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PubMed1992

Personality traits and developmental experiences as antecedents of childbearing motivation.

Childbearing motivation may be conceptualized as based upon psychological traits and shaped by experiences during childhood, adolescence, and early adult life. This paper explores what those traits and developmental experiences are. Two measures of childbearing motivation, one positive and the other negative, are described. Using a sample of 362 married men and 354 married women, the paper systematically examines the factors associated with these measures. In addition to a set of basic personality traits, these factors include parental characteristics, teenage experiences, and a number of variables from young adult behavior domains such as marriage, education, work, religion, and parental relationships. Stepwise multiple regression analyses lead to two final constrained, simultaneous-equation regression models. These models indicate the importance of both personality traits and diverse life-cycle experiences in the development of childbearing motivation, the differential gender distribution of predictors, and the different experiential antecedents of positive and negative motivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Exerting power or striking back: a gendered comparison of motivations for domestic violence perpetration.

This study compares the motivations for using violence and the context in which violence occurs among male and female domestic violence perpetrators. One hundred twenty-five participants in batterer intervention counseling in Los Angeles County, California, were surveyed. The sample was approximately half male and half female. Males and females were found to differ in their motivations for using violence in relationships. Females reported using violence in response to prior abuse, citing revenge and retaliation as a primary motivation. Because treatment approaches are commonly derived from the power and control model, which indicates that violence is used to gain power and control, batterer intervention counseling may not be appropriate for women, who appear more motivated by the desire to maintain personal liberties in a relationship where they have been victimized. Treatment must walk the fine line between addressing victimization issues and holding women accountable for decisions to use violence.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Development and evaluation of a tobacco cessation motivational program for adolescents based on physical attractiveness and oral health.

PURPOSE: Little is known about how to motivate youth to participate in smoking cessation programs. This paper reports an investigation of the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention that used vanity and oral health issues associated with tobacco use to motivate adolescent tobacco users to enter a school-based tobacco cessation program. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty-four continuation high school students aged 14 to 19 (31% female) and living in rural California participated in a youth-oriented, vanity and oral health-focused intervention designed to motivate tobacco users to join a six-week tobacco cessation group. RESULTS: Following the intervention, 21 of 37 (57%) regular smokers signed up for the cessation program. Of these smokers, seven (33%) did not indicate on the baseline questionnaire any desire to quit smoking. Of the 21 smokers who signed up to participate in the cessation program, 16 (76%) actually participated (10 males and six females), eight (50%) completed all treatment sessions, and four (25%) reported that they quit smoking at the end of the program. CONCLUSIONS: Overall program evaluations were very favorable. Findings were interpreted to provide support for the feasibility and acceptability of using physical appearance and oral health-oriented programs to motivate adolescent tobacco users to enter school-based cessation programs. Further study is needed to determine the effectiveness of such programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Motivating MS patients: the Annual Convention 2005 of the MS Forum, 22 May 2005, St Julians, Malta.

Motivation is a key issue for everyone caring for people with MS. One needs to consider how best to motivate healthcare professionals so that optimum patient management is maintained over the long term. In addition, there is the aspect of patient motivation, so that people continue the treatments available to them. This report focuses on three plenary presentations given when the extended MS Forum group discussed patient motivation, during the Annual Convention 2005.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Motivating HIV positive women to adhere to antiretroviral therapy and risk reduction behavior: the KHARMA Project.

Women comprise the fastest growing group of persons with AIDS. They are often diagnosed later in the disease, when antiretroviral therapy (ART) is strongly indicated. Antiretroviral therapy has transformed the course of HIV/AIDS to a treatable, chronic illness. This article provides a profile of women with HIV/AIDS and describes ART. Selected research related to adherence and motivation is summarized. Psychosocial and economic concerns specific to women, ART, adherence, and motivation are presented. The article reviews challenges for risk reduction behaviors for HIV+ women, such as sexual activity and substance abuse. The authors discuss the Keeping Health and Active with Risk reduction and Medication Adherence (KHARMA) Project, a research project in progress that was designed to promote adherence to both ART and risk reduction behaviors in HIV+ women. The study includes two groups: a motivational group intervention based on motivational interviewing and a health promotion program control group tailored to the needs of HIV+ women. A description of the tailored intervention and project update is included.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The role of dominant motivation in the formation of a goal-seeking personality].

The article contains experimental data on the neurophysiological mechanisms of dominant motivations. Motivation is considered a component of the system architectonics of behavioral actions, closely connected with the mechanisms of reinforcement. The author shows that cortico-subcortical mechanisms constitute the energetic basis for dominant motivations. The apparatus of action result acceptor plays the role of the directing component of human goal-seeking activity. The author considers the role of action result acceptor in interaction with dominant motivation, in the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined and individually acquired memory, and in the forming of dynamic stereotypes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Volunteer blood donors--relation between gender and motivation].

The study included 1,825 persons, aged from 18 to 65 years. A representative sample was formed of 1,325 persons who donated blood for the first time, and of 500 persons who donated blood five or more times till the moment of investigation. Among blood donors in the Republic of Serbia, regardless the number of blood donations, the percentage of female donors is significantly lower compared to the percentage of male blood donors. The first time donor population consisted of 22.26% of female and 77.74% of male blood donors. The multiple blood donor population was composed of 15.8% of female and 84.2% of male blood donors. Motives for blood donation were studied in 500 persons who donated blood five or more times. The following motives were recorded: a) altruism in 85% of multiple donors; b) the other motives (habit, superiority and/or inferiority complex, self-punishment and benefit) were recorded in 8% of them; c) in 7% of donors the primary motive for blood donation could not be determined.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed1991

Motivational strategies in dental hygiene care.

The process of educating and motivating patients presents interesting challenges to dental hygienists in clinical practice today. The recent technological advances in preventive and restorative dentistry, coupled with a high level of consumer interest in prevention of dental disease, have resulted in a unique opportunity for patients to attain high levels of oral health throughout their lifetimes. These challenges can also mean an expanded and more interesting role for dental hygienists that incorporates theories of motivation and change in conjunction with oral hygiene instruction as an integral component of dental hygiene care. Disease prevention and oral health promotion remain the essential components of dental hygiene treatment with patients. It is through the examination and application of existing theories in the behavioral and social sciences that dental hygiene care can be improved and revitalized. Both patients and dental hygienists benefit from activities that reexamine and analyze basic assumptions in oral hygiene instruction and motivation. It is a welcome and positive trend that preventive health care and motivation are important areas of concern to dental hygienists in clinical practice today.

Dental Prophylaxis↗
PubMed1977

[Interrelationship of motivation and barriers in the learning process in old age (author's transl)].

Started from the concept of lifelong learning it is discussed that the relation between motivation and barriers or obstructions has important influence on learning in old age. Even if differential view has been regarded, in general we may suppose that motivation will have a decreasing tendency and barriers an increasing tendency in old age. This concept is seen together with Welford's Cost- and Benefit-Theory (1976), discussed for Motivation, Capacity, Learning and Age. Consequences would be to look for measures to increase the motivation and decrease the barriers as far as possible.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[AIDS--motivation of people for testing (analysis of a questionnaire)].

At the Department for Transfusiology of the Osijek General Hospital, the blood of volontary donors has been tested for anti-HIV since July 1, 1987, according to regulations. In the period from July 1, 1987, to June 30, 1989, 49 persons come to be tested for anti-HIV on their own initiative. This test group was asked to fill in a questionnaire. The same questionnaire was given to the control group of 154 volontary blood donors. The data were evaluated statistically using the chi 2-test. Statistically significant differences between the two groups (p less than 0.05) have been found in the following parametres: - sex (more men in the control group, but it must be noted that in the observed period there were 82.63% of men among volontary blood donors); - knowledge about obligatory anti-HIV testing of the blood of volontary donors since July 1, 1987 (the test group was not well informed);--motivation for testing (the test and control groups differed in 5 of 8 suggested motives. The leading motives in the test group were sexual contact with an unknown partner, temporary job in the USSR, sexual contact with a partner likely to be seropositive or diseased and the pressure of the social environment to undergo the test for anti-HIV. The strongest motive in the control group was curiosity, which is interesting since public health institutions propose resistance from blood donation of the high risk group members as a post of safe transfusion);--knowledge of preventive measures (the test group was better informed).

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

[Psychological characteristics of the motivation for alcohol use in adolescents].

The authors describe the results of studying into the general motivation tension in situations connected with search of alcohol and the types of alcohol use motivation in adolescents with the signs of early alcoholism (group I), in those undergoing the stage of "assimilation of stereotypes of alcoholic behavior" (group II), and in the pupils of forms 7 to 10 of schools providing general education (controls). The data were obtained with the aid of a questionnaire on studying alcohol use motivation, modified by the authors. The data obtained disclose certain psychological characteristics of early alcoholism formation and the types of alcoholic motivation in adolescents. They promote a differentiated approach to the diagnosis of early alcoholization and alcoholism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Information theory and collative motivation: incentive value of uncertainty, variety, and novelty for children.

We tested the applicability of concepts and measures from information theory to studies of the development and operation of collative motivation. Three variables nominated by Berlyne as potential motivators of information seeking--uncertainty, variety, and novelty--were put into correspondence with three informational theoretic measures--average uncertainty in bits, number of possible outcomes, and outcome probability--to investigate the incentive properties of each variable for first and fourth graders. Increasing bit levels of uncertainty by adding alternatives to the set of possible outcomes was generally positively related to cover choices; however, increasing bit values by varying outcome probabilities from unequal to equal had no effect on choice. Without uncertainty, variety provided a weak source of collative motivation, systematically related to the choice of the transparent cover only for the older children when rewards occurred equally frequently. In contrast, the transparent cover was chosen significantly more frequently when the outcome probability of the associated reward was low. We obtained developmental stability in motivational effects except for variety operating in the absence of uncertainty.

Arousal↗
PubMed1989

[Physiological, social and motivational characteristics of fitness center clients].

Physiological, social and motivational characteristics of attendants to a fitness club. Little is known on the epidemiology of exercisers not engaging into competitive sports events, such as those attending fitness clubs. We investigated 85 regular attendants to a fitness club in Zurich, Switzerland: 44 men and 41 women, with a mean age of 35 (+/- 10) years. All subjects carried out the club-based fitness-test and answered additional questions on sports activity, lifestyle, and their motives to exercise. As anticipated, fitness club attendants smoked less and were more active and more educated than the general population. Among fitness club attendants themselves, known and plausible interrelationships between endurance capacity, body fat content, and habitual exercise could be confirmed as highly significant. Body fat content, as estimated from bioimpedance measurement, was more closely related to important dependent variables than the body mass index, for example to female endurance capacity (r = -0.33 vs. -0.03), or to age in men (r = 0.48 vs. 0.22). Unexpectedly, social factors were only poor predictors of differences in fitness and exercise levels within the study sample. Compared with joggers, fitness club attendants seemed to be motivated relatively more by targets of health promotion, e.g. weight control, and less motivated by "intrinsic" joy and fun with sports activity itself. Further studies will have to demonstrate whether fitness clubs are actually able to promote "lifetime exercise".

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Motivation and emotional disorders. A cognitive science approach. I: Principles, classification and diagnosis].

There are no generally accepted classification schemes for motivational and emotional disorders. One of the reasons is the difficulty in isolating motivational and emotional disorders from complex behaviors. Therefore, terms which characterize certain behaviors globally, such as clinical syndromes, are preferred in the clinical literature. Another, related reason is that within clinical psychology and the psychology of emotions are treated as two entirely separate fields with hardly any mutual influence. A third reason lies in the diversities of theories and schools of thought where the psychology of emotions as well as clinical psychology are concerned, thus, schemes, based on a general framework which is grounded in research in "Cognitiver Science" and general psychology, were developed which enable the comprehensive classification of motivational and emotional disorders, irrespective of individual therapeutic schools of thought or emotion-theoretic orientations. From the classification schemes, diagnostic criteria can be derived. This is the topic of Part I. In Part II it is demonstrated how these schemas can be applied to the comparison of different therapeutic schools with respect to theories of motivational and emotional disorders. Moreover, it is shown, how these ideas can be used to derive strategies for therapeutic interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive motivation: a comparison of wives and husbands in Maharashtra, India.

This study compares family size preferences, ideal sex compositions, and the motivation underlying these preferences between currently married women and their husbands in a transitional rural society in India. Reasons for having children, though similar, differ in some important respects: women's family size preferences are shaped largely by their dependence on sons for old age and other support; their husbands are affected by this motive as well, but they are also influenced by a desire to continue the family line and perform ritual obligations. However, it is primarily the women who feel the constraints imposed on their time, resources, and other opportunities by large numbers of children, which affect their family size preferences negatively. Finally, both spouses are similarly concerned about the health risks to the mother imposed by frequent childbearing. The net effect of the wives' two opposing motivations results in their having family size desires almost the same as their husbands' desires. As female status improves, the old age security motive is likely to diminish, and concern with utilization of time and resources is likely to become more important, leading ultimately to a reduction in desired family size among women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Development terminable and interminable. I. Innate and motivational factors from infancy.

The problems of continuity and change posed by Freud's essay of fifty years ago are discussed in terms of the development of innate and motivational factors from infancy. Part I of this paper reviews interdisciplinary research and proposes some theoretical formulations. Research points to the centrality of the infant-caregiver relationship experience and of emotional availability for establishing both continuity and the potential for later adaptive change. Basic infant motivations are proposed that consist of activity, self-regulation, social fittedness and affective monitoring. These influences are strongly biologically-prepared, are necessary for development and persist throughout life. Other motivational structures are fuelled by the basic motives and develop in the specific context of the infant-caregiver relationship. These structures include those related to the affective core of self and early moral internalization. Moreover, by the age of three years, an executive sense of 'we' develops in a symbolic affectively-supported, autonomous form in some children.

Affect↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of food motivation on the impulse activity of neurons of the somatic cortex of the cat].

Spike reactions of the same somatic cortex neurons (areas 3 and 4) were analyzed during unconditioned stimulation. They were registered in the untrained hungry cats under conditions of rest and with food motivation. A decrease of the intensity of initial spike reactions, disappearance of the late neuronal responses following electro-cutaneous stimulation as well as changes in the level of the background activity were observed during emergence of food motivation. Resemblance and correlation between time of appearance of neuronal reactions and respected movements during conditioned stimulation under various levels of food motivational excitation were shown. This correlation depended on the level of the animal satiation. The results show the possibility of considerable influence of food motivation on the patterns of spike reactions in the somatic cortex neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Motivational factors that affect the retention of reserve nurses in eight aeromedical evacuation flights.

The purpose of the study was to identify the motivational factors which contribute to the retention of reserve flight nurses in aeromedical evacuation flights. Almost all units experience some difficulty in retaining nurses, and with the reserve program becoming increasingly complex, this problem is likely to become more severe. The motivation maintenance theory developed by Frederich Herzberg contends that two sets of factors can impinge on job satisfaction. Hygiene factors such as salary and working conditions can lead to job dissatisfaction. Motivators, such as job content and professional achievement are job satisfaction factors. A convenience sample of 69 reserve flight nurses from 8 flights was utilized in the survey approach. Participants filled out a Demographic Questionnaire, and a Reserve Flight Nurse Satisfaction Questionnaire. The results confirmed the proposed hypotheses in that not only were the nurses able to identify motivational factors, but that these factors had more impact on job satisfaction than did the hygiene factors.

Adult↗