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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Evaluating the empirical support for the Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda model of cerebral lateralization.

The Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda (GBG) model of cerebral lateralization provides a complex but testable theory of the origins and associates of cerebral lateralization. An overall evaluation of the model suggest that it is not well supported by empirical evidence and that in the case of several key theoretical areas, the evidence that does exist is inconsistent with the theory. In particular: the concept of "anomalous dominance" is shown to be theoretically and methodologically flawed; a meta-analysis of the relationship between handedness and immune disorders finds a marginal overall association, and while three conditions (allergies, asthma, and ulcerative colitis) do show significant associations with left-handedness, two other conditions (myasthenia gravis and arthritis) show significant negative associations with left-handedness. Finally, a review of the origins of the neural crest, and its associations, suggests there is almost no empirical support for the GBG theoretical model in this area.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Adaptive multiscale ultrasound compounding using phase information.

The recent availability of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography offers a convenient, low-cost alternative for detection and diagnosis of heart pathologies. However, a complete description of the heart can be obtained only by combining the information provided by different acoustic windows. We present a new method for compounding 3D ultrasound scans acquired from different views. The method uses multiscale information about ocal structure definition and orientation to weight the contributions of the images. We propose to use image phase to obtain these image characteristics while keeping invariance to image contrast. The monogenic signal provides a convenient, integrated approach for this purpose. We have evaluated our algorithm on synthetic images and heart scans from volunteers, showing it provides a significant improvement in image quality when compared to traditional compounding methods.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

ANABEL: intelligent blood-gas analysis in the intensive care unit.

ANABEL (ANalysis of Acid-Base status by Evaluating Lisp) is a prototype medical intelligent decision-support system aiming to assist clinicians in an Intensive Care Unit environment with the interpretation of blood-gas measurements. Its architecture is based on the merging of representations for declarative (domain-descriptive) and procedural (problem-solving) medical knowledge. The system performs diagnosis in two stages (tentative and differential) by first evaluating elementary computational units of procedural knowledge (procedures) and then abstracting their symbolic outputs in generating text. Thus, a 'semantic trace' is built which reflects the system's line of reasoning in reaching its conclusion. This paper describes the design aspects, development and clinical validation of ANABEL.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1984

Implementation of a computer-based test generator to evaluate health professions continuing education.

A variety of artificial-intelligence-based expert medical systems have been adapted to evaluate a learner's performance in the information areas in which the systems are expert. This paper describes a similar adaptation of a computer-based health sciences tutor (called the COMMES system). The Evaluation Consultant system to be described adapts the COMMES system to become a test generator. This computer-based consultant generates tests entirely on its own, covering programs of study that the COMMES system previously constructed to satisfy a user's identified needs. A health professional is awarded continuing education credits after (1) finishing a study unit constructed by COMMES and (2) completing successfully a test created by the Evaluation Consultant. This system is being implemented in several test sites and has significant advantages for the support of continuing education, especially in rural or isolated areas.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

Agent oriented approach to handling medical data.

Medical treatment of a patient could be represented as a circle of the following actions: examination, diagnostics, and therapy. The aims of the actions are to find out the patient's state of health and consequently to conclude about possible diseases and finally to choose a suitable therapy. In long term, the circle of actions repeat as long as the patient is not healthy. Efficiency of this treatment depends on the knowledge and the experiences of the physicians involved. Information technology offers many possibilities to help the physicians increase the efficiency and the quality of this work. In the article, we present an agent-oriented computer-based health care service, which uses information from different data sources that are physically distributed across several sites. Such a decentralized approach mirrors the organizational structure of a health service and it is very similar to an agent-oriented view of the world.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical plan-analysis by computer.

The traditional approach to computer-assisted medical decision-making involves designing a computer system which simulates a physician's decision-making process. This paper describes a different approach: Medical Plan-Analysis (MPA). Instead of trying to tell a physician how best to manage a patient, an MPA system critiques a physician's management plan. It is anticipated that this approach may have a number of potential social, medical, and medicolegal advantages. The MPA approach has been implemented in ATTENDING, a system designed using Artificial Intelligence techniques to critique a physician's plan for anesthetic management.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1990

Improvements in protein secondary structure prediction by an enhanced neural network.

Computational neural networks have recently been used to predict the mapping between protein sequence and secondary structure. They have proven adequate for determining the first-order dependence between these two sets, but have, until now, been unable to garner higher-order information that helps determine secondary structure. By adding neural network units that detect periodicities in the input sequence, we have modestly increased the secondary structure prediction accuracy. The use of tertiary structural class causes a marked increase in accuracy. The best case prediction was 79% for the class of all-alpha proteins. A scheme for employing neural networks to validate and refine structural hypotheses is proposed. The operational difficulties of applying a learning algorithm to a dataset where sequence heterogeneity is under-represented and where local and global effects are inadequately partitioned are discussed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1985

Health and medical software related to computer user satisfaction: an interactive online expert system using diagnostic audit trails through telecommunication networks.

The selection of a health and medical software (HMS) system is a complicated process. The overall satisfaction derived from a system depends on many variables. This study analyzes the influence of HMS predictor variables on overall satisfaction as determined by multiple regression. The null hypothesis, that multiple correlation coefficient is zero, is rejected. Th alternative hypothesis is accepted. This study confirms the theories that suggest that HMS ease of operation, independent variables, technical support troubleshooting, and reliability of computer are the major determinations of overall computer user satisfaction. The factors identified were used in the design of an HMS expert system based on artificial intelligence (ESAI).

Computers↗
PubMed1986

Designing information systems for nursing practice: data base and knowledge base requirements of different organizational technologies.

One of the major causes of failure of information system design is the failure of developers to take into account the organizational environment, thereby leading to an unusable system. The first step in designing an effective system is to describe the user's view of the system, a view that incorporates how the system will help users to manage information in their particular organizational environment. For nurses involved in designing a nursing information system, a useful way of considering the organizational environment is provided by Perrow. The organizational technologies described by Perrow can be viewed as different models of nursing practice, each with particular requirements for a knowledge base and a data base. Nurses can identify the model that most closely corresponds to actual or desired nursing practice in their agencies and use the model's associated knowledge base and data base requirements as a guide to specifying the information system to be developed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1991

Interactive Query Workstation: standardizing access to computer-based medical resources.

Methods of using multiple computer-based medical resources efficiently have previously required either the user to manage the choice of resource and terms, or specialized programming. Standardized descriptions of what resources can do and how they may be accessed would allow the creation of an interface for multiple resources. This interface would assist a user in formulating queries, accessing the resources and managing the results. This paper describes a working prototype, the Interactive Query Workstation (IQW). The IQW allows users to query multiple resources: a medical knowledge base (DXplain), a clinical database (COSTAR/MQL), a bibliographic database (MEDLINE), a cancer database (PDQ), and a drug interaction database (PDR). Descriptions of each resource were developed to allow IQW to access these resources. The descriptions are composed of information on how data are sent and received from a resource, information on types of query to which a resource can respond, and information on what types of information are needed to execute a query. These components form the basis of a standard description of resources.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1993

Structure design: an artificial intelligence-based method for the design of molecules under geometrical constraints.

This study presents an algorithm that implements artificial-intelligence techniques for automated, and site-directed drug design. The aim of the method is to link two or more predetermined functional groups into a sensible molecular structure. The proposed designing process mimics the classical manual design method, in which the drug designer sits in front of the computer screen and with the aid of computer graphics attempts to design the new drug. Therefore, the key principle of the algorithm is the parameterization of some criteria that affect the decision-making process carried out by the drug designer. This parameterization is based on the generation of weighting factors that reflect the knowledge and knowledge-based intuition of the drug designer, and thus add further rationalization to the drug design process. The proposed algorithm has been shown to yield a large variety of different structures, of which the drug designer may choose the most sensible. Performance tests indicate that with the proper set of parameters, the method generates a new structure within a short time.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Introduction: present knowledge on the effects of radioactive contamination on pregnancy outcome.

This introduction gives a brief review of the effects on pregnancy outcome that might follow radioactive contamination of the environment. These include miscarriages, congenital anomalies, damage to the central nervous system expressed through reduced intelligence and a risk of tumours late in life. Knowledge is fragmentary and field studies are difficult, which lends weight to the attempts at studying the effects of the Chernobyl accident in Europe which are the subject of the present symposium.

Accidents↗