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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The PIT method: an automated in vitro technique for drug toxicity testing.

An automated in vitro technique for drug toxicity testing is described. Human tumor cells were cultured for 2 days in 96-well microtiter plates before the addition of serial dilutions of drugs. At day 5 the cultures were terminated by the addition of a solution containing propidium iodide, ink and triton X-100 (PIT). Triton X-100 lysed all cells, which were subsequently stained by the DNA specific fluorescing propidium iodide. The ink effectively quenched all background fluorescence. The plates were read on a computer controlled automated microscope with a photomultiplier. The results showed a linear relationship between cell number and fluorescence intensity. Reproducible dose-response curves were obtained for 6 drugs tested. A computer program calculated ID50 values, making use of adequate growth and no-growth controls.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1981

Ultrastructural study of the endothelial cells in teleost liver sinusoids under normal and experimental conditions.

The ultrastructure of the endothelial cells of liver sinusoids was studied in the teleost, Pimelodus maculatus. These cells have the ability to form pinocytotic vacuoles, starting with the formation of marginal folds. The latter occur in many cells after stimulation by India ink injections and ink particles are ingested by pinocytosis and by micropinocytosis. Desmosomes, structures rarely described between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, are present in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Ultrastructural study of Kupffer cells in teleost liver under normal and experimental conditions.

The Kupffer cells in the liver of the teleost fish, Pimelodus maculatus, are attached by desmosomes to the endothelial cells lining the sinusoids. These provide a strong attachment allowing them to resist the passage of blood. Following perfusion with India ink, both endothelial and Kupffer cells ingest India ink particles by pinocytosis and micropinocytosis. It is suggested that both cell types may represent two different functional states of the same cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The channel cell of the terrestrial slug Ariolimax columbianus (Stylommatophora, Arionidae).

Studies were carried out to identify the route by which macromolecules and large volumes of fluid traverse the skin of terrestrial gastropods. Electron micrographs of the skin of the banana slug Ariolimax columbianus demonstrated that carbon particles can enter large, specialized cells and pass thence to the exterior. These cells, which are termed channel cells, range up to 500 micron in length; they reach from the external surface of the skin to deep within the subepithelial interstitium. At the light-microscope level they show a large central channel or reservoir apparently filled with homogeneous fluid; after injection of ink into the body cavity this central channel becomes ink-filled. Electron micrographs show cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, opening from the cell surface and occasionally traversing the entire cytoplasmic layer. The neurohormone arginine vasotocin stimulates fluid and particle movement through the channel cell; this response is inhibited by norepinephrine. Fluid output is dependent on the presence of a transwall hydrostatic pressure gradient of about 7 torr or above, as well as on activation of the channel cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The marginal sinus in the perifollicular region of the rat spleen.

The marginal sinus in the spleen of the Wistar rat surrounds the follicle and has more numerous PAS positive fibers on the inner wall than on the outer wall. India ink- and lead oxide-gelatin were injected into the abdominal aorta. It was found that much of the india ink-gelatin accumulated in the marginal sinus, the marginal zone, and part of the red pulp, while most of the lead oxide-gelatin collected in the marginal sinus. Ultrastructurally, the capillaries of the follicle were found to open into the marginal sinus. Regions not perforated by the marginal sinus lie between the follicle and the marginal zone. The wall of the marginal sinus is discontinuous and the discontinuities are wider on the marginal zone side than on the follicle side. The relationship of these findings is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Directional and compartmentalised drainage of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from the rat brain.

Pathways for drainage of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from the rat brain were investigated by the injection of 2-5 microliters Indian ink into cerebral white and grey matter and into the subarachnoid space over the vertex of the left frontal lobe. Animals were killed by formalin or glutaraldehyde perfusion 5 min-2 years after injection, and the distribution of ink over the surface of the brain, in 2-mm slices of brain cleared in cedar wood oil, in paraffin sections and by electron microscopy was documented. These investigations showed that carbon particles were distributed diffusely through the interstitial spaces of the white matter whereas they spread selectively along perivascular spaces in the grey matter outlining both arteries and veins and extending to surround capillaries within 1 h. Carbon particles were rapidly ingested by perivascular cells and, to some extent, by meningeal cells surrounding the larger vessels. Very little movement of carbon-labelled perivascular cells and perivascular macrophages was seen after 2 years. Carbon particles entering the subarachnoid space over the vertex of the cerebral hemispheres drained along selected paravascular and subfrontal pathways in the subarachnoid space to the cribriform plate and thence into nasal lymphatics and cervical lymph nodes. These studies demonstrate the diffuse spread of fluidborne tracers through cerebral white matter in the rat, the perivascular spread of tracer in grey matter and the compartmentalised directional flow or tracer through the subarachnoid space to the cribriform plate and nasal lymphatics. Furthermore, particulate matter selectively injected into perivascular spaces in rat grey matter is rapidly and efficiently ingested by perivascular cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Posterior half amputation of the chick wing bud: the response of the developing vasculature, and subsequent wound healing.

Experimental analyses examining pattern formation in the developing chick limb have concentrated on the skeleton, muscles and nerves, and have rarely considered blood vessels. To investigate the relationship between the vasculature and limb development, posterior amputations were performed on 3.5-4 day chick limb-buds. It has been shown that the removal of the posterior half alters the developmental fate of the anterior tissue: it becomes necrotic and fails to differentiate into the complement of skeletal parts predicted by fate maps. The possibility that this developmental failure results from interference with the future arterial supply was examined by Indian ink injection between 3-48 h after operation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and resin histology were used to examine the wound repair at similar post-operative intervals. Results from the Indian ink injections showed that within 6 h of operation a collateral circulation was established by means of a branch from the truncated primary subclavian artery. The capillary density in the operated limbs appeared normal when compared to the contralateral limb. The results support the view that the poor developmental performance of the anterior half is due to removal of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) rather than to experimentally-induced alteration to the vascular supply. Histological and SEM examination of the wound healing process showed that epithelialization of the cut surface occurred within 24 h, and that the peridermal cells of the bilayered ectoderm appeared to initiate the regrowth. The wound site was not visible 48 h after operation, showing that wound healing at these developmental ages occurs quickly, with no scar tissue formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of functional and total capillary densities in fast and slow muscles of the chicken.

The anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) of the domestic chicken were used to study the possible differences in functional capillary density of slow and fast skeletal muscle. Frozen sections of each muscle were prepared for histochemical determination of fiber homogeneity, capillary/fiber ratios, and capillary densities. The functional capillary bed (percent open capillaries) was determined by comparing the number of ink-filled capillaries, after a systemic injection of india ink (for 90-120 s), with the total number of capillaries/mm2. ALD is a slow-tonic muscle consisting of two fiber types, with an average of 1.34 +/- 0.03 capillaries/fiber, a density of 699 +/- 20 capillaries/mm2, and a functional capillary bed representing 29% (ratio of open to total number of capillaries/mm2 was 0.286 +/- 0.022) of the total bed. PLD is a fast-twitch muscle also having two fiber types, with an average of 1.08 +/- 0.04 capillaries/fiber, a density of 561 +/- 26 capillaries/mm2, and a functional bed representing 11% (ratio of open capillaries to total is 0.111 +/- 0.014) of the total. These findings of increased capillarity (24% more capillaries/fiber and 25% more capillaries/mm2) and higher functional capillary density in an avian pure slow muscle (ALD), corroborate previous findings of increased capillarity around slow fibers in mixed muscles of several mammalian species. The values given represent the means +/- SEM.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Breast conservation therapy: local tumor control in patients with pathologically clear margins who receive 5000 cGy breast irradiation without local boost.

A retrospective study was performed to determine the value of pathological evaluation of inked primary tumor specimen margins in the local control of patients with stage I and II breast cancer. In 150 patients with 153 invasive breast cancers, treatment involved surgical resection of the primary tumor, pathological determination of tumor-free inked specimen margins, and 5000 cGy whole breast radiation therapy (RT) without tumor bed RT local boost. This approach yielded an actuarial five-year local control rate of 95%. The local control rate was 96% for T-1 cases and 93% for T-2 cases. The local control rate was 96% for patients with clear margins achieved at initial resection and 94% for patients with clear margins achieved at re-excision. Among patients with clear margins at re-excision, the local control rate was 97% for those with no residual cancer and 88% for those with residual cancer. Patients with surgical margins clear by 3 mm or less had a local control rate of 92% at five years. Local control rates appear to be comparable to other breast conservation approaches which routinely employ local RT boosts. In omitting the local RT boost in patients with clear margins, the overall RT course will be briefer and the cosmetic changes associated with high-dose, large volume local RT boosts can be avoided.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

Localization of colonic lesions with endoscopic tattoo.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative localization of small tumors or polypectomy sites is frequently a difficult problem. In addition, the distance measured from the anus to the lesion by the endoscopist can be inaccurate. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the utility of India ink tattoo injection as a preoperative marking technique before colon surgery. METHODS: Colonic lesions were marked at preoperative colonoscopy, by multiple, small-volume injections of sterile India ink using a sclerotherapy needle, adjacent to the lesion. RESULTS: This technique was used in 14 patients with colonic carcinoma or villous adenoma not amenable to polypectomy. There was excellent intraoperative localization of the lesion in 11 patients. The complication rate was 7 percent. CONCLUSION: Colon tattoo allows precise localization of lesions with minimal risk at the time of resection.

Adenoma, Villous↗
PubMed1990

The three-dimensional microstructure of intramural lymphatics in the canine large intestine.

The three-dimensional microstructure of the intramural lymphatics of canine large intestine was clarified micrographically. After direct injection of India ink into the colon wall, we prepared 2 less than 3cm full-thickness transparent specimens of the opened colon wall and transparent sections. Lymph vessels were distinguished from blood vessels by intraarterial injection of cinnabar ink. A stereomicroscope was used for observation, and stereograms were reproduced. Lymph vessel networks were present in the shallow and deep layers of the lamina propria mucosae and the deep layer of the submucosa. The lymph vessel networks in the lamina propria mucosae were present immediately beneath the blood capillary networks. The thickest lymph vessels and the densest network appeared in the submucosa. From the submucosa, some of the lymph vessels existed immediately to merge into the collecting trunks and other lymph vessels which compose a minor pathway existed along lymph vessels in the muscular layer and finally merged into the collecting trunks in the subserosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

To study the dynamics of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the cervical lymphatic system, X-ray contrast medium or Indian ink was infused into the cisterna magna of rats at moderately increased intracranial pressure (40-50 mmHg). In the first series of experiments, while the contrast medium was being infused, the animal's head was examined using X-ray-microscopy (x4-20 direct magnification radiography) and conventional radiography. Within the first minutes of infusion, the flow of CSF was directed from the posterior fossa to the olfactory bulb. Reaching the cribriform plate approximately 7 min after starting the infusion, the contrast medium leaked into the nasal cavities. Some minutes later, it opacified the subarachnoid space (SAS) of the optic nerve, the perilymphatic space of the inner ear, the cortical SAS, and the transverse sinuses. Leakage from the optic nerve SAS into the orbit was seen after 30 min infusion. In the second series of experiments, the Indian ink was infused after microsurgical exposure of the cervical lymph vessels. During the infusion the cervical lymph ducts were observed microscopically (x40 magnification). Single dye particles draining through the cervical lymph ducts appeared 20 min after the start of cisternal infusion. Their transport was rapid, and dependent on the respiratory cycle: during inspiration the particles moved at a speed of 10-20 mm/s, during expiration the movement stopped. Thus, rapid kinetics are demonstrated for the outflow of CSF and particles from the SAS into the cervical lymphatics.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Sister chromatid exchanges in rotogravure printing plant workers.

OBJECTIVE: The individual burden of inhaled ambient-air toluene and its link to genotoxic phenomena in exposed printing workers. METHOD: The influence of toluene on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was investigated by monitoring of the individual toluene burden of 42 exposed printing workers. Therefore, the urinary hippuric acid (HA) excretion was measured directly after the work shift. The results were compared with those recorded for a control group consisting of 45 blood donors. SCE frequencies were determined from peripheral lymphocytes for both groups. RESULTS: The median HA excretion of the exposed and nonexposed groups amounted to 1.94 and 0.45 g/g creatinine, respectively. For both groups, different SCE rates were detected: 10.13 and 6.84 counts/lymphocyte for exposed and nonexposed persons, respectively. The independence of the measured values proved to be significant at a high confidence level (P = 0.000) for both groups. The influences of smoking and alcohol consumption on SCE as well as on HA values could be clearly separated from those induced by toluene. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate a strong relationship between the individual toluene burden and the genotoxic risk of the exposed persons. Since toluene was used for dilution of the letter-press ink, the influence of ink mist on the genotoxic effects could not be completely excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Role of specimen radiography in patients treated with skin-sparing mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

BACKGROUND: Specimen radiography is an important part of breast conservation surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The objective of this study was to determine whether mastectomy specimen radiography could help in obtaining negative resection margins in patients with DCIS undergoing skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). METHODS: Of 95 patients treated at our institution with SSM and IBR for DCIS, 35 had specimen radiography. The mastectomy specimen was first examined grossly and then inked, serially sectioned, and sent for radiographic assessment. Tissue slices containing calcifications were identified for pathologic evaluation. Additional tissue was excised if tumor was found near the inked margins or if calcifications were found near the radiographic margins. RESULTS: Of the 35 patients who had specimen radiography, the radiographic margins were free of calcifications in 30 patients (86%); of these patients, the margins on the final histologic examination were free of tumor in 27 and within 1 mm in 3. The other five patients (14%) had calcifications close to the radiographic margin; four underwent an intraoperative re-excision, but the margin for one of those four patients was still positive on final histologic examination. Margins were found to be negative by both mastectomy specimen radiography and histology in 77% of the patients. Of the 95 patients with DCIS, three patients (3%), none of whom had specimen radiography, developed local recurrences. One of these was successfully re-treated, one died as a result of synchronous distant metastases, and one was lost to follow-up. At a median follow-up time of 3.7 years, 93 patients (98%) were alive and free of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative radiography of mastectomy specimens may be useful for assessing margin status and for identifying the location of microcalcifications within tissue slices.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The fate of Lyngbya majuscula toxins in three potential consumers.

Blooms of Lyngbya majuscula have been reported with increasing frequency and severity in the last decade in Moreton Bay, Australia. A number of grazers have been observed feeding upon this toxic cyanobacterium. Differences in sequestration of toxic compounds from L. majuscula were investigated in two anaspideans, Stylocheilus striatus, Bursatella leachii, and the cephalaspidean Diniatys dentifer. Species fed a monospecific diet of L. majuscula had different toxin distribution in their tissues and excretions. A high concentration of lyngbyatoxin-a was observed in the body of S. striatus (3.94 mg/kg(-1)) compared to bodily secretions (ink 0.12 mg/kg(-1); fecal matter 0.56 mg/kg(-1); eggs 0.05 mg/kg(-1)). In contrast, B. leachii secreted greater concentrations of lyngbyatoxin-a (ink 5.41 mg/kg(-1); fecal matter 6.71 mg/kg(-1)) than that stored in the body (2.24 mg/kg(-1)). The major internal repository of lyngbyatoxin-a and debromoaplysiatoxin was the digestive gland for both S. striatus (6.31 +/- 0.31 mg/kg(-1)) and B. leachii (156.39 +/- 46.92 mg/kg(-1)). D. dentifer showed high variability in the distribution of sequestered compounds. Lyngbyatoxin-a was detected in the digestive gland (3.56 +/- 3.56 mg/kg(-1)) but not in the head and foot, while debromoaplysiatoxin was detected in the head and foot (133.73 +/- 129.82 mg/kg(-1)) but not in the digestive gland. The concentrations of sequestered secondary metabolites in these animals did not correspond to the concentrations found in L. majuscula used as food for these experiments, suggesting it may have been from previous dietary exposure. Trophic transfer of debromoaplysiatoxin from L. majuscula into S. striatus is well established; however, a lack of knowledge exists for other grazers. The high levels of secondary metabolites observed in both the anaspidean and the cephalapsidean species suggest that these toxins may bioaccumulate through marine food chains.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of conflicting cues on information processing: the 'Stroop effect' vs. the 'Simon effect'.

This study examined the relationship between two sources of interference in human information processing: the Stroop effect and the Simon effect. Forty subjects pressed a left- or right-hand key in response to a Stroop color word located on the left or right side of a screen. For one group, ink color was the relevant cue and, for another group, word meaning was the relevant cue. Independent variables were: congruence, i.e., agreement or lack thereof between the ink color and meaning of the Stroop word; spatial correspondence, i.e., agreement or lack thereof between the location of the Stroop word and the location of the key used to make the response; and stimulus duration, i.e., 400 or 100 ms. Each of these variables had a significant effect on RT, and there were no significant interactions. According to Sternberg's additive-factor logic, these findings suggest that the Stroop effect (congruence) and the Simon effect (spatial correspondence) involve separate stages of processing. If one assumes that manipulation of stimulus duration effects the encoding stage, then results also suggest that neither the Stroop effect nor the Simon effect involves the stimulus encoding stage.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Expression of Ia antigen on vascular endothelial cells in mouse cerebral tissue grafted into the third ventricle of rat brain.

The mechanisms of the immunological rejection after xenogeneic neural transplantation were investigated with special reference to the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen (Ia antigen) on the grafted tissue. Tissue from a newborn mouse cerebral cortex was transplanted into the third ventricle of a 4-week-old rat brain. Infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells into the grafted tissue was investigated immunohistochemically by using a monoclonal antibody (OX-8). The infiltration began 8 days after transplantation and continued until about 4 weeks when the tissue was completely rejected. The expression of Ia antigen was also investigated immunohistochemically. The Ia antigen was first detected in the grafted tissue at 6 days after transplantation. The Ia antigen was considered to be expressed on the vascular endothelial cells judging from the staining patterns and the location of India ink which was perfused from the host's left cardiac ventricle. The perfusion experiments with India ink also revealed that blood was supplied to the grafted tissue from 5 days after transplantation. These results suggest that the expression of Ia antigen on the vascular endothelial cells renders the grafted tissues competent to initiate and participate in the immune reaction. The results also raise a possibility that the expression of Ia antigen is triggered by blood supplied from the host brain. In addition, the results indicate that the Ia-positive blood vessels do not originate in the host brain but are intrinsic to the grafted tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The microvascular anatomy of the canine stomach. A comparison between the body and the antrum.

To investigate whether there is a difference in the microvascular architecture between the body and the antrum of the canine stomach, these two locations were compared with respect to microsphere entrapment and the microvascular architecture and diameter in relation to histology by corrosion casting and by intraarterial injection of india ink. There was 63% shunting of 9-micron microspheres in the antrum, but none in the body. Corrosion cast and Indian ink studies showed that in the body there was a single microvascular network of capillaries that appeared to originate from the arterioles in the submucosa and were in close apposition to the epithelial cells of the gastric glands. The diameter of these capillaries was 8.6 +/- 0.2 microns. In contrast, there were two distinct capillary networks in the antrum: a basal and a superficial. The capillaries of the basal network of the antrum originated from the arterioles at the level of the muscularis mucosa and drained into the capillaries of the superficial mucosa. The capillaries of the superficial network had a significantly larger diameter (10.8 +/- 0.4 microns) than those of the basal network (7.3 +/- 0.2 microns). In many instances the capillaries of the superficial network originated directly from the ascending arterioles passing through the basal network. These direct arteriocapillary connections may have permitted the shunting of 9-microns spheres in the antrum.

Animals↗