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PubMed1991

Evidence for attenuation of myo-inositol uptake, phosphoinositide turnover and inositol phosphate production in aortic vasculature of rats during pregnancy.

We postulated that vascular phosphoinositide metabolism is attenuated during pregnancy, and thereby could contribute to maternal vasodilation and reduced vascular reactivity. The basal rate of incorporation of [3H]myo-inositol and [3H]glycerol into phosphoinositides of aortae from pregnant rats in vitro was significantly reduced, when compared with vessels from virgin animals. After injection of [3H]myo-inositol intravenously into chronically instrumented conscious pregnant and virgin rats, the incorporation of the label by phosphatidylinositol was 66 +/- 4% less in aortae of gravid versus virgin animals (P less than 0.001), despite comparable plasma concentrations of radioactivity. Fold stimulation of total [3H]inositol phosphates by arginine vasopressin, norepinephrine, and angiotensin II over a 15-min period was not different between aortic segments from virgin and gravid rats, although both absolute basal and stimulated levels were significantly less in vessels from pregnant animals. After 45 s of incubation with 10(-7) M arginine vasopressin, however, the fold-stimulation of [3H]inositol trisplus tetrakisphosphate was reduced in aortae from gravid rats, when compared with vessels from virgin animals (P less than 0.005). By HPLC, greater than 90% of the radioactivity in the [3H]inositol trisplus tetrakisphosphate column fraction after 30 and 60 s of agonist stimulation was [3H]inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. We further observed that the rate of uptake of [3H]myo-inositol by aortic vasculature obtained from gravid rats was significantly (24%) less than uptake by vessels from virgin animals. Plasma myo-inositol concentrations were not significantly different, but presumably as a consequence of reduced uptake, aortic segments freshly isolated from pregnant rats contained 22 +/- 6% less myo-inositol than vessels from virgin controls as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (P less than 0.03). We conclude that myo-inositol uptake and content, phosphoinositide turnover, and inositol phosphate production are reduced in aortic vasculature of gravid rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Uterine blood flow of cows during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy: effect of the conceptus on the uterine blood supply.

Blood flow to each uterine horn of cows during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy was determined daily by use of electromagnetic blood flow probes placed around both middle uterine arteries. The pattern of blood flow to uteri of pregnant and non-pregnant cows was similar until Day 14 after mating or oestrus. Between Days 14 and 18 of pregnancy blood flow to the uterine horn containing the conceptus increased (P less than 0.01) 2- to 3-fold, whereas blood flow to the non-gravid uterine horn in these cows remained constant. No corresponding increase in blood flow to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the CL was observed in non-pregnant cows during this 4-day period. By Day 19 of pregnancy, blood flow to the gravid uterine horn had returned to a level similar to that observed on Day 13. Blood flow to both uterine horns of pregnant cows remained constant from Days 19 to 25 and then increased to the gravid horn (P less than 0.01) markedly until Day 30 whereas blood flow to the non-gravid horn remained low. Uterine blood flow during the oestrous cycle of non-pregnant cows was positively correlated (P less than 0.01) with systemic concentrations of oestradiol and the ratio of oestradiol (pg/ml) to progesterone (ng/ml). There was no association between oestradiol concentrations and blood flow to the gravid uterine horn. These data indicate local control of uterine blood flow by the bovine conceptus which may function to create optimal conditions for the continuation of pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Corynosoma cetaceum in the stomach of franciscanas, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea): an exceptional case of habitat selection by an acanthocephalan.

Adult acanthocephalans are typically found in the intestine of vertebrates, where they can readily absorb nutrients. However, Corynosoma cetaceum has been frequently reported in the stomach of cetaceans from the Southern Hemisphere. The ecological significance of this habitat was investigated by examining data on number, sex ratio, maturity status, biomass, and fecundity of C. cetaceum in different parts of the digestive tract of 44 franciscanas Pontoporia blainvillei. Individual C. cetaceum occurred in the pyloric stomach (PS) and, to lesser degrees, in the duodenal ampulla (DA) and the main stomach (MS). Females outnumbered males in all chambers, although the sex ratio was closer to 1:1 in the MS; there also was a higher proportion of nongravid females, with a smaller biomass in the MS than in the PS and the DA. This evidence suggests that cystacanths are released from prey tissues in the MS, where entire prey are reduced to semi-fluid chyme. The 3 chambers harbored gravid females that did not differ significantly in mean biomass or fecundity. The maturity status of females was nearly identical between the PS and the DA. In the MS, the higher proportion of non-gravid females is probably due to the occurrence of newly recruited females to this site. Mean biomass and fecundity of gravid females covaried strongly and positively among chambers within hosts. These results suggest that there are no major differences between the 3 chambers with respect to the suitability for reproduction by C. cetaceum. However, although the MS is the largest chamber, it harbored the smallest number of gravid females. Interestingly, worms were largely restricted to the aboral portion of the MS, a sheltered region where a concentration of chyme, and thus nutrient availability, likely occurs. Linear distribution differences of gravid female C. cetaceum at increasing intensities suggest that reproductive females occupy chambers according to available space. In summary, the stomach should be considered the main habitat for C. cetaceum. The choice of this habitat is puzzling because other Corynosoma species occur in the intestine, and because the stomach of cetaceans is not an absorptive site.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1991

Maternal and fetal influences on uterine and conceptus development in the cow: II. Blood flow and nutrient flux.

Objectives of this study were to evaluate maternal and fetal influences on uterine and umbilical blood flows and nutrient fluxes of gravid uterine tissues of cows. Brahman cows with Brahman or Charolais fetuses and Charolais cows with Brahman or Charolais fetuses were used. Indwelling catheters were placed into a uterine artery and vein, an umbilical vein, and a fetal femoral artery and vein at 220 +/- .4 d after mating. Uterine and umbilical blood flows (liters/min) and net uptakes of oxygen, glucose, lactate, alpha-amino N, urea N, ammonia N, and estrone sulfate by the gravid uterus, fetus, and uteroplacenta were determined on d 227 +/- .4. Uterine blood flows in Brahman cows with Brahman (5.01) or Charolais (4.66) fetuses were similar but less (P less than .001) than in Charolais cows with Brahman (7.14) or Charolais fetuses (9.24), which differed (P less than .01). Umbilical blood flows of Charolais (3.78) were greater (P less than .01) than those of Brahman (2.29) fetuses. Rate of placental D2O clearance as well as net fetal uptake of oxygen, glucose, and alpha-amino N, gravid uterine uptake of alpha-amino N, and uteroplacental uptake of glucose and release of estrone sulfate were greater with Charolais than with Brahman fetuses. Gravid uterine oxygen uptake and estrone sulfate release and gravid uterine and uteroplacental lactate output were influenced by the interaction between cow and fetal breed. It is suggested that fetal growth may be limited by uterine blood flow and by function of the uteroplacenta, particularly in late gestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Animal experiment models of hypertension in pregnancy--an alternative to clinical studies?].

UNLABELLED: Because of ethical constraints upon research during human pregnancy and of the heterogeneity of preeclampsia a number of experimental animal models were used to study pathophysiology of preeclampsia. We reduced the uteroplacental flow by aortic clip technique in 72 SHR-rats in 4 groups (G 1 not gravid--no clip, G 2 not gravid--aortic clip, G 3 gravid--no clip, G 4 gravid--aortic clip). While gravidity normalised blood pressure in SHR (G 3), reduction of the uteroplacental flow significantly increased maternal blood pressure (G1 240/180 mmHG, G2 238/183 mmHg, G3 148/99 mmHG, G4 200/145 mmHg) and leads to significant higher hematocrit, significant lower plasma renin activity and aldosterone plasma concentration, as it is found in human superimposed preeclampsia. SDS-page electrophoresis proved a significant increase of urinary high density proteins. CONCLUSION: In comparison to chronical inhibition of NO-synthesis or chronical application of ultra-low-doses-endotoxin, reduction of uterine flow by aortic compression is a reliable animal model and leads in SHR to a superimposed preeclampsia-like syndrome with many similarities to human clinical findings. Animal models for preeclampsia are no alternative to clinical studies, but they are furthering our understanding of pathophysiology in many fields.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1999

[Myasthenia and pregnancy].

The myasthenia is a neurological autoimmune disease affecting women in reproductive age. The combination of myasthenia and gravidity has two important aspects; reflection of gravidity on the neurological illness and the influence of the myasthenia on the course of the gravidity and the delivery. The authors present one case of myasthenia and gravidity and offer some practical advises: 1. narrow collaboration between the patient and the different specialists. 2. good information about the myasthenia evolution during the gravidity. 3. adequate therapeutic approach to the given case.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Obstetrical acute renal failure. Experience of the nephrology department, Central University Hospital ibn Rochd, Casablanca].

The gravidic acute renal failure (ARF) becomes a rare complications of the pregnancy in the industrialized countries, whereas it is still frequent in the developing countries and responsible of great maternofetal morbidity and mortality. We studied the etiologic and evolutive aspects of the gravidic ARF in 55 patients during 18 years (1981-1998) at the department of nephrology, hospital center Ibn Rochd in Casablanca. The gravidic ARF represents 65% of the gravidic patients. The mean age of the patients is 30.92 +/- 6.44 years old. The mean parity is 3.38 +/- 2.25. The mean term is 31.73 +/- 10.02 weeks of amenorrhea. The main etiology is the preeclampsia and eclampsia, 41 patients (74.5%); the other causes are: the septic conditions: 6 patients (11%); the obstetrical hemorrhages: 4 patients (7.2%); the in uterofetal death: 3 patients (5.5%) and the post-cesarotomy: 1 patient (1.8%). 74.6% of the patients has been hemodialysed. The evolution has been characterized by the normal recuperation of the renal function is 48 patients (87.3%), a chronic renal failure in 2 patients (3.6%) and the death of 5 patients (mortality: 9.1%). The gravidic ARF is still a critical circumstances associated to a severe prognosis as well as in the woman and the fetus. So, the most effective measures are still the prevention and the managing of the obstetrical complications.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2005

Effects of forced egg-retention in Aedes albopictus on adult survival and reproduction following application of DEET as an oviposition deterrent.

The insect repellent DEET (0.1% concentration), used as a mosquito oviposition deterrent in the laboratory, influenced the retention and maintenance of mature eggs by caged gravid female Aedes albopictus Skuse. This egg-retention mechanism could benefit survival because the gravid females were ultimately able to lay maintained eggs upon availability of water, but the length of forced egg-retention time reduced the number of eggs laid per female. Gravid females with retained eggs also laid a higher percentage of eggs that failed to tan, and this percentage increased with time duration of egg-retention. Percent egg hatch was not significantly affected by DEET when used as an oviposition deterrent; however, percent hatch was affected by time duration of egg-retention in both treated (exposed to DEET) and untreated (control) gravid females. The rate of egg hatch was considerably reduced after three weeks of retention; this reduction declined to zero for treated and control females at six and four weeks post-treatment, respectively. The fecundity and fertility of gravid female Ae. albopictus were affected by the time duration of forced egg-retention.

Aedes↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of exogenous administration of steroids during the 1st month of pregnancy in sows and gilts on certain characteristics of the litter].

Four trials were performed to evaluate the influence of i. m. application of progesterone and estrogens to 444 experimental and control sows and gilts, kept mostly under large-scale production conditions, during the first month of pregnancy, as exerted on the number of born piglets, live born piglets and on the average birth weight of the live born piglet in litter. In the first trial the experimental sows and gilts on the 16th and 17th days of gravidity were applied 25 mg of progesterone (P4) and 12.5 micrograms of estrone (E1), in the second trial in the same phase of gravidity 25 mg of P4 with 1.25 micrograms of estradiol-17 beta (E2) and in the third trial in the identical gestation phase only 12.5 micrograms of E2 per head/day. In the fourth trial, experimental animals were given 0.55 mg of P4 with 0.275 micrograms of E1 per one kg of live weight, for six subsequent days between the 25th and 30th day of gravidity. In all trials the control animals were administered, under the same conditions, only the vehicle. None of the performed trials proved a significant difference in the studied parameters of litters of experimental and control animals (P greater than 0.05). The application of 25 mg of P4 with 1.25 micrograms of E2 on the 16th and 17th days of gravidity per sow/day under the conditions of small-scale production with the extension of the evaluated criteria of litter quality had no significant influence (P greater than 0.5) on the above-mentioned indicators, nor on the average birth weight of the whole litter and on the average number and weight of piglets of experimental sows at weaning. These results document that the verified application of hormonal substances in the above-mentioned phases of the first month of sow and gilt gravidity do not represent, in view of the intensive reproduction of pigs, a suitable procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Complication-free labor in operated-on Cushing's syndrome].

By the casuistical report on a successfully carried out gravidity of a 21 years old female patient without suprarenal glands which have been removed totally because of a hyperplasia of the suprarenal cortex on both sides, the problems of gravidities and their successful carrying to the term of operated femal patients with Cushing's disease are dealt with. Under experienced substitution therapy and an intensive care a gravidity without complications is to be expected. The apprehension is unfounded that overdosage of corticoid during gravidity could induce malformations of new-born children. The substitution dosis during gravidity is discussed by literature.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2000

Co-variables in first trimester maternal serum screening.

The objective of this study was to determined the influence of maternal weight, maternal smoking habits, gravidity, parity and fetal gender on the level of maternal serum marker used in first trimester screening for Down syndrome. A total of 2449 singleton unaffected pregnancies from two centres were studied. Maternal serum free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations had been measured in all pregnancies, and pregnancy associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A levels had been measured in 924. All results were expressed as multiples of the gestation specific median (MoM) values after regression, using each centre's own medians. Information on maternal weight was available in 2259 pregnancies, on self-reported current cigarette smoking in 1364 (of whom 117 (8.6%) were smokers), on gravidity in 1371, parity in 1303 and fetal gender in 253. All three markers showed a statistically significant negative association with maternal weight (p<0.0005) and in the subsequent analyses MoM values were weight adjusted using standard methods. The median PAPP-A level in smokers was 0.81 MoM, a significant reduction (p<0.005); free beta-hCG was also reduced (median 0.89 MoM) but not significantly (p=0.17), and AFP was unaltered. The median AFP level in primagravidas was highly significantly greater than that in gravid women (p<0.0005). In PAPP-A the reverse effect was seen but it did not reach statistical significance (p=0.15) and there was no effect for free beta-hCG. Results of a similar magnitude and direction were found for parity. The median level of free beta-hCG was higher (p=0.0005), and the median AFP lower in female pregnancies. Maternal weight and, for PAPP-A, maternal smoking are important first trimester screening co-variables. Gravidity, parity and fetal gender also seem to influence one or more first trimester markers.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1998

Sex recognition and mate choice by male western toads, Bufo boreas.

In field-based choice experiments, we examined sex recognition and mate choice in male western toads, Bufo boreas. When given a simultaneous choice between a male and a female of equal size, males did not discriminate between the sexes and attempted to amplex a male or a female with equal frequency. When a test male clasped a stimulus male, the stimulus male uttered a release call that caused the test male to release the stimulus male. Male-male amplexus never lasted more than 3 s, but male-female amplexus was tenacious and prolonged. Furthermore, males discriminated between gravid females that differed in body size, choosing larger gravid females over smaller ones, but they did not discriminate between gravid females or non-gravid females of equal size. In choice tests that excluded chemical cues, males jumped more frequently towards large females than small ones. Given that females are significantly larger than males, selecting larger individuals as potential mates increases the probability that males amplex with a female. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Optimal copula duration in yellow dung flies: effects of female size and egg content.

We examine data on copula duration in dung flies, Scatophaga stercoraria, in relation to female phenotype. We use a marginal value theorem approach based on the plausible mechanisms of sperm competition to predict the effect of female variation on optimal copula duration, t *, from the male perspective. Future fertilizations are expected to have a trivial effect on t * with fully gravid females, but an increasing relative effect on t * towards completion of oviposition. t * is expected to be affected by female size because of variation in (1) a female's egg content, which increases the maximum egg gain available from a mating, and (2) the female reproductive tract, which affects the rate at which sperm are displaced. In fully gravid females, t * was not dependent on egg number variation, but showed a positive relation with egg content in females that had laid a varying proportion of their mature egg load at the time of mating, and were therefore not fully gravid. Our models predict that if a male can estimate egg content only by the distension of a female's abdomen, t * should increase in a similar way to that seen with 'take-over' females. We predict t * for fully gravid females by assuming that males can monitor female size. The data showed that sperm displacement rate decreased, and average egg content increased, with female size. Under two models for a sperm displacement mechanism, one (which assumes indirect displacement at a rate proportional to the increase in spermathecal volume) predicts the observed relation between t * and female size almost exactly. Small males copulated for longer than large males (as predicted and reported previously). Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Myosin composition and functional properties of smooth muscle from the uterus of pregnant and non-pregnant rats.

The myosin heavy chain stoichiometry and the force-velocity relation have been determined in the myometrium of the non-pregnant and pregnant rat. The relative proportions of the slower migrating heavy chain (MHC1) greatly exceeded that of the faster migrating heavy chain (MHC2) as shown by electrophoresis on SDS 4%-polyacrylamide gels. The ratios of MHC1/MHC2 were 2.2/1 in the non-pregnant rats, 2.6/1 in the pregnant rat, and contrasted with 0.8/1 in the rat portal vein. This stoichiometry was unchanged by extracting the myosin from the smooth muscle as native myosin in a salt extract, as dissociated myosin using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or by isolating the native myosin first by a non-dissociating (pyrophosphate) electrophoresis step and subsequently analysing the protein bands on the SDS 4%-polyacrylamide gel. Although the unequal proportions of the heavy chains suggested the possibility that the native myosin molecule may be arranged as homodimeric heavy chains, no evidence for or against the existence of native myosin isoforms could be obtained by electrophoresing native myosin extracts on pyrophosphate-polyacrylamide gels. The force-velocity relations of the intact electrically stimulated myometrium from the non-pregnant and pregnant rats gave isometric force of 45 and 135 mN/mm2 and Vmax of 0.71 and 0.52 lengths/s (37 degrees C) when measured at 95% of optimal length, whereas in chemically skinned uterine strips at 22 degrees C Vmax was 0.09 and 0.13 lengths/s, respectively. The length-force relationship was of similar shape in the non-gravid and gravid skinned tissues. The energetic tension cost (ATP-turnover/active stress) in skinned fibres was also similar. The mechanical and metabolic characteristics of the gravid and non-gravid uterus found in the present study do not suggest an obvious difference in the intrinsic properties of the myosin, although significant functional alterations in the tissue appear during pregnancy. This corresponds to the lack of a difference in the pattern of the heavy chains.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1996

[The effect of alimentary vitamin B6 supply during pregnancy and lactation on the activity of specific transaminases of lactating rats].

Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 257 g were fed during gravidity a semi-synthetic diet containing five vitamin-B6-treatment groups (0.6, 3, 6, 18 and 180 mg/kg diet). The daily food intake was 14 g. During the following lactation the rats of each treatment group were divided into two groups containing 3 and 6 mg vitamin B6. At the 14th day of lactation the dams were decapitated. Parameters for determination of the vitamin-B6-status were activity of AST and ALT in plasma, erythrocytes and liver. The average activity of AST in plasma was 549 U/l, in erythrocytes 1939 U/l and liver 106 U/g fresh matter (FM). The increasing vitamin-B6-supplementation during gravidity resulted in an elevated activity of AST between lowest and highest treatment group in plasma 56%, erythrocytes 44%, and in liver 43%, respectively. In response to the increasing vitamin-B6-treatment during lactation the activity of AST in plasma increased for 19%, in erythrocytes for 13%, and in liver for 24%, respectively. A low vitamin-B6-supply (0.6 mg/kg diet) during gravidity in combination with demand-oriented supply during lactation (6 mg/kg diet) initiated the highest increase of activity. A deficient vitamin-B6-supply during lactation (3 mg/kg diet) could be compensated with optimal vitamin-B6-supply during gravidity. The values of ALT-activity showed no significant differences between the graded vitamin-B6-supplements, as a result of a high coenzyme saturation.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1987

Plasma fibronectin levels in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: a preliminary report.

Fibronectin, a major component of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes throughout the body, is thought to maintain the integrity of both the reticulo-endothelial system and microvasculature. In this study, plasma fibronectin levels were assayed by nephelometry in nine pre-eclamptic gravid women, nine normotensive gravid women and ten non-gravid women. The mean plasma fibronectin level (+/-S.E.M.) in pre-eclamptic gravidas (1687 +/- 101 micrograms/ml) is significantly higher than that of either normotensive gravidae (1129 +/- 99 micrograms/ml) or non-gravid women (897 +/- 60 micrograms/ml). Although the mechanism for elevated levels of plasma fibronectin in patients with pre-eclampsia is not clear, it may serve as an early biochemical marker for this disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Urinary excretion of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha TxB2 and PGE2 in a rat animal model for preeclampsia-like syndrome.

The etiology of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is still unknown. The pathophysiology must be clarified. In this paper we present an animal model where hypertension in pregnant and non-pregnant rats was induced by an experimental reduction of uteroplacental blood flow. Thus, a preeclampsia-like syndrome could be studied under defined conditions. The eicosanoid system was investigated for pathophysiological alterations of the kidney by measuring urinary excretion of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, TxB2 and PGE2 with radioimmunoassay at day 18 of pregnancy. First, in gravid control animals concentrations of all three prostaglandins were significantly elevated compared to non-gravid controls. However, in hypertensive gravid rats urinary concentrations of these prostaglandins fell even below the levels of non-gravid controls. The observed decrease was more pronounced for the vasodilatory 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 than for the vasoconstrictive TxB2. Our results demonstrate that an experimental reduction of uteroplacental blood flow in the rat culminates in symptoms which clinically (hypertension, proteinuria) and pathophysiologically (eicosanoid system) resemble to preeclampsia.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1991

Effects of ecbolic agents on measurements of uterine involution in the mare.

Thirteen postparturient mares were used to investigate the effects of ecbolic agents on the rate of uterine involution. Mares were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group S = intravenous injection of 2 ml saline twice daily for 10 days post partum (n=4); Group O = intravenous injection of 20 units oxytocin twice daily for 10 days post partum (n=4); and Group P = intramuscular injection of 500 mcg fluprostenol twice daily for 10 days post partum (n=5). Ovulation was determined by daily transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the ovaries. On Days 6, 11 and 16 post partum, transrectal ultrasonography was used to measure cross-sectional diameters of the uterine body, uterine horns and fluid within the uterine lumen. Uteri were swabbed for aerobic bacteriologic culture on Days 11 and 16 post partum. Uterine biopsies were obtained from the base of the previously gravid uterine horn on Days 11 and 16 post partum for subjective assessment of endometritis and morphometric analysis of endometrial histoarchitecture. Mean values for all measurements of uterine involution did not differ among groups (P>0.05). For all mares, the diameter of luminal fluid was not correlated to diameter of the uterine body or uterine horns, or to morphometric measurements of endometrial histoarchitecture of the previously gravid uterine horn (P>0.05). Likewise, accumulation of fluid within the uterine lumen was not associated with endometritis or recovery of potential bacterial pathogens (P>0.05). Mean diameter of the previously gravid uterine horn was negatively correlated with morphometric measures of endometrial histoarchitecture of the previously gravid uterine horn (P<0.01).

Journal Article↗