehension, during electrical stimulation of cortical sites at which this stimulation previously had disturbed the naming process. It was found that at about half of the sites at which naming could be disturbed electrical stimulation also led to disturbances in Token Test performance, indicating that there are common neural structures critical for performance in both tasks. These findings are discussed in terms of a multilayered semantic network in which the level of the simultaneous binding of features into concepts and the level of units that are organized with respect to semantic relations may be disturbed separately.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by L-NAME improves ventricular performance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

The overall goal of this study was to determine if activation of the nitric oxide synthetic pathway suppressed basal ventricular performance and the responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation characteristic of cardiac function in the 8-week streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.v.) diabetic (STZ-Db) rat. Left ventricular performance was measured in isolated working hearts, before and at the peak response to 0.8 microM dobutamine, in the absence or presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1 mM), a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Ventricular performance was suppressed in the STZ-Db heart under basal (decreased heart rate, cardiac output, aortic flow -dP/dt) and dobutamine-stimulated (diminished rise in +dP/dt and maximum systolic pressure) conditions. L-NAME had minimal effects on basal or dobutamine-stimulated ventricular performance in control hearts. In contrast, L-NAME infusion in hearts from STZ-Db returned the depressed heart rate to control values, which was correlated with an increase in aortic flow. In addition, the dobutamine-stimulated rise in maximum systolic pressure and +dP/dt were similar in the control and STZ-Db rats in the presence of l-NAME. Western blot analysis detected the presence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and a significant (P<0.001) increase in the constitutive NOS in ventricular myocytes from STZ-Db rats. These data suggest that an increased production of nitric oxide by NOS in ventricular myocytes from STZ-Db animals suppressed basal ventricular performance and the responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation in diabetic hearts.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of sodium pentobarbitone and urethane anaesthesia in a rat model of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion arrhythmias: interaction with L-NAME.

The severity and incidences of arrhythmias induced by left coronary artery occlusion (7 min) and reperfusion (7 min) were compared in two groups of rats anaesthetized by using urethane (1.25 g kg-1, i.p.) or sodium pentobarbitone (60 mg kg-1, i.p.). A possible modification by nitric oxide synthesis blocker NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg kg-1, slow i.v. bolus) was also investigated. The ectopic activity observed in urethane-anaesthetized rats was less in number when compared to that of sodium pentobarbitone. The duration of ventricular tachycardia (VT) was significantly less in urethane group during the occlusion and reperfusion periods but incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during the reperfusion was significantly higher. The administration of L-NAME caused a significant increase in the arterial blood pressure which disappeared after coronary artery occlusion in either anaesthesia groups. However, L-NAME had no significant effect on the difference observed between the two groups except the significant difference between total number of ectopic beats in both anaesthesia groups during occlusion was abolished by L-NAME treatment. These results suggest that, in this experimental model, the anaesthetic agent used can affect the severity of ischaemia-reperfusion arrhythmias and basal nitric oxide release does not have a major influence on them.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing physician prescribing behavior: a low-cost administrative policy that reduced the use of brand name nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, expenditures for prescription drugs are rapidly rising. There is concern that physicians do not prescribe medications in the most cost-saving manner. The objective of this study was to determine if a low-cost administrative intervention would decrease the use of brand name nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (bnNSAIDs). METHODS: A before-after trial of an administrative intervention to change prescribing behavior at an urban public hospital and its satellite clinics was performed. We evaluated all filled NSAID prescriptions, a total of 127,925, over an 8.5-month period before and after the intervention. The intervention requested physicians to complete a short form listing two generic name nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (gnNSAIDs) that the patient had already tried if they wished to prescribe a bnNSAID. RESULTS: During the 8.5 months before any intervention, 10.5% of 65,404 NSAID prescriptions were written as brand name prescriptions. For the 8.5 months during the intervention, physicians wrote 62,521 NSAID prescriptions, of which 6.9% (4,322/62,521) were brand name. This represents a 34% decrease in bnNSAID prescriptions (P < 0.0001). Using the average pharmacy acquisition costs for bnNSAIDs and gnNSAIDs, as well as the percentage of decrease in bnNSAID use, we calculated the cost savings to the institution to be $92,914 for the 8.5 months, or a projected annualized savings of $131,172. The decline in bnNSAID prescriptions was site specific; settings in which house staff were supervised by attending physicians had a greater decline when compared to community-based primary care physicians (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A low-cost administrative intervention can have a significant impact on physicians' prescribing habits of NSAIDs and result in cost savings to the institution.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1980

Nomina dubia and available names.

The availability or non-availability of a name is a question of historical fact. A name once made available under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature can be rendered unavailable only by use of the plenary powers of the Commission. The question whether a name is a nomen dubium or not is a matter of taxonomic judgement. The difficulty with the Sarcocystinae discussed by Frenkel et al. (1979) stems from the fact that, under the present provisions of the Code, it is not possible to designate for the species concerned types that will serve any useful function. The Commission is now considering changes to the Code proposed to remedy this defect in a general, legislative way. It will not, as a matter of general practice, entertain proposals for the suppression of names merely because they are considered to be nomina dubia. The application submitted by Professor Frenkel and his collegaues will nevertheless be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature so that the Commission can, if necessary, deliver a ruling on it before the new edition of the Code has appeared.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Naming disorders and semantic representations.

The status of semantic conceptual structures in aphasia was investigated with relation to naming disorders in spontaneous and constrained speech production. A battery of six tasks was administered to 25 control subjects and 25 aphasics: spontaneous speech production (from which the percentage of nouns was calculated), confrontation naming, understanding class relationships (verbal and pictorial), and understanding thematic relationships (verbal and pictorial). Results indicated the important role of taxonomic abilities for naming, while other conceptual structures (i.e., thematic relations) do not seem to play any important role in the process of naming. These results are discussed in terms of the internal organization of semantic information.

Adolescent↗