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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Effects of anxiolytic drugs on escape behavior induced by dorsal central gray stimulation in rats.

Each animal was chronically implanted with bipolar electrodes in dorsal central gray matter (DCG) and was trained to press a lever to decrease the DCG-stimulation current. Chlordiazepoxide (5-20 mg/kg, PO), diazepam (2-10 mg/kg, PO) and bromazepam (1-5 mg/kg, PO) produced dose-dependent increases in the DCG-stimulation threshold 1-4 h after administration without affecting motor performance. Meprobamate (200 mg/kg, PO) and pentobarbital (10 mg/kg, PO) also slightly increased the stimulation threshold. Their potency was in the order of bromazepam greater than diazepam greater than chlordiazepoxide greater than pentobarbital greater than meprobamate. The increase in the threshold induced by diazepam (10 mg/kg, PO) was inhibited by the GABA antagonists, bicuculline (1 mg/kg, IP) and picrotoxin (0.1 mg/kg, IP). These results suggest that decreased susceptibility to brain stimulation is involved in suppressing effects of anxiolytic drugs on the escape behavior, and also that the antiaversive action of benzodiazepines may be related to a GABAergic mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Septal driving of hippocampal theta rhythm: role of gamma-aminobutyrate-benzodiazepine receptor complex in mediating effects of anxiolytics.

In free-moving male rats, when the hippocampal theta rhythm is artificially driven by stimulation in the septum at frequencies between 5 and 10 Hz, the function relating frequency to the threshold current required to drive the theta rhythm has a minimum at 7.7 Hz. This minimum is eliminated by anxiolytic drugs. Dose-response curves for this effect are reported for chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and meprobamate. The effect of meprobamate was reversed by two gamma-aminobutyrateA antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline, which have previously been shown to be without effects of their own. The gamma-aminobutyrateB agonist, baclofen, also without effect on its own, blocked the elimination of the 7.7-Hz minimum caused by the gamma-aminobutyrateA agonist, muscimol. The beta-carboline, ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate, had mixed agonist/antagonist properties, blocking the effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and muscimol (though not sodium amylobarbitone) but itself acting like a benzodiazepine. Coupled with earlier data, these findings support a role for gamma-aminobutyrate receptors in mediating the effects of anxiolytic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contribution of electroencephalography in tranquilizer withdrawal syndromes].

Withdrawal syndromes after discontinuation of benzodiazepine or meprobamate administration are rarely observed, in spite of the large number of prescriptions given. Similar manifestations are noted as after barbiturate withdrawal, and appear 1 to 10 days after sudden interruption of prolonged treatment at high doses. The 6 cases reported include 4 patients with withdrawal syndromes after benzodiazepines (diazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam) and 2 after meprobamate. No evidence of epilepsy was found in the patients, who were hospitalized for treatment after suicidal attempts, or medication overdosage (phenothiazine) in one case. Withdrawal symptoms appeared between the 2nd and 7th day with confusion and/or generalized convulsions and paroxystic changes with slow spike-wave type on EEG tracings. In such cases, precise information must be obtained about previous medication in order that it may be readministered and the diagnosis of epilepsy avoided in patients with withdrawal symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Risks of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia associated with common medications.

We utilized data from two Kaiser Permanente medical care programs to evaluate risks of hematopoietic and lymphoproliferative (HLP) malignancies after use of 14 common medications. The subjects were adult cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (N = 94), multiple myeloma (N = 159), and leukemia (N = 257) and individually matched controls (N = 695). Abstractors reviewed medical records and recorded medication notations. Using a minimum 5-year exposure lag between first notation and malignancy diagnosis, the risk of NHL was greater among plan members who were prescribed amphetamines [odds ratio (OR) = 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-4.8], lidocaine (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.2-5.5), and meprobamate (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.03-4.3). The risk of NHL rose with increasing number of medical record notations for amphetamines; however, there was no association with number of notations for lidocaine or meprobamate. The odds ratio for total leukemia was decreased among patients who took chloramphenicol (OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.2-0.97).

Adult↗
PubMed1961

Centrally acting muscle relaxants in tetanus.

The anti-tetanus activity of a number of phenothiazine derivatives and other centrally acting muscle relaxants, such as mephenesin, dicyclopropyl ketoxime, 2-amino-6-methylbenzothiazole and meprobamate, has been determined in rabbits with experimental local tetanus. Structure-activity relationships were obtained for the phenothiazine derivatives and their anti-tetanus activity correlated with other central and peripheral properties. Both dicyclopropyl ketoxime and 2-amino-6-methyl-benzothiazole were twice as active as mephenesin. Meprobamate does not appear to be primarily a muscle relaxant of the mephenesin type.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Continuous arteriovenous hemoperfusion in acute poisoning.

We have investigated the efficacy of a pumpless hemoperfusion technique, continuous arteriovenous hemoperfusion (CAVHP) in 3 cases of acute intoxications with meprobamate, theophylline and phenobarbital. Dramatic responses were noted in both hemodynamic unstable and comatous patients. With this technique, a blood flow of 120 cm3/min could be achieved in severe hypotension. Moreover, with the restoration of blood pressure, blood flow increased to 150-400 cm3/min. Our preliminary experience has shown that CAVHP allows an exceptionally high solute elimination. Hemoperfusion clearances of meprobamate, phenobarbital and theophylline were 198 +/- 5.6 cm3/min, 290.25 +/- 25.33 cm3/min and 192.79 +/- 55 cm3/min, respectively. Our present results suggest that CAVHP is a simple, safe, effective and less costly alterative of conventional hemoperfusion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug kinetics and alcohol ingestion.

Acute and chronic ethanol ingestion can alter both the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of other drugs. For psychotherapeutic drugs, modification of drug action by alcohol is much more important than kinetic interaction, such as ethanol induced drug metabolism. In contrast, the importance of the effects of alcohol on the kinetics of other classes of drug is incomplete. The probability and mechanism of alcohol kinetic interactions with other drugs can nevertheless be anticipated, in part, on the basis of the extent of binding of the drug to plasma proteins, the capacity of the liver for extracting the drug from blood passing through the liver and the true distribution space of the drug. Highly bound drugs with low intrinsic hepatic clearance are among the most commonly reported to have their kinetics altered by ethanol (e.g. benzodiazepines, phenytoin, tolbutamide and warfarin). Less highly bound drugs are less consistently affected (e.g. meprobamate, glutethimide, pentobarbitone and phenobarbitone). Acute administration of ethanol to laboratory animals or incubation of microsomal preparations with ethanol inhibits the mixed function oxidase activity. In the human, the elimination half-life of meprobamate, pentobarbitone and tolbutamide is increased by acute ethanol administration. Chronic administration of ethanol to rats and humans causes proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, increase in microsomal protein content and cytochrome P450 and results in an augmentation in drug metabolising ability of the microsomes in vitro. Even though the plasma half-life of some drugs is decreased by chronic ethanol ingestion, the clinical determination of the mechanism is incomplete because few studies have measured drug metabolite levels. In addition, alcohol effects on drug distribution have not been studied very extensively. The effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on drugs with low and high hepatic extraction, high and low binding, important tissue localisation and microsomal and non-microsomal metabolism will be quite different. Systematic studies of the mechanism of alcohol kinetic interactions are needed. Such kinetic studies should be combined with pharmacodynamic measures in order to establish the clinical importance of changes in drug kinetics.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1978

Effects of some psychotropic drugs on M-wave and operant behavior in the squirrel monkey.

The effects of low doses of nabilone, chlorpromazine, pentobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam, chlordiazepoxiOde and d-amphetamine on behavioral responding to cues signalling the availability of food rewards, and on the M-wave, an evoked cortical potential previously reported to reflect the conditioned incentive value of the cues were determined in the squirrel monkey. Nabilone and chlorpromazine simultaneously depressed both the M-wave and behavior. Pentobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide could depress the M-wave without depressing behavior. This effect was most marked with diazepam. The only augmentation of the M-wave observed was the d-amphetamine, and this occurred in only one of five animals. The benzodiazepines were the only drugs to augment behavioral output. However, diazepam occasionally increased the number of cures responded to while concomitantly decreasing both total behavioral output and the amplitude of the M-wave. It is concluded that the M-wave cannot directly reflect the incentive value of the cue, but must rather reflect something that tends to parallel this value.

Animals↗
PubMed1956

Use of tranquilizers in diseases of the skin; a preliminary report.

Tranquilizing agents such as chlorpromazine and reserpine were used in various diseases of the skin in which the psychogenic factors were considered important etiologic agents. While a tranquilizing effect was obtained in the majority of instances, the side reactions and variation in response were so great as to render these agents unsatisfactory for routine use as tranquilizers. Meprobamate (marketed under the trade names Miltown and Equanil) was then used on a group of dermatologic patients with more consistent tranquilizing effect and comparatively little unpleasant side reactions. It is felt that further study of the use of meprobamate as a tranquilizing agent in dermatology is worth while.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1976

[Chronologic and quantitative modalities of luteinization and ovulation in the female rat exposed to FSH action at the beginning of 4-day cycles].

Female Wistar rats were injected with two successive doses of 150 mug FSH on dioestrus I (5 p. m.) and dioestrus II (9 a.m.) of 4-day cycles. Superovulation and formation of an increased number of corpora lutea with included oocytes occurred in these animals. Meprobamate or pentobarbitone injections at 11.30 a.m. et 1.30 p.m. respectively completely blocked ovulation and luteinization phenomena in FSH-treated females. Ovulation normally occurred in FSH-treated females injected with meprobamate at 5.30 p.m. It was concluded that no modification of timing of the 'critical period' resulted from FSH treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Effects of tranquilizing agents on bioelectrical activity of the rat brain].

The action of diazepam, meprobamate, trioxazine and mexidol on bioelectrical activity of sensorimotor cortex and dorsal hippocamp of the left and right hemisphere of the brain in conscious rat in free behavior has been studied. All the drugs produced a decline in the frequency of the dominant peak of EEG power spectra. Diazepam and meprobamate increased beta-activity. It is concluded that the decreased frequency may be due to an anxiolytic effect of the tranquilizers, whereas high beta-activity is related to muscle relaxant effect of some drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Characteristics of the choice of psychotropic drugs in suicide attempts].

UNLABELLED: Review of results of Pecs centre in WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour. OBJECTIVE: Studies concerning the choice of methods and psychotropics in the suicidal acts have a great importance because the outcome of suicides is decisively determined by the potential lethality of the method. In the sample of patients who attempted suicides, the features of overdoses have been investigated as well as their relations to the age, sex and repetition. METHOD: Within the framework of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour data, 1158 cases with suicide attempts were collected from 1997 to 2001. RESULTS: Among methods of suicide attempts the most frequents were overdoses, while cutting, and hanging were more rarely, and alcohol consumption associated with 15% of attempts. Psychotropics were found in three-quarters of overdoses. A more detailed analysis of the methods used by suicidal patients shows that benzodiazepines represented almost two-thirds of all the drugs taken followed by meprobamate, carbamazepine and antidepressants. Repeaters used frequently antidepressants, antipsychotics, carbamazepine, while benzodiazepines and meprobamate poisoning were rather typical of first-ever group. CONCLUSION: Considerable differences in the use of psychotropics for parasuicide related to gender, age and repetition were found. The results suggest, that the features of overdoses may be in connection with the availability of drugs and the special national characteristics of drug-prescribing. The differences of repeaters may reflect the insufficiency of the mental health care system. The authors emphasize the importance of these facts among the possibilities of prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Screening of drugs and chemicals by wide-bore capillary gas chromatography. II. Detection of drugs and chemicals in the blood].

This paper describes the detection limit for 23 drugs and chemicals in the blood by means of a screening method that uses a gas chromatographic system equipped with a wide-bore capillary column and a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The detection limit by this method was determined as being 1 mm of peak height at the detector's range of 100 and 8 of attenuation. Using this scale, the absolute detection limit was in the range of 1 pg for malathion and sumithion to 1 ng for meprobamate. The detection limit of drugs and chemicals in the blood was 5 ng/ml for sumithion to 8 micrograms/ml for meprobamate. Therefore, this screening method is able to detect the presence of drugs even a therapeutic-level dosages, with the exception of compounds such as haloperidol, which have extremely low therapeutic dosage levels.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of tranquilizers on animal resistance to adequate stimulus exposure of the vestibular apparatus].

The effect of tranquilizers on the intensity of vestibulospinal reflexes and motor activity was studied in 900 centrifuged albino mice. Chemically heterogenous tranquilizers (meprobamate, elenium, nicolit) were applied in therapeutic doses. Actometric studies have shown that the tranquilizers possess group capacity for increasing animal resistance to the action of adequate stimuli to the vestibular apparatus. Meprobamate has exhibited the most pronounced protective effect.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1980

[Action of some psychotropic drugs on the electrmyographic response evoked by stretches of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats submitted to stress].

Electromyographic response evoked by stretches is registered in the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Stretch is caused by the forced flection of the paw on the leg by a solenoid. Intensity of the electromyographic signal is measured by an electronic integrator. We studied the dose/effect correlation of some psycotropic drugs on the stretch reflex in stressed rats by contention: Pentobarbital, Meprobamate, Chlorpromazine, Sulpiride, Amitriptyline, D-Amphetamine. Chlorpromazine abolishes the myoelectric stretch response while Meprobamate and Amitriptyline reduce it only a little. Pentobarbital and Sulpiride produce a biphasyc effect of opposite sign: at small doses Pentobarbital increases the stretch response while Sulpiride reduces it. At high doses we can see an opposite effect. Amphetamine, at least, at all studied doses decreases the myoelectric stretch response.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1980

[Effect of some psychotropic drugs on spontaneous electromyographic activity in the stressed rat].

Electromyographic registration of a skeletal muscle allows to point out not only the phasic activation but also the tonic activity which otherwise is difficult to value. We registered the spontaneous electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle in stressed rats. The intensity of the electromyographic signal is measured by electronic rectification and integration. We studied the dose-effect correlation of some neurotropic drugs: Pentobarbital, Meprobamate, Chlorpromazine, Sulpiride, Amitriptyline, D-Amphetamine. Chlorpromazine progressively reduces the spontaneous mioelectric activity until the whole abolition. At the studied doses Meprobamate doesn't reduce completely the spontaneous activity. At small doses of Pentobarbitral the spontaneous activity increases while at high doses it's abolished. At small doses Amitriptyline becomes an exciting drug while at higher doses it reduces the spontaneous mioelectric activity. Sulpiride at small doses inhibits the spontaneous activity while at high doses it seems to increase it. At all tested doses D-amphetamine remarkably increases the spontaneous mioelectric activity.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed2000

Anxiolytics and antidepressants for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: There are two reasons to believe antidepressants and anxiolytics might help in smoking. First, anxiety and depression are symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, and smoking cessation sometimes precipitates depression. Second, smoking appears to be due, in part, to deficits in dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, all of which are increased by anxiolytics and antidepressants. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of such drugs in aiding long term smoking cessation. The drugs include bupropion; buspirone; diazepam; doxepin; fluoxetine; imipramine; meprobamate; moclobemide; nortriptyline; tryptophan; ondansetron; venlafaxine and the beta-blockers metoprolol, oxprenolol and propanolol. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register which includes trials indexed in Medline, Embase, SciSearch and PsycLit, and meetings abstracts. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomized trials comparing anxiolytic or antidepressant drugs to placebo or an alternative therapeutic control for smoking cessation. We excluded trials with less than 6 months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the type of study population, the nature of the drug therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects model. MAIN RESULTS: There was one trial each of the anxiolytics diazepam, meprobamate, metoprolol and oxprenolol. There were two trials of the anxiolytic buspirone. None of these showed evidence of effectiveness in helping smokers to quit. There was one trial each of the antidepressants fluoxetine and moclobemide, two of nortriptyline, and four trials of bupropion. Nortriptyline and bupropion increased cessation and other antidepressants might also be effective. One trial found combined bupropion and nicotine patch produced higher quit rates than patch alone. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is little evidence that anxiolytics aid smoking cessation. Some antidepressants (bupropion and nortriptyline) can aid smoking cessation. It is not clear whether these effects are specific for individual drugs, or a class effect.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed2000

Anxiolytics for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: There are two reasons to believe anxiolytics might help in smoking cessation. Anxiety may be a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. Second, smoking appears to be due, in part, to deficits in dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, all of which are increased by anxiolytics and antidepressants. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of anxiolytic drugs in aiding long term smoking cessation. The drugs include buspirone; diazepam; doxepin; meprobamate; ondansetron; and the beta-blockers metoprolol, oxprenolol and propanolol. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register which includes trials indexed in Medline, Embase, SciSearch and PsycLit, and meetings abstracts. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomized trials comparing anxiolytic drugs to placebo or an alternative therapeutic control for smoking cessation. We excluded trials with less than 6 months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the type of study population, the nature of the drug therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects model. MAIN RESULTS: There was one trial each of the anxiolytics diazepam, meprobamate, metoprolol and oxprenolol. There were two trials of the anxiolytic buspirone. None of the trials showed strong evidence of an effect for any of these drugs in helping smokers to quit. However, confidence intervals were wide, and an effect of anxiolytics cannot be ruled out on current evidence. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is no consistent evidence that anxiolytics aid smoking cessation, but the available evidence does not rule out a possible effect.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗