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PubMed1982

Higher prices in Jamaica.

Price increases in the Jamaica CSM program went into effect on August 31, 1981. The program began in 1975. While the need for higher prices has been under discussion for the past 3 years, this is the 1st time the requisite approval from the Jamaica Price Commission has been obtained. The Jamaica National Family Planning Board (JNFPB) reports that the Panther 3-pack (condom) is up US$0.15 to US$0.30. Each Perle package (oral contraceptive) was increased by US$0.20. Single cycle Perle now sells for US$0.50, and 3-pack Perle sells for US$1.10. The 6-year price stagnation experienced by the CSM program resulted in a decreasing operational budget as program costs continued to rise. Marketing costs alone during this period escalated by 100-300%. For example, Panther pop-up display cartons cost the project US 16U each in 1975. By 1979 the same product cost US 49U. Newspaper advertisements have increased from the 1975 cost of US$68.00 to nearly $200.00 per placement. The overall inflation rate in Jamaica during the last 5 years has averaged more than 20% annually. In the face of these rising costs, outlet expansion for Perle has been prevented, wholesaler margins have been unavailable, and new retailer training has been discontinued. It is projected that the new prices will result in an annual increased revenues of US$80,000 which will be used to reinstate these essential marketing activities. The JNFPB is also planning to introduce a Panther 12-pack and Panther strips to the CSM product line. According to Marketing Manager Aston Evans, "We believe the public is now ready for this type of packaging" which is scheduled to be available soon. Panther is presently only available in a 3-pack, but annual sales have been steady. The new 12-pack will be stocked on supermarket shelves to provide higher product visibility and wider distribution. The selling price has been set as US$1.20 and is expected to yield a 25% increase in sales during the 1st year. A complete sales promotion and advertising campaign will accompany the 12-pack introduction. The marketing plan for Panther strips emphasizes placement in government and private sector offices and factories throughout the country. In the deep rural areas the strips will be available for sale in shops, bars, nightclubs, and other distribution points.

Americas↗
PubMed2000

Conserving the Biological Diversity of Forests: Program and Organizational Experiences of State Governments in the United States.

/ Major responsibility for conserving forest biodiversity is often assigned to natural resource agencies. Often unknown is the appropriate administrative context for doing so, especially the organizational location for biodiversity programs in state government, suitable levels of financial and professional investment in biodiversity programs, processes useful for coordinating programs located in different administrative settings, and the effectiveness of biodiversity programs, especially conditions associated with programs judged to be very effective. Focusing on forests, a nationwide survey of 156 forestry agency and biodiversity program administrators in all 50 states was undertaken. Effective forest biodiversity programs were those with a long-range plan, administered as a single organizational unit, located in close organizational proximity to a state's forestry agency, actively providing management practice advice to landowners, administrators, and the public, and firm actions taken to ensure coordination with other natural resource programs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Restructuring mental health: a South American survey.

BACKGROUND: There is little information available on the changes in mental health services in South American countries following the social and political upheavals of recent decades. METHODS: A postal survey was conducted of all South American countries (health ministries, national psychiatric associations and key informants) to assess the development of mental health programs and the organization of alternative psychiatric care centers such as the psychiatric units in general hospitals (PUGH). RESULTS: Most of the mental health programs were implemented during the 1980s and 1990s, and aimed at incorporating psychiatric care into primary health care, as well as relocating provision from large hospitals to decentralized services. Most of the countries surveyed have less than 0.5 psychiatric beds per 1000 inhabitants. This change reflects a tendency to reduce the total number of psychiatric beds and increase the number of PUGH. Over the last 10 years this increase was significant in some countries (50-75%), but was not reflected in the availability of adequate human and material resources. CONCLUSIONS: A transition from a system based on large mental hospitals to alternative service provision is on the way in South American countries. Intensive efforts have to be made to collect and disseminate information, as well as to monitor the development and outcome of the mental health programs in these countries.

Deinstitutionalization↗
PubMed2000

NCI cooperative research and development agreements.

The Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) currently sponsors more than 160 Investigational New Drug applications (INDs), and is involved in approximately 1,600 active protocols. It is also currently involved in more than 50 collaborative agreements with pharmaceutical companies. These agreements consist of cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs) and clinical trials agreements (CTAs). A CRADA is a detailed contract between the NCI and a pharmaceutical company for the clinical co-development of an investigational agent, and may include preclinical development that stipulates terms for a broader scope of research than that covered by a CTA. The CTEP/Investigational Drug Branch is currently involved in a number of oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) protocols under the CRADA program.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed2005

The devil may be in the details: how the characteristics of SCHIP programs affect take-up.

In this paper, we explore whether the specific design of a state's program has contributed to its success in meeting two objectives of the Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP): increasing the health insurance coverage of children in lower income families and doing so with a minimum reduction in their private health insurance coverage (crowd-out). In our analysis, we use two years of Current Population Survey data, 2000 and 2001, matched with detailed data on state programs. We focus on two populations: the eligible population of children, broadly defined--those living in families with incomes below 300 percent of the federal poverty line (FPL)--and a narrower group of children, those who we estimate are eligible for Medicaid or SCHIP. Unique state program characteristics in the analysis include whether the state plan covers families; whether the state uses presumptive eligibility; the number of months without private coverage that are required for eligibility; whether there is an asset test; whether a face-to-face interview is required; and specific outreach activities. Our results provide evidence that state program characteristics are significant determinants of program success.

Child↗