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The structure of a new minor saponin isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer was elucidated on the basis of chemical evidences and spectral data. The saponin was named as ginsenoside-La.
Annual dynamic of the main root of Panax ginseng shows that the cross-section of various tissues increases gradually with age, but the ratio of phloemxylem in cross-section decreases. Seasonal dynamic shows that cells of phellogen and cambium divide actively in June-July and gets retarded in August. Ecological conditions can influence annual and seasonal dynamics of the structure of the main root.
It has been found that Phytophthora cactorum mainly infects ginseng roots and causes phytophthora roots rot without symptoms on the leaves. The results of fungistatic test indicate that mycelial growth of the pathogen can be inhibited completely by Mancozeb and Metalaxyl at 100 ppm in vitro.
Materials characterizing immunostimulating activity of a polysaccharide fraction isolated from two lines of the ginseng tissue culture are presented. It was shown that under the drug action, the effector functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages activated.
Two minor compounds isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer were characterized as 20(R)-protopanaxadiol (I) and 3 beta, 6 alpha, 12 beta-trihydroxydammar-20 (22), 24-diene-6-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1----2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (II) on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidences. I was isolated for the first time from the leaves; II was shown to be a new saponin and was named as ginsenoside-Rg4.
Official methods for determination of ginsenosides of the French and Helvetic Pharmacopoeias have been compared with HPLC method. Sample preparation schemes used are those of monographs with conventional solvent extraction and solid phase extraction with a polar and a non-polar sorbents, respectively kieselguhr and C 18 octadecyl. Liquid-solid sample clean-up with C 18 cartridge is the most effective procedure. Prior HPLC method, an hydrolysis step of malonylginsenosides is necessary. Very selective extraction resulting in highly purified solution authorizes reliable and rapid colorimetric determination from ginseng saponosides.
The rectal temperature and serum corticosterone increased in mice exposed to 45 degrees C for 15 min; at the same time, the contents of brain 5-HT and NE reduced, brain DA unchanged. Ginseng root saponins (GRS) ip 200 mg/kg inhibited the increase of serum corticosterone and the decrease of brain 5-HT and NE in heat-stressed mice, but did not affect brain DA. GRS lowered mice body temperature at room temperature and inhibited the rise of body temperature under heat environmental conditions in mice. Reserpine eliminated the hypothermia of GRS at room temperature and its inhibitory effect on hyperthermia under heat-stress conditions. PCPA eliminated only the inhibition of GRS on hyperthermia under heat-stress, but had no significant effect on hypothermia at room temperature.
In the previous report, we discussed in vivo dynamics and renal impairment resulting from the difference in cisplatin CDDP administration. In the present study, we investigated in vivo dynamics and renal impairment under 1 h of continuous drip infusion of CDDP. The free-type Pt concentration ratio, which is considered to indicate antitumor activity in the overall plasma Pt concentration at the end of the administration, was noted to be approximately 64%. This was significantly higher than other administration methods, making this an effective administration procedure. However, NAG, which is considered to be an index of renal impairment along with the amount of beta 2-microglobulin urine excretion, showed higher values than those by other administration methods. Thus, using the 1-hr continuous CDDP drip infusion, we attempted to alleviate the renal impairment, combining bismuth subnitrate with ginseng and Tang-koui ten. As a result, the amount of beta 2-microglobulin excretion in the urine was diminished as well as NAG, and a reduction of the renal impairment was noted. These alleviational effects of the renal impairment were attributed to the method of consistent oral administration by which alleviation could take place with little load on the patient.
The tincture from biomass of ginseng tissue culture was shown to exert the immunomodulatory effect on humoral immunity and to increase the thymus and spleen weight. It is of interest to note that the biomass preparation did not change the immunity of intact animals but exerted a strong immunomodulatory action on mice previously treated with cyclophosphane. Similar results have been obtained also for another adaptogen--Eleutherococcus.
In the course of a chemical study on pure ginsenosides, a ginsenoside-Rg2 was isolated as colorless needles, from the lateral root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. For the characterization of Rg2, a chikusetsusaponin-I (ginsenoide-Rg2) was isolated as colorless needles from rhizome of Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer. The optical rotation value of both saponins were opposite to the published data. On the large scale isolation of ginsenosides, trace amount of ginsenoside-Rg2 was isolated as crystals. Three compounds, A, B and C, were isolated from the reaction mixture on hydrolysis of ginsenoside-Rb1, Rb2 and Rc with 50% aqacetic acid. A was 20R-prosapogenin and it was identical with Rg3. On the other hand, B was found to be 20S-prosapogenin. And C was estimated to be prosagenin dehydrated at C20-OH and named as delta 20-prosapogenin. It was found that an equilibration is present among A, B and C at the earlier stage on acid hydrolysis.
To study the effect of polysaccharides of Ginseng (PSG) on cellular-immunity from healthy subjects and patients of kidney disease, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) were assayed in vitro. It was found that the PSG could prommote the PBMC induced IL-2 in the healthy subjects and patients with kidney diseases and was dose-dependent. This study revealed that PSG was worthwhile to be further studied as an approach of biological responsive modifier therepy in treating human immunodeficiency diseases.
The acute toxicity test in mice revealed no toxic effects after oral administration with mixed decoction of Radix Ginseng and Faeces Trogopterori. But a tendency of increasing toxicity was found with intraperitoneal injection. The subacute toxicity test in rats showed no obvious effect on white blood cell count (WBC), differential count (DC), platelet count (Pt), hemoglobin amount (Hb), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), body weight (BW), and so on after oral administration with the above-said mixed decoction.
The proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells, and the phagocytotic function of intraperitoneal macrophages were all suppressed by cold water (4 degrees C) swim stress (CWSS) for 5 min in rats and for 3 min in mice. Meanwhile, the levels of serum corticosterone increased. Ginseng root saponins 100 mg.kg-1 or ginsenoside Rb1 10 mg.kg-1 ip or ig completely antagonized the immunosuppression induced by CWSS, and inhibited the increase of serum corticosterone in CWSS rats, but increased the level of serum corticosterone further in CWSS mice.
The plating efficiency of a single cell clone from culture cells of Panax ginseng can be influenced by the nutritional compositions of plating medium. In order to promote the growth of single cells, it was essential to establish an appropriate ratio between 2,4-D concentration and KT concentration in the MS medium. The best combination of these two hormones was 1.5 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l, respectively. Considering the formation of cell clones, the suitable NH2NO4 concentration and CaCl2.2H2O concentration should be 400 mg/l and 750 mg/l, respectively. The plating efficiency can also be effectively increased when the plating medium was suitably supplemented with succinic acid, arginine, vitamins, etc. In optimization of the nutritional compositions of the medium, the plating efficiency was increased 2.34 times against the control. The cells suspended for 12 days were most favorable for the formation of cell clones. Different plating efficiency was obtained with different cell plating density. There was a low plating efficiency when the cell plating density was lower than 4 x 10(3) cells/ml.
To evaluate the pharmacological action of ginseng, its effects on the proliferative activity of mesangial cells, which are thought to play an important role in the regulation of renal function, were determined in terms of [3H]thymidine uptake. When the extract was added to the medium of mesangial cell cultures, it suppressed the proliferation of mesangial cells, and similar proliferation-inhibitory activity was found in the total saponin and ginsenoside-Rd fractions, consistent with the renal effects observed in our previous in vivo studies. The inhibition of mesangial cell proliferation by the extract can thus be explained by the action of ginsenoside-Rd.
Four compounds were isolated from the fruit of cultivated Panax ginseng and identified as beta-sitosterol,20(R)-protopanaxatriol, daucosterine and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3 on the basis of physicochemical constants and spectral evidences.
Four chemical constituents were isolated for the first time from the fresh ginseng root cultivated in China. Three of them were elucidated as malonyl-ginsenosides-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rd.
From days 0 to 3 posttrauma, daily administration of Astragalus polysaccharides (250mg/kg,ip) and ginsenosides of ginseng stems and leaves (50mg/kg,sc) can elevate significantly the lymphocytes membrane fluidity of plasmalemma, mitochondria and microsome from spleen,thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes in traumatized mice, reduce lipid peroxide levels, and increase superoxide dismutase activities in serum and lymphocytes from traumatized mice.