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[The recognition of normal emotions and emotions in affective disorders].

Recognition of emotions by face expression was studied in 20 healthy subjects and 20 patients with endogenous depression. Pictures of sad, laughing and neural faces were displayed on computer screen and administered to the center of the visual field and to the right or left visual hemifields during 40-160 ms. Healthy subjects demonstrated more accurate recognition of emotional expression than the neutral expression; the right hemisphere dominated in discrimination of laughing faces. Depressed patients showed the overall impairment of facial expression recognition, which was the most significant for discrimination of sad faces; there were no interhemispheric difference. Discriminant analysis showed that activity of the right hemisphere is crucial for discrimination of healthy subjects and patients with endogenous depression. Possible mechanisms of impairment in recognition of emotional facial expressions in depressed patients are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy.

Empathy requires the ability to map the feelings of others onto our own nervous system. Until recently, there was no plausible mechanism to explain how such a mapping might occur. The discovery of mirror neurons, however, suggests that the nervous system is capable of mapping the observed actions of others onto the premotor cortex of the self, at least for reaching and grasping movements. Is there a mirroring system for emotive actions, such as facial expression? Subjects (N = 15; all right-handed; eight men, seven women) watched movies of facial expressions (smile or frown) and hand movements (move index or middle finger) while brain activity was imaged using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Subjects watched the movies under three different conditions: passive viewing, active imitation, and an active motor control. Subjects also performed a verb generation task to functionally identify language-processing areas. We found evidence for a common cortical imitation circuit for both face and hand imitation, consisting of Broca's area, bilateral dorsal and ventral premotor areas, right superior temporal gyrus (STG), supplementary motor area, posterior temporo-occipital cortex, and cerebellar areas. For faces, passive viewing led to significant activation in the right ventral premotor area, whereas imitation produced bilateral activation. This result is consistent with evidence for right hemisphere (RH) dominance for emotional processing, and suggests that there may be a right hemisphere mirroring system that could provide a neural substrate for empathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Is there new knowledge on embryology and functional anatomy of human mimetic muscles and the upper lip? A contribution to point selection, skin incision and muscle reconstruction in primary lip-nose reconstruction of uni- and bilateral lip-jaw-palatal clefts].

BACKGROUND: The great variety of primary cheiloplastic procedures in CLP patients shows that there is disagreement regarding the embryological development of this part of the face, the point selection, skin incision philosophy, and the macroscopic and microscopic functional anatomy of the human muscles of facial expression. We suppose from findings in Asian and African populations that the real embryological development of the upper lip differs from current textbook descriptions. Our own anatomical and embryological investigations serve as a basis for a critical discussion of different techniques of muscle reconstruction, point selection, and skin incision and for a description of an embryologically, functionally, and anatomically oriented operation technique for different entities of CLP. METHODS: The findings of this study result from investigations of the embryonal and early fetal development from the 26th to the 112th i.u. day in REM pictures of the Anatomical Institute of the University of Göttingen (n = 8) and serial histological investigations of the Carnegie and Hooker-Humphrey Collections at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. (n = 40). Furthermore, we carried out microsurgical dissections of the muscles of facial expression, the osseous and cartilaginous parts of the nose, and the midfacial sutures in two adult heads without congenital disorders and one newborn head with a primary unilateral complete cleft of the lip and alveolus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The formation of the lower third of the upper lip is the result of contact of the maxillary bulges in the midline below the prolabium. According to this finding, the point selections and skin incisions have to be modified in the midline region in different types of uni- and bilateral CLP. Our technique of primary dissection, reorientation, and suturing of the muscles of facial expression is presented. The muscle reconstruction has to be performed independently from the skin preparation.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1986

Expression of emotion in asthmatic children and their mothers.

The present study assessed how general asthmatic children's deficit in the facial expression of emotion is that we found in previous studies. Furthermore, the emotional behavior of the patients' mothers was explored. Eighteen children with bronchial asthma (ages 7.6 to 12.6), and eighteen control children were subjected to two frustrating achievement situations. They had to solve a difficult puzzle under time pressure by themselves, and with the verbal assistance of their healthy mothers. Facial expressions of emotion and heart rate were recorded from children and mothers. No deficit in emotion expression was observed in the asthmatic group. To the contrary, asthmatic children showed more expressions of anger/aggression and emotion expressions in total during the last phase of the 'child alone' condition. Moreover, in both experimental conditions they showed more unspecified facial movements than control children. Mothers of asthmatic children expressed more happiness than their controls. Heart rate data did not differentiate between target and control groups during any phase of the experiment. These findings counter psychodynamically based assumptions on emotional behavior of asthmatics and their mothers.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

Inferring emotions from multiple cues: revealing age-related differences in "how" without differences in "can".

This study examined differences in children's use of social cues to make emotional inferences. Children ages 4, 5, and 8 years were presented with stimuli that depicted another child in affectively congruous and affectively incongruous expression/situation combinations. The intensity of positive and negative facial expressions was varied across situations. Subjects judged the target's feelings and selected among the alternative facial expressions or situations the one they had just seen. No significant age-related differences were found in the extent to which children registered and used both the expressive and situational information when making emotional inferences. The main experimental measure asked children to explain their judgments. In explaining their judgments, subjects' rationales indicated that they: (a) used both the situational and expressive cues; and (b) were sensitive to congruous versus incongruous cues, and even to mild versus strong incongruous cues. Children's rationales also reflected a sensitivity to expressive and situational negativity. For each age group, the rationales were more elaborate when the cues were problematic. Characteristic strategies, however, were also found for each age group. These distinct strategies may reflect social-life changes in children's social "theories" of emotion.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Attention and reaction to distress in infancy: a longitudinal study.

The primary aim of this study was to verify whether early individual differences in look duration are related to general mechanisms of the infant nervous system that draw together attention and emotion. Thirty-one infants were observed at 3, 5, and 11 months of age. Facial expressions of pain and distress were observed by means of C. Izard's (1979) Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System 90 s after routine pediatric vaccinations. Several measures of visual attention were taken experimentally in a separate testing session. Significant correlations between measures of attention and duration of facial expressions of pain and distress were found at each age level. Infants who showed pain or distress for a shorter time period also paid attention for a shorter time period and vice versa. The main conclusion is that individual differences combining control of both pain and attention can be identified from early infancy.

Affect↗
PubMed1991

Effects of emotional imagery on physiological and facial responses in Type A and Type B individuals.

Type A behavior was examined in relation to physiologic and facial-expressive changes associated with anger, fear and distress. Affect was induced by an imagery procedure in which subjects recalled and described actual, emotion-related episodes. Type A was assessed by a structured interview. Subjects were healthy men, 21 Type As and 21 Type Bs, whose mean age was 39 yr. Type Bs showed higher systolic blood pressure responses and greater expression of negative affect than Type As. Data analysis also revealed a tendency for enhanced physiologic and facial responses of Type Bs relative to Type As to be greater during fear and distress than during anger. These results appear to reflect a coping process whereby Type A individuals show attenuated facial-expressive and physiologic reactivity as a means of maintaining a sense of control over aversive conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Mutism: loss of neocortical and limbic vocalization.

A patient with complete mutism of 5 years duration was studied to determine the cause of the defective phonation. The patient had neurological findings indicative of pseudobulbar palsy, but he had lost emotional vocalization and emotional facial expression, as well as propositional speech. Phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and anatomic evidence indicates that propositional speech and volitional facial movements are mediated by corticobulbar tracts descending from neocortical areas, whereas emotional vocalization and emotional facial expression are dependent on intact limbic system connections. The findings suggest that the patient's impaired faciovocal expression was the result of lesions involving both limbic system and descending neocortical connections.

Bulbar Palsy, Progressive↗
PubMed1997

Enhanced facial discrimination: effects of experience with American sign language.

On-line comprehension of American Sign Language (ASL) requires rapid discrimination of linguistic facial expressions. We hypothesized that ASL signers' experience discriminating linguistic facial expressions might lead to enhanced performance for discriminating among different faces. Five experiments are reported that investigate signers' and non-signers' ability to discriminate human faces photographed under different conditions of orientation and lighting (the Benton Test of Facial Recognition). The results showed that deaf signers performed significantly better than hearing non-signers. Hearing native signers (born to deaf parents) also performed better than hearing nonsigners, suggesting that the enhanced performance of deaf signers is linked to experience with ASL rather than to auditory deprivation. Deaf signers who acquired ASL in early adulthood did not differ from native signers, which suggests that there is no 'critical period' during which signers must be exposed to ASL in order to exhibit enhanced face discrimination abilities. When the faces were inverted, signing and nonsigning groups did not differ in performance. This pattern of results suggests that experience with sign language affects mechanisms specific to face processing and does not produce a general enhancement of visual discrimination. Finally, a similar pattern of results was found with signing and nonsigning children, 6-9 years old. Overall, the results suggest that the brain mechanisms responsible for face processing are somewhat plastic and can be affected by experience. We discuss implications of these results for the relation between language and cognition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Facial recognition in primary focal dystonia.

The basal ganglia seem to be involved in emotional processing. Primary dystonia is a movement disorder considered to result from basal ganglia dysfunction, and the aim of the present study was to investigate emotion recognition in patients with primary focal dystonia. Thirty-two patients with primary cranial (n=12) and cervical (n=20) dystonia were compared to 32 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and educational level on the facially expressed emotion labeling (FEEL) test, a computer-based tool measuring a person's ability to recognize facially expressed emotions. Patients with cognitive impairment or depression were excluded. None of the patients received medication with a possible cognitive side effect profile and only those with mild to moderate dystonia were included. Patients with primary dystonia showed isolated deficits in the recognition of disgust (P=0.007), while no differences between patients and controls were found with regard to the other emotions (fear, happiness, surprise, sadness, and anger). The findings of the present study add further evidence to the conception that dystonia is not only a motor but a complex basal ganglia disorder including selective emotion recognition disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Structural relationship of child behavior and its evaluation during dental treatment.

The present study uses structural equation modeling to explore the structural relationship of child behavior type and its evaluation during dental treatment. The study population consisted of 33 children at their first visit to a pediatric dentist at the Dental Hospital of Tsurumi University. Child behavior was evaluated by the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale and the behavior evaluation scale developed by Kurosu. Factor analysis extracted 3 behavior types: escape, self-defense, and facial expression. The path diagram of structural relationships between child behavior and the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale indicated that facial expression had the strongest correlation to the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale.

Child↗
PubMed2007

[Neural mechanisms of facial recognition].

We review recent researches in neural mechanisms of facial recognition in the light of three aspects: facial discrimination and identification, recognition of facial expressions, and face perception in itself. First, it has been demonstrated that the fusiform gyrus has a main role of facial discrimination and identification. However, whether the FFA (fusiform face area) is really a special area for facial processing or not is controversial; some researchers insist that the FFA is related to 'becoming an expert' for some kinds of visual objects, including faces. Neural mechanisms of prosopagnosia would be deeply concerned to this issue. Second, the amygdala seems to be very concerned to recognition of facial expressions, especially fear. The amygdala, connected with the superior temporal sulcus and the orbitofrontal cortex, appears to operate the cortical function. The amygdala and the superior temporal sulcus are related to gaze recognition, which explains why a patient with bilateral amygdala damage could not recognize only a fear expression; the information from eyes is necessary for fear recognition. Finally, even a newborn infant can recognize a face as a face, which is congruent with the innate hypothesis of facial recognition. Some researchers speculate that the neural basis of such face perception is the subcortical network, comprised of the amygdala, the superior colliculus, and the pulvinar. This network would relate to covert recognition that prosopagnosic patients have.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2002

Facial affect perception in alcoholics.

Satisfactory interpersonal interaction involves understanding others' facial expressions. Alcoholic individuals often have severe interpersonal difficulties that may relate to poor and distorted perception of facial expressions. The importance of attention direction has been highlighted by the finding, in recent primate studies, of neurons responsible for the detection of attention direction. Studies on humans suggest that expression perception is modulated by attention direction (whether the expression is directed towards or away from the observer). Here, for the first time, the relationship between attention direction and perception of expression (anger, sadness, happiness and disgust) in alcoholic and control subjects is investigated. We used animated facial stimuli depicting different emotions to give measures of recognition accuracy and of perceptual sensitivity. Our study demonstrated that alcoholics made more errors than control subjects in recognising expressions generally and had a tendency to mis-label sad expressions directed towards them as being hostile (angry/disgusted). When asked to select the point when they started to see the expression, alcoholics, especially female alcoholics, chose higher expression intensities. This study highlights the importance of investigating the modulating effects of attention direction when studying the perception of expressions and provides an indication of how alcoholics' inappropriate social reactions may be triggered.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Face recognition in age-related maculopathy.

Patients with age-related maculopathy (ARM) complain frequently of difficulty with face recognition. The authors attempted to quantify the level of impairment by comparing face recognition with clinical tests of visual function, namely contrast sensitivity, grating acuity, letter-chart acuity, and word-reading acuity. For face recognition, we used 32 black-and-white photographs that had been cropped to remove the outline of hair so that identification was predominantly dependent on the facial features. The observer's distance from the screen on which the photographs were projected was varied. The angular size of the faces was indicated by the equivalent viewing distance (EVD). Four male and four female models were used, and for each model, there were four photographs with different facial expressions--happy, sad, angry, and afraid. For each photograph, the subject's task was to name the model and identify the facial expression. Threshold EVD (50%) was determined for correct identity recognition and expression recognition. For eight subjects all experimental procedures were repeated at a lower luminance level. For ARM subjects, increasing task complexity (grating/letters/words) substantially decreased resolution. Face-recognition abilities were most closely related to word-reading acuity when comparisons were made either across subjects or across luminances within subjects. Contrast sensitivity was associated poorly with face-recognition thresholds. In some subjects with more advanced ARM, identity recognition was substantially poorer than expression recognition.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Predicting the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse from measures of repressive coping and dissociative tendencies.

Although it is generally agreed that the verbal disclosure of past childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences can be beneficial, CSA survivors are often reluctant to reveal such experiences. Bonanno et al. found that women with documented CSA histories who did not disclose abuse when provided an opportunity to do so were more likely to show nonverbal expressions of shame and polite smiling, relative to disclosing CSA survivors or nonabused controls. Disclosing CSA survivors, in contrast, showed greater facial expressions of disgust. The current study extended this paradigm by showing that among the same participants, CSA disclosure was associated with chronic dissociative experiences, whereas nondisclosure was associated with repressive coping. Further, repressive coping and dissociative experiences were inversely related and showed opposite patterns of facial expressions and adjustment. Repressors expressed greater negative and positive emotion and were relatively better adjusted, whereas dissociators expressed little emotion and had relatively poorer adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Common and distinct brain activation to threat and safety signals in social phobia.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the functional neuroanatomy underlying the processing of emotional stimuli in social phobia. OBJECTIVES: To investigate specific brain activation that is associated with the processing of threat and safety signals in social phobics. METHODS: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, brain activation was measured in social phobic and nonphobic subjects during the presentation of angry, happy and neutral facial expressions under free viewing conditions. RESULTS: Compared to controls, phobics showed increased activation of extrastriate visual cortex regardless of facial expression. Angry, but not neutral or happy, faces elicited greater insula responses in phobics. In contrast, both angry and happy faces led to increased amygdala activation in phobics. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that the amygdala is involved in the processing of negative and positive stimuli. Furthermore, social phobics respond sensitively not only to threatening but also to accepting faces and common and distinct neural mechanisms appear to be associated with the processing of threat versus safety signals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Partly dissociable neural substrates for recognizing basic emotions: a critical review.

Facial expressions are powerful non-verbal displays of emotion which signal valence information to others and constitute an important communicative element in social interaction. Six basic emotional expressions (fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, and sadness) have been shown to be universal in their performance and perception. Recently, a growing number of clinical and functional imaging studies have aimed at identifying partly dissociable neural subsystems for recognizing basic emotions. Convincing results have been obtained for fearful and disgusted facial expressions only. Empirical evidence for a specialized neural representation of anger, surprise, sadness, or happiness is more limited, primarily due to lack of clinical cases with selective impairments in recognizing these emotions. In functional imaging research, the detection of dissociable neural responses requires direct comparisons of signal changes associated with the perception of different emotions, which are often not provided. Only recently has evidence been obtained that the recruitment of emotion-specific neural subsystems may be closely linked to characteristic facial features of single expressions such as the eye region for fearful faces. Investigations into the neural systems underlying the processing of such diagnostic cues for each of the six basic emotions may be helpful to further elucidate their neural representation.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

An experimental examination of emotional experience, expression, and disclosure in women reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse.

Researchers have suggested that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a distal risk factor for the development of emotion regulation difficulties in adulthood. The present study examined 20 females with and without a history of CSA on the dimensions of subjective emotional experience (positive and negative activation), facial expressivity, and disclosure (positive and negative emotion words) in response to positively and negatively valenced film stimuli. The CSA group reported experiencing reduced positive activation while no group differences were found for negative activation. The CSA group disclosed fewer negative emotion words to express their experience and exhibited a trend towards less facial expressivity. The results are interpreted within the context of CSA survivors' emotional responding difficulties, and their implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗