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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The Ergonomics Society--the Society Lectures 1999: the next 50 years: future challenges and opportunities for empathy in our science.

To stay relevant and applicable in a rapidly changing world, ergonomics must meet several challenges. The paper explores these challenges and how the profession might respond. It is proposed that there are opportunities, and a need, to embrace empathy as a legitimate and useful tool. Empathy has value in three main areas. In research we can broaden our understanding of people and situations, learning 'why' as well as 'how and what' people do. Second, by identifying with the emotional as well as intellectual concerns of sponsors and colleagues from other professions, we inspire trust and confidence, adding value to our collective efforts in collaborative work. Third, through methods such as role-playing and story telling, empathy is a powerful tool for getting ergonomics issues across to implementers and influencing outcomes. Care is needed to balance empathy with systematic observation in the tradition of the scientific method; the power of empathy is in combining it with objective methods to make full use of our abilities as human scientists.

Empathy↗
PubMed2001

The Ergonomics Society--the Society Lectures 1999: the Ergonomics Society: 50 years of growth.

Developments in the Society are outlined since the early history was described by Edholm and Murrell. Major changes in the Society's operation and the context in which these changes took place are given. The changes in research directions, growth in educational facilities for professional education and the ever widening areas for the application of ergonomics are discussed. The consequences of these developments for the expansion of a recognition of the contribution of ergonomics, and the position of professionals in the international scene are touched upon.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1997

The Alan Welford Memorial Lecture. Ageing and human skill: a 40th anniversary.

Even 40 years after it was published, a re-reading of Alan Welford's seminal book, Ageing and Human Skill, offers important and curiously neglected ideas. In particular, it shows that current 'single factor' models for cognitive ageing, and for general intellectual abilities neglect the complexity of even apparently very simple tasks; that older individuals can be impressively good at acquiring new skills; that the performance of older people on novel tasks is different from that of young adults not only in quantitative terms, because they are slower and less accurate, but also qualitatively, in ways similar to individuals who have suffered damage to the frontal lobes of their brains. We celebrate Alan's prescience in being the first to clearly raise these issues, and to discuss elegant but sadly neglected experimental paradigms and techniques of analysis that allow them to be explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

1997 C. H. McCloy Research Lecture: Knowledge is more than we can talk about: implicit learning in motor skill acquisition.

This article discusses the acquisition of knowledge about environmental regulatory features that guide the selection and execution of movements involved in performing open motor skills. First, empirical evidence related to the visual search characteristics of skilled and novice performers is considered to demonstrate that learning environmental regulatory features is an important part of performing an open motor skill. Then, the hypothesis is proposed and discussed that environmental regulatory features can, and probably should, be learned implicitly, which means the features can be learned and used, even though the learner is not consciously aware of the specific characteristics of those features. This article also discusses laboratory-based experiments that provide evidence supporting this hypothesis and presents implications for developing instructional strategies and practice conditions.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The 28th Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Causal learning: an associative analysis.

The concordance between performance and judgements of the causal effectiveness of an instrumental action suggests that such actions are mediated by causal knowledge. Although causal learning exhibits many associative phenomena--blocking, inhibitory or preventative learning, and super-learning--judgements of the causal status of a cue can be changed retrospectively as a result of learning episodes that do not directly involve the cue. In order to explain retrospective revaluation, a modified associative theory is described in which the learning processes for retrieved cue representations are the opposite to those for presented cues, and this theory is evaluated by studies of the role of within-compound associations in retrospective revaluation and blocking. However, this modified theory only applies when the within-compound association represents a contiguous rather than a causal cue relationship.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

History, present status and future of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. The Mary Béves Lecture.

The word Sentinel' is defined in The Oxford English Dictionary as 'a guard, one who keeps watch or a sentry'. When translated to the concept of a tumour and its lymph node drainage, the sentinel node could be interpreted to mean the lymph node that guards or keeps watch over a tumour. The sentinel lymph node can thus be defined as the first lymph node that drains a primary tumour within the regional lymphatic basin of that tumour. We know that tumour progression in breast cancer often occurs in an orderly, progressive fashion. So in theory, if the sentinel node is tumour free then the rest of the nodes in the lymphatic basin should also be uninvolved by the tumour.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2000

Protection of the young child's brain: personal observations and thoughts in postwar stress syndrome and in natural catastrophes. The Nils Rosén von Rosenstein Lecture at Uppsala University, 6 May 1999.

This paper calls attention to the plight of children exposed to various traumas associated with wars and other natural disasters around the world. Little systematic attention has been paid to the mental health needs of child survivors of armed conflict. Our observations since 1968 and experiences around the world suggest that there are significant differences in the degree to which children have been prepared in anticipation of exposure to violence and in interventions applied after their exposure. It is the author's impression that prevention and intervention can be quite powerful when employed in these situations.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1998

Bacq and Alexander Award lecture--chemical radioprotection: past, present, and future prospects.

PURPOSE: To review and evaluate the development of effective radiation protectors. OUTLINE: Sulphydryl radioprotectors are the best radioprotectors known today. Their use encounters two great difficulties: their toxicity and the short period during which they are active. The biological response modifiers (BRM), developed mainly in the 1990s, demonstrated some protective effects. They can also modulate radiation injury when given after irradiation. In parallel with the use of single radioprotectors, observations have been made in mice using combined treatments with BRM and other radioprotectors. Low-to-moderate doses of several radioprotective agents acting via different mechanisms markedly improved the degree of protection in rodents while maintaining toxicity within acceptable limits, but applications in man remain doubtful. CONCLUSIONS: No radioprotective drug available today has all the requisite qualities to be an ideal radioprotector. Although combinations of radioprotective drugs acting via different mechanisms markedly improve the degree of protection and keep toxicity to acceptable levels in small rodents, attempts to use such treatments in large mammals have been less successful. It is thus questionable whether chemical protection has any prospects for the future.

Animals↗