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PubMed1986

Effect of antibiotics on adherence of Haemophilus influenzae type b.

During antibiotic therapy for serious Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in children, respiratory mucosal colonization with this organism is suppressed but not eradicated. To define possible mechanisms contributing to this suppression, the ability of six antibiotics to influence the adherence of H. influenzae type b to human epithelial cells was investigated. In assays in which the organisms were grown in broth containing 0.5 X the MIC of rifampin, ampicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, all drugs except rifampin significantly reduced bacterial adherence. In assays in which nonreplicating organisms were exposed to the antibiotics, all six drugs reduced the adherence of the bacteria. In assays in which the epithelial cells were exposed to the antibiotics, all drugs reduced bacterial adherence. In addition, the presence of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole appeared to facilitate the release of organisms adherent to epithelial cells. Thus, antibiotics appear to inhibit adherence of H. influenzae type b to human epithelial cells and may interfere with bacterial or epithelial cell binding sites. These observations may explain the suppression of H. influenzae type b mucosal colonization that occurs during antibiotic treatment of patients with systemic H. influenzae type b infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1987

Phenotypic expression and genetic heterogeneity of lincosamide inactivation in Staphylococcus spp.

We examined the resistance phenotype and the genetic basis of lincosamide modification in 25 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp. inactivating lincomycin and clindamycin. The strains were resistant to high levels of lincomycin but remained susceptible to clindamycin. However, MBCs and inoculum effects showed that the activity of clindamycin was impaired. The distribution in these strains of nucleotide sequences related to linA and linA', the genes encoding lincosamide nucleotidylation in Staphylococcus haemolyticus BM4610 and S. aureus BM4611, respectively, was studied by dot blot hybridization. The genes responsible for lincosamide inactivation in Staphylococcus spp. were found to constitute a family of related sequences which are not species specific.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli to HMR 3647 (RU 66647) and 14 other antimicrobials.

The comparative in vitro activity of the ketolide HMR 3647 (RU 66647) and those of structurally related macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin compounds (erythromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, josamycin, lincomycin, pristinamycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin) as well as those of benzylpenicillin, doxycycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, levofloxacin, and rifapentine against 247 aerobic and facultative non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli were determined by an agar dilution method. The ketolide was active against most organisms tested except Corynebacterium striatum, coryneform CDC group 12, and Oerskovia spp. The frequency of resistance to erythromycin and other macrolides as well as that to lincomycin was high. Pristinamycin and, to a lesser extent, quinupristin-dalfopristin were very active, but resistance to these agents was present in some strains of Rhodococcus equi, Listeria spp., C. striatum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Oerskovia spp. HMR 3647 was very active against all erythromycin-sensitive and many erythromycin-nonsusceptible strains, especially Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium amycolatum, and Corynebacterium jeikeium. In vitro resistance to benzylpenicillin was common, but doxycycline, vancomycin, and teicoplanin were very active against most organisms tested except E. rhusiopathiae, against which glycopeptide antibiotics were not active. The in vitro activity of levofloxacin was remarkable, but resistance to this agent was common for C. amycolatum, Corynebacterium urealyticum, C. jeikeium, and Oerskovia spp. strains. Rifapentine was also very active in vitro against many organisms, but resistance to this agent was always present in E. rhusiopathiae and was very common in C. striatum and C. urealyticum.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1974

Susceptibility of pathogenic actinomycetes to antimicrobial compounds.

Current interest in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic pathogens and recent recognition that actinomycetes other than Actinomyces israelii may cause actinomycosis in man prompted this in vitro survey of 74 strains of actinomycetes, representing seven species. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 24 antimicrobials were determined by inhibition of gross colonial enlargement in semisolid antibiotic agar after incubation at 37 C for 48 h under anaerobic conditions. Erythromycin and rifampin were the most active drugs in vitro (MICs of 0.008 to 0.25 mug/ml), although a small number of non-israelii strains were conspicuously more resistant to the latter (MICs >0.5 mug/ml). Penicillin G, cephaloridine, minocycline, and clindamycin were also very active in vitro (MICs of 0.03 to 1.0 mug/ml); for a few non-israelii strains the MICs of clindamycin were 2.0 to 8.0 mug/ml. MICs of cephalothin, ampicillin, lincomycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol were well within a therapeutic range for all strains of A. israelii and most other species, although the MIC of lincomycin against a few non-israelii strains and of tetracycline and doxycycline against the majority of these strains was 2.0 to 8.0 mug/ml. Oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and cephalexin were less active in vitro, particularly against strains other than A. israelii. Most non-israelii species were not suppressed by 125 mug of metronidazole per ml, which concentration inhibited all strains of A. israelii; otherwise, there were no antimicrobial susceptibility differences among the species tested. Aminoglycoside activity was negligible.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1976

Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on cross walls of cocci.

Cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Streptococcus bovis were incubated on membrane filters on agar containing antibiotics at one-third to one-fourth the minimal inhibitory concentration for the particular bacterial strain. S. aureus was grown in the presence of oxacillin, cephaloridine, or lincomycin. N. gonorrhoeae and S. bovis were grown in the presence of penicillin. The membranes were then incubated in drug-free agar, after which viability was determined and the cells were examined by electron microscopy. S. aureus exposed to oxacillin and cephaloridine grew into cells two to seven times larger than normal that contained thick multiple cross walls. S. aureus exposed to lincomycin grew into cells 1.5 to 2 times larger than normal, with multiple thick cross walls and periheral cell walls twice the normal thickness. N. gonorrhoeae cells exposed to penicillin were slightly larger than normal and had cross walls that were up to eight times thicker than normal. After transfer to drug-free agar, cells became smaller, and some normal organisms could be seen. S. bovis incubated in the presence of penicillin grew into filaments that contained no cross walls. Two hours after the return to drug-free agar, filaments with cross walls as well as normal cells were observed. Exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin did not affect the growth of the peripheral cell wall of S. aureus, N. gonorrhoeae, or S. bovis, but appeared to inhibit lysis of cross walls in S. aureus and N. gonorrhoeae and to inhibit the synthesis of cross walls in S. bovis; that is, the rates of peripheral and cross wall formation differed in their susceptibility to penicillin. These facts suggest that peripheral growth and cross wall formation in cocci are separable processes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to 65 antibiotics.

The susceptibilities of 36 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 35 recent isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined against each of 65 antimicrobial agents and against two of them in combination. Rifampin was the most active of all the agents tested against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Among the penicillins, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin were most active, although benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethyl penicillin were more active against susceptible strains. Cephaloridine was the most active of the cephalosporins, and sisomicin was the most active aminoglycoside. Minocycline was more active than the other tetracycline analogues tested. Among the macrolide-lincomycin compounds in clinical use, clindamycin was more active, and lincomycin was less active than erythromycin. The synergy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was more striking against S. aureus than against S. epidermidis. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides were lower against S. aureus, whereas the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the tetracyclines were lower against S. epidermidis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Susceptibility of fecal streptococci of poultry origin to nine growth-promoting agents.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of nine growth-promoting agents were determined by an agar-dilution method against 66 bile-tolerant streptococcal (8 Streptococcus faecalis, 23 Streptococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens, 15 Streptococcus faecium, and 20 carboxyphilic streptococci) strains isolated from the ceca of 52 chickens on 19 farms. Avoparcin was equally active on all groups. The natural susceptibilities against the other substances differed among the groups studied. Bacitracin and virginiamycin were more active on S. faecium and S. faecalis than on S. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens; lincomycin and the macrolide antibiotics were more active on S. faecium than on the other groups; and flavomycin was active on all groups except S. faecium. High percentages of acquired resistance were noted in all groups against bacitracin, lincomycin, and the macrolide antibiotics, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and tylosin. Resistance to nitrovin was found only among the S. faecalis and S. faecium groups.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Identification of Lactobacillus reuteri genes specifically induced in the mouse gastrointestinal tract.

Lactobacilli are common inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals and have received considerable attention due to their putative health-promoting properties. Little is known about the traits that enhance the ability of these bacteria to inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. In this paper we describe the development and application of a strategy based on in vivo expression technology (IVET) that enables detection of Lactobacillus reuteri genes specifically induced in the murine gut. A plasmid-based system was constructed containing 'ermGT (which confers lincomycin resistance) as the primary reporter gene for selection of promoters active in the gastrointestinal tract of mice treated with lincomycin. A second reporter gene, 'bglM (beta-glucanase), allowed differentiation between constitutive and in vivo inducible promoters. The system was successfully tested in vitro and in vivo by using a constitutive promoter. Application of the IVET system with chromosomal DNA of L. reuteri 100-23 and reconstituted lactobacillus-free mice revealed three genes induced specifically during colonization. Two of the sequences showed homology to genes encoding xylose isomerase (xylA) and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (msrB), which are involved in nutrient acquisition and stress responses, respectively. The third locus showed homology to the gene encoding a protein whose function is not known. Our IVET system has the potential to identify genes of lactobacilli that have not previously been functionally characterized but which may be essential for growth of these bacteria in the gastrointestinal ecosystem.

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases↗
PubMed1967

Control of Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms in Cell Culture.

Mammalian cell culture systems were maintained free of mycoplasmas by using a 3-day agar plate test as a weekly routine to monitor the conditions of the cells. If contaminated cell cultures were found, they were discarded and replaced from a pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO)-free cell bank. PPLO-free lines were established by treatment with various antibiotics. The KB cell line was freed of mycoplasmas by treatment for 1 week with a mixture of chlortetracycline, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol. L-929 cells were cleared of contamination with either spectinomycin or tylosin, and a synovial cell line was cleared with lincomycin or tylosin. Each cell line, after eradication of the contaminant, was stored in liquid nitrogen. A number of agents were tested to determine minimal inhibitory concentration against three known and three unidentified mycoplasmas. Chlortetracycline and tetracycline were found to be highly active against all strains, whereas tylosin, spectinomycin, and lincomycin, though less active, were equally useful because of their low toxicity against cells. Kanamycin was highly active against three strains, but inactive at high levels against the KB cell contaminants. A disc plate test was used to check isolated cell contaminants for sensitivity to various agents.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1968

Susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci to lysostaphin and other antibiotics.

In general, coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be relatively less susceptible to the lytic action of lysostaphin than coagulase-positive staphylococci. To achieve, arbitrarily, a lysis greater than 75%, it was necessary to use an increased concentration of enzyme or a longer incubation period than that usually required with coagulase-positive strains. For the most part, the cultures studied were sensitive to oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, ancillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, fusidic acid, lincomycin, novobiocin, and neomycin [median minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 1.56 mug/ml or less]. Some degree of resistance (median MIC values of 12.5 mug/ml or greater) to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, tetracycline, chloretetracycline, erythromycin, ristocetin, and lysostaphin was found. Ten methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococal strains were found to be cross-resistant to all nine of the penicillins tested, but much less resistant to the two cephalosporin analogues. In several instances, some of these strains seemed to be more sensitive to benzylpenicillin and to certain of the semisynthetic penicillins than to methicillin. Of the 18 antibiotics tested with the viable plate count method, the methicillin-resistant strains were found to be the most sensitive to lincomycin and novobiocin.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Purification of enterotoxins from Vibrio mimicus that appear to be identical to cholera toxin.

Cholera toxin-like (CT-like) enterotoxins produced by two strains of Vibrio mimicus, 61892 and 63616, isolated from diarrhea patients in Bangladesh, were purified, and their physicochemical, biological, and immunological properties were compared with those of CT produced by classical Vibrio cholerae 569B. The CT-like toxins were produced by lincomycin-resistant mutants grown in the presence of lincomycin at 200 micrograms/ml for strain 63616 and 250 micrograms/ml for strain 61892 and were purified by coprecipitation with hexametaphosphate followed by chromatography on phosphocellulose. The pure CT-like toxins were indistinguishable from 569B CT in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, rabbit intestinal loop and Y-1 adrenal cell assays, antiserum neutralization and binding inhibition assays, and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, except that the CT-like toxins appeared to consist almost entirely of A subunit which was proteolytically unnicked. Trypsin nicking, however, resulted in fragments that appeared to be identical to those of 569B CT. These results indicate that at least one species of Vibrio other than V. cholerae can produce enterotoxins which are virtually identical to CT.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1981

A family of r-determinants in Streptomyces spp. that specifies inducible resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin type B antibiotics.

Inducible resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin type B antibiotics in Streptomyces spp. comprises a family of diverse phenotypes in which characteristic subsets of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics induce resistance mediated by mono- or dimethylation of adenine, or both, in 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. In these studies, diverse patterns of induction specificity in Streptomyces and associated ribosomal ribonucleic acid changes are described. In Streptomyces fradiae NRRL 2702 erythromycin induced resistance to vernamycin B, whereas in Streptomyces hygroscopicus IFO 12995, the reverse was found: vernamycin B induced resistance to erythromycin. In a Streptomyces viridochromogenes (NRRL 2860) model system studied in detail, tylosin induced resistance to erythromycin associated with N6-monomethylation of 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid, whereas in Staphylococcus aureus, erythromycin induced resistance to tylosin mediated by N6-dimethylation of adenine. Inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance was found in S. fradiae NRRL 2702 and S. hygroscopicus IFO 12995, which synthesize the macrolides tylosin and maridomycin, respectively, as well as in the lincosamide producer Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936 and the streptogramin type B producer Streptomyces diastaticus NRRL 2560. A wide range of different macrolides including chalcomycin, tylosin, and cirramycin induced resistance when tested in an appropriate system. Lincomycin was active as inducer in S. lincolnensis, the organism by which it is produced, and streptogramin type B antibiotics induced resistance in S. fradiae, S. hygroscopicus, and the streptogramin type B producer S. diastaticus. Patterns of adenine methylation found included (i) lincomycin-induced monomethylation in S. lincolnensis (and constitutive monomethylation in a mutant selected with maridomycin), (ii) concurrent equimolar levels of adenine mono- plus dimethylation in S. hygroscopicus, (iii) monomethylation in S. fradiae (and dimethylation in a mutant selected with erythromycin), and (iv) adenine dimethylation in S. diastaticus induced by ostreogrycin B.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

Antibiotic treatment of abscesses of the central nervous system.

Samples of intracranial pus and serum from 32 patients were assayed to determine the concentrations reached in them of penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, cephaloridine, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, and lincomycin. Metronidazole had not been given. Penicillin penetrated abscesses reasonably well, but other beta-lactam antibiotics did not. The penetration of chloramphenicol was erratic. Aminoglycosides penetrated poorly, but lincomycin and fusidic acid penetrated well. Assay of sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole in pus was unreliable. These studies indicate that treatment of abscesses of the central nervous system should be considered according to the site and the likely antecedent cause. Abscesses of sinusitic origin, usually in the frontal lobe, yield penicillin-sensitive streptococci. Penicillin is the drug of choice. Abscesses of otitic origin, usually in the temporal lobe, yield a mixed flora, often including anaerobic bacteria. Multiple antibiotic therapy is indicated. Abscesses of metastatic or cryptogenic origin yield streptococci or mixed cultures, and multiple therapy is appropriate while awaiting the bacteriological results. Spinal and post-traumatic abscesses yield Staphylococcus aureus, and fusidic acid is the drug of choice.

Abscess↗
PubMed1977

Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dermatology and burn wards.

Staphylococcus aureus isolated between 1967 and 1975 from the nose and skin lesions of patients in dermatology wards and from the burns of patients in a burns unit in Birmingham showed a high incidence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains in both environments. Over 20% of the strains isolated from patients on admission to the dermatology wards were multiresistant. Resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and fusidic acid was common in the dermatology wards; a smaller proportion of strains were resistant to lincomycin, and few (since 1972 none) were resistant to methicillin; resistance to novobiocin and chloramphenicol was uncommon. In the burns unit, fusidic acid resistance was uncommon, but resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, novobiocin, neomycin, methicilin, and lincomycin was common. Several of the antibiotics to which resistance was common in the burns unit were rarely if ever used there; strains resistant to these antibiotics probably remained common in the ward through the frequent use of other antibiotics, especially erythromycin, to which these strains were also resistant.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolated from pneumonic ovine lungs.

The in vitro susceptibilities of Pasteurella haemolytica biotypes A and T and P multocida from pneumonic ovine lungs to penicillin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin, streptomycin and lincomycin were determined by the disk diffusion method. All the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and resistant to lincomycin. The isolates of P haemolytica biotype A were consistently more sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin and streptomycin than those of biotype T.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Susceptibility of Bacteroides melaninogenicus to 45 antibiotics.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 45 antimicrobial agents were determined for 13 strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus. All the strains showed good susceptibility to those agents known to be active against anaerobic gram-negative rods, such as tetracyclines and lincomycins. The lowest MICs were observed with lincomycin, clindamycin, methacycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and erythromycin. As expected, aminoglycosides were only poorly active, also some strains showed clear resistance to penicillins, cephalosproins (including the newer ones), and nitroimidazoles.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1982

Subcutaneous staphylococcal infections in mice: the influence of antibiotics on staphylococcal extracellular products.

Using a mouse subcutaneous abscess model the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics upon alpha-hemolysin, nuclease, lipase and esterase production was investigated. Infected mice treated with erythromycin (10 mg/kg), chloramphenicol (10 mg/kg) and fucidin (5 mg/kg) were compared with those given lincomycin (10 mg/kg) and clindamycin (5 mg/kg). In reference to the first three drugs, early blanching occurred at the inoculation site and necrosis appeared within 18 h, whereas wit the other two agents, lesion progressed more slowly with a slight induration only at the site of injection becoming apparent after 24 h. Neither alpha-hemolysin nor nuclease was elaborated in the lesion of mice treated with lincomycin and clindamycin. Histological examinations of skin of mice treated with the latter antibiotics revealed a localized abscess with little or no spreading of the bacteria as compared to untreated mice and to mice treated with the other antibiotics. Evidence is presented which suggests significant involvement of the extracellular products in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

In vitro activity of four antimicrobial agents against North American isolates of porcine Serpulina pilosicoli.

Porcine colonic spirochetosis is a nonfatal diarrheal disease that affects pigs during the growing and finishing stages of production. The disease is caused by Serpulina pilosicoli, a newly recognized species of pathogenic intestinal spirochete. Antimicrobial therapy aimed at reducing the infection may be helpful in controlling spirochetal diarrhea. In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of the reference isolate S. pilosicoli P43/6/78 from the United Kingdom and 19 field isolates obtained from pigs in Canada (n = 5) and the United States (n = 14) were determined against the antimicrobial agents carbadox, gentamicin, lincomycin, and tiamulin, all of which are commonly used for control of the related pathogenic intestinal spirochete S. hyodysenteriae. Additionally, the susceptibility or resistance of each isolate against each antimicrobial agent was estimated on the basis of available data on the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints of S. hyodysenteriae. Each isolate was identified on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic markers, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of each antimicrobial agent was determined by the agar-dilution method. All the isolates were susceptible to carbadox and tiamulin. The percentages of isolates susceptible, intermediate, and resistant to lincomycin were 42.1%, 42.1%, and 15.8%, respectively. Slightly less than half of the isolates (47.4%) were susceptible to gentamicin, and the remainder (52.6%) were resistant. Implementation of rational control measures to reduce infection by S. pilosicoli should improve overall health and productivity in swine herds.

Animal Husbandry↗