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PubMed1978

Sensitivites in vitro to antimicrobial drugs of bovine mycoplasmas isolated from respiratory and genital tracts.

A total of 155 Mycoplasma strains were examined for sensitivity to nine antibiotics and four nitrofurans by the agar dilution method. They consisted of 69 strains of Mycoplasma bovirhinis, 33 strains of M. bovigenitalium, 49 strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and four strains of A. modicum isolated from the nasal secretions, tracheas and lungs of calves manifesting respiratory symptoms and from bovine genital tracts collected at a slaughterhouse. As a result, furamizole and mitomycin C showed the strongest growth-inhibiting effect on all the strains. They were followed in this effect by kitasamycin tartrate, spiramycin adipate, tylosin tartrate, tetracycline-HCl and chloramphenicol. Furthermore, these five drugs were followed in the effect by furazolidone, nitrofurantoin and sodium nifurstyrenate. Fradiomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate showed only little effect on all the strains. Erythromycin lactobionate showed a strong growth-inhibiting effect on the Acholeplasma strains, but not on the Mycoplasma strains. There were some cross resistant strains of the Acholeplasma species to the effects of the macrolides.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Findings in an outbreak of salmonellosis due to S. dublin in veal calves in the province of Gelderland (author's transl)].

An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by S. dublin has been prevalent in the Province of Gelderland ever since the end of 1975. The clinical picture is marked by general disease and respiratory symptoms, variations in temperature and diarrhoea which was present in not more than approximately 20 per cent of the cases. The most satisfactory results of treatment were obtained on administration of a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound and colistin. Mortality averaged 16 per cent, the flock continuing to be affected with the disease for six weeks. In addition to enteritis, septicaemia and pneumonia were outstanding features in post-mortem studies. S. dublin was detected particularly in the liver, spleen and kidney. The sensitivity pattern showed a marked decrease during the past six to seven years, particularly sensitivity to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ampicillin. The greater part of the strains were only sensitive to colistin, furazolidone and a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound. This increase in resistance is discussed, and it is attributed to mass administration of antibodies rather than to transfer of resistance due to R-factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Biological properties of sherry yeasts in the presence of antimicrobial preparations].

The wine yeasts Cheres were not sensitive to high concentration (500 gamma/ml) of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, morphocycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, ceporin, ristomycin, levomycetin, furadonin and furazolidone. In concentrations of 50 to 500 gamma-ml oleadomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, kanamycin and ristomycin inhibited synthesis of the Cheres yeast biomass. Benzylpenicillin, polymyxin, neomycin and ampicillin in concentrations of 50 to 100 gamma/ml had a stimulating effect on the yeast biomass synthesis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Improvement of in vitro culture conditions of Brugia pahangi four day old developing larvae for use in an antifilarial drug assay.

Four day old third stage larvae of Brugia pahangi were cultured in the presence of differing concentrations of early passage dog kidney cells and inactivated foetal calf serum. After a six day culture period worm length, number of moults and worm mortality were determined. Analysis of the length data demonstrated a significant interactive relationship between cell and serum concentration. The greatest increases in length were obtained using an initial cell density of dog kidney cells of 40 x 10(4) plus a serum concentration of 10%. (The surface area of all culture vessels was 2.0 cm2). In addition moulting occurred earlier and was more prolific with higher cell and serum concentrations. The response of larvae to antiparasitic agents in the presence or absence of a confluent dog kidney feeder layer was then compared to determine whether the inclusion of cells altered drug effects. From this it was found that the killing effects of flubendazole, albendazole, furazolidone, levamisole and nifurtimox at their minimum effective concentrations were delayed under biphasic culture conditions. It is suggested that this is an advantage and will improve the selectivity of the assay over and above an assay which does not include a cell feeder layer. In addition the improved growth rates obtained in cultures containing dog kidney cells should mean an increase in test sensitivity to agents capable of disrupting biosynthesis.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

[Resorption of drugs through the vaginal wall].

Drug absorption during vaginal administration. A method is described (systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs and development of in situ vaginal drug absorption procedure) and is able to show vaginal absorption of drugs. Some drugs are rapidly and largely absorbed through vaginal epithelium: Metronidazole (Flagyl), Prostaglandins, Estrogens, Polyvidone-iodine (Betadine), Chloroquinadol (Gynotherax), d-Methadone, Hexachlorophene (Phisohex et Ultralan), Insulin and Triclosan. Other drugs are poorly absorbed: Amphotericin B (Fungizone, Amphocycline), Econazole (Pevaryl) and Trimethoprim. At least, some drugs are not absorbed: Nystatine (Mycostatine) and Furazolidone (Tricofuron).

Absorption↗
PubMed1984

Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolated from laboratory animals and pets.

Fifty-four strains of Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolated from a variety of species of laboratory animals as well as pet dogs were tested by an agar dilution technique for susceptibility to each of 12 antimicrobial agents. Gentamicin and furazolidone were the most active of the drugs examined. The strains tested frequently were sensitive to two other aminoglycoside antibiotics, neomycin and kanamycin. Erythromycin also was effective at levels achievable in serum except in three strains which were resistant. Doxycycline and chloramphenicol were active against most strains, with 51 (96%) being susceptible to 8 micrograms/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentrations were high for penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and sulfadimethoxine.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Epizootic of S. heidelberg in poultry breeding flocks raised commercially].

It was noted that under the conditions of industrial raising of adult birds the epizootic of Salmonella heidelberg could assumme an acute course with a clinical manifestation. After its short-term acute manifestation the infection acquired a protracted course. Mortality correlated directly with the age of the birds. Isolated and identified were a total of 117 Salmonella heidelberg strains from carcasses, cloacal samples, eggs, and litter. Regardless of the short-term Salmonella harbouring the deep litter was shown to predispose to reinfections. The isolation of eight strains of S. heidelberg from the egg shell and the yolk of freshly laid eggs as well as the negative microbial findings in one- and two-fold fumigated eggs corroborate the idea of the additional entering of Salmonella organisms through the shell. These also point to the fact that fumigation carried out up to the third hour following laying may contribute to the raising of disease-free broilers. Treatment with furazolidon and chloramphenicol in combination or the application of salmocid at the rate of 250 milligram microgram of feed in the course of ten days suppresses the acute manifestation of the disease and restores the productivity of birds, having no effect on the harbouring of the infection in the flock.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Antibiotic resistance of uropathogenic strains of E. coli isolated from patients in the USSR and the People's Republic of Bulgaria].

The MIC of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, ceporin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, rondomycin, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, orafuran, furacin and furazolidon with respect to E. coli strains isolated from urological patients were determined and compared with those isolated from patients with other localization of inflammatory processes and the feces of healthy persons. It was shown that the strains isolated from the urine of the urological patients were characterized by higher levels of the drug resistance and as a rule were polyresistant. The bacterial resistance was due to the presence of conjugative R plasmids in 26-32 per cent of the cases and nonconjugative R plasmids in 37-38 per cent of the cases. The total number of the cultures with the drug resistance controlled by the plasmid markers amounted to 64-69 per cent. Ceporin, gentamicin, and furacin had the highest inhibitory effect.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[Rifampicin (benemycin) treatment of salmonellosis in nursing infants].

The efficacy of rifampicin (benemycin) in combined therapy of salmonellosis in 145 infants, including 25 newborns was studied. The data indicated that it was highly effective and superior to the other drugs, such as levomycetin, polymyxin, ampicillin and furazolidone, widely used at present for the treatment of salmonellosis in children. The efficacy of rifampicin was due to the high sensitivity to it of various Salmonella strains, including polyresistant strains of S. typhimurium, as well as the peculiar characteristics of its pharmacokinetics, i. e. the ability for rapid absorption into the blood, the effect on the bacteria located in the cells and excretion with bile. When used orally or rectally in a daily dose of 15--20 mg per 1 kg bw for a short-term treatment course rifampicin induced no side effects or allergic reactions. It is concluded that rifampicin (benemycin) may be used as a valuable reserve drug for the treatment of the severe forms of salmonellosis caused by polyresistant strains of S. typhimurium in infants and newborns. It is not advisable to use the drug for the treatment of children with moderate and nonsevere forms of salmonellosis since it may be the cause of the development of resistance to it in Salmonella.

Drug Evaluation↗
PubMed1981

[Drug resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry].

Studied was the sensitivity of a total of 143 strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from young birds and broilers died from coli septicaemia, to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. The following descending order was established: gentamycin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, furazolidon, borgal, kanamycin, strep tomycin, chloramphenicol, neomycin sulphathiazole, and tetracycline. Markers of resistance were established with all strains with regard to the therapeutic agents in current and prospective use in industrial poultry farming. It is stated that a preliminary antibiogram is indispensable in order to obtain dependable results in the treatment of animals affected with colibacteriosis. An alternative is to apply directly those drugs to which the strains have shown highest sensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Leukergic reaction in viral hepatitis to antibacterial preparations].

Forty-one patients with virus hepatitis were examined. The leukergic reactions were determined with the agglomeration test with the use of benzylpenicillin, levomycetin, erythromycin, sulfadimesine, furazolidone and some pathogenic agents, such as nicodine, oxaphenamide, lipamide, methacyl. The control group consisted of 10 healthy persons. During the acute stage of the disease the positive tests with the use of the antibacterial drugs ranged from 31.6 to 47.2 per cent, while during the period of reconvalescence they amounted to 0-20 per cent. The frequency of leukergia to the antibacterial drugs also depended on the severity of the disease. The leukergic reactions to the pathogenic agents were observed rarely even among the healthy persons.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ultrastructural changes of sodium chloride-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults.

Round heart disease and ascites were induced in 8-day-old turkey poults by administering 0.75% sodium chloride in distilled water. Clinical signs included increased water consumption, loose feces, depression, and increased respiratory rate. Mortality was noticed after 3 days on the saline solution. Light microscopic and electron microscopic studies were made on the right and left free cardiac ventricular walls. Massive glycogen accumulations were demonstrated by periodic acid-Schiff staining and malt diastase digestion. Electron microscopic studies further showed the presence of extensive intrafibrillar glycogen, myofibrillar disarray, lysis of myofilaments, Z-band streaming, and disruption of intercalated discs. These changes are consistent with congestive heart failure and are similar to furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy. A mechanism is suggested whereby sodium ions may cause hypertension and also act directly to influence the electrical and contractile activity of the heart muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Sensitivity to chemotherapeutic preparations of microflora isolated in chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis].

Chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis was mainly caused (59.3 per cent) by various gramnegative bacteria. Staphylococcus, Proteus and P. aeruginosa was most frequent. Bacteria were most frequently isolated from associations of 2-5 species and not from monocultures. However, when the patient microflora was studied in dynamics, the whole associations could not be detected in every of the cases. Sensitivity of the causative agents to 23 antibacterial drugs was tested and it was found that the majority of the organisms were sensitive to gentamicin, rifampicin, biseptol, hydroxyquinolines (5-NOK, enteroseptol), furazolidon (except P. aeruginosa). P. aeruginosa was in addition sensitive to polymyxin. Proteus and other enterobacteria were sensitive to nevigramon, staphylococci and other grampositive bacteria were sensitive to oxacillin, lincomycin, novobiocin and fusidin.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1981

[Bacteria and their antibiograms (author's transl)].

The antibiograms of the most important pathogenic bacteria isolated from pigs and cattle in the laboratory of the Animal Health Service of the province of Gelderland during the period from 1974 up to and including 1979 are reviewed. The findings are compared with those during a previous period. Adverse developments were not found to be present as regards P. multocida, B. bronchiseptica, H. parahaemolyticus, streptococci and S. typhimurium in pigs. Only pathogenic E. coli as the causative organism of oedema disease (colibacillary) enterotoxaemia) showed reduced sensitivity to co-trimoxazole; an increase in sensitivity to streptomycin, tetracycline and neomycin was observed. The pattern of pathogenic E. coli in breeding calves showed a variable, through on the whole not so favourable picture. There was a negative development as regards S. dublin in veal calves in view of the fact that sensitivity, particularly that to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, but also that to furazolidone and co-trimazole, had diminished. In the case of S. typhimurium, there was a relationship between the sensitivity pattern and a number of phage types. Ever since 1977, P. haemolytica has shown a diminishing and partly variable sensitivity to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphonamide. This was the case to a far less extent with P. multocida.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Sensitivity of staphylococci from farm animals to antibacterial agents used for growth promotion and therapy. A ten year study.

The following results were obtained during the period of 1970 to 1979-1980 in a study of 1040 Staphylococcus aureus strains in Belgium from cattle, poultry and pigs and 138 Staphylococcus hyicus strains from pigs, using the agar dilution technique and different penicillinase test methods: -- The incidence of penicillinase-positive strains increased in bovine and porcine S. aureus strains but decreased in poultry strains. From 1974 on more than 75% of S. aureus strains from cow udders produced penicillinase. -- The numbers of tetracycline-resistant strains steadily decreased during the period under investigation. -- Strains resistant to the macrolides and lincomycin were most frequent among S. hyicus and S. aureus strains from pigs isolated in 1973-1975. They were less numerous in 1979-1980. The inducible type of macrolide-resistance was found only among strains from poultry and cattle. In 1979-1980 strains resistant to lincomycin but susceptible to macrolide-antibiotics were detected. -- Two types of sensitivity to bacitracin were discovered: highly sensitive strains were frequent in cattle and rare in poultry. Intermediately sensitive strains dominated in poultry and pigs. These two groups of strains belonged to distinct chemotypes. Only one poultry strain was highly resistant to bacitracin. -- Number of neomycin-, sulphonamide- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains and strains resistant to the penicillinase-stable penicillins and cephalosporins were low and did not increase. -- Novobiocin resistance was only found among strains from broiler breeders and broilers. -- All strains tested were sensitive to the nitrofurans and related compounds (furazolidone, nitrovin), flavomycin, carbadox, trimethoprim, rifamycin and the virginiamycin combination.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Effect of comprehensive therapy using antibiotics and sulfanilamide and stimulant preparations on natural body resistance in acute dysentery].

A total of 489 patients at the age of 18 to 74 with acute dysentery of medium severity without concomitant diseases were observed. The patients were subjected to combined therapy with the use of antibiotics, sulfanilamides and stimulants. The state of the patients' natural resistance was determined by the dynamics and levels of the bactericidal activity of lysozyme, blood serum complement as well as lysozyme and beta-lysine coprofiltrates. It was found that the use of tetracycline, furazolidone combinations with sulfanilamides and leukopoiesis-stimulating drugs had a favourable effect on the dynamics of the host natural resistance reduction. The reduction of the natural resistance in the patients treated with levomycetin in combination with sulfanilamides and stimulants was much slower than the clinical recovery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

[Colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of arsanilic acid in combined medicated premixes].

A colorimetric method was worked out to determine negligible amounts of arsanilic acid, based on the property of amino groups to form a yellow stained Schiff base in the interaction with an acid solution of p-dimethyl- aminobenzaldehyde. The optic density of the coloured solution in methanol is determined at 450 nm. The presence of the A, D3, C, K3 vitamins, furazolidon, neomycin sulphate, and tylosine phosphate does not interfere with the determination of arsanilic acid.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mexican phenotype and genotype Vibrio cholerae 01].

This paper presents the phenotypical and genotypical characterization of 26922 Vibrio cholerae 01 strains isolated in Mexico from 1991 to 1993. All strains isolated were El Tor biovar. Strains were sensitive to antibiotics excluding furazolidone, streptomycin and sulfisoxasole to which we found resistance in 97% and we are using this characteristic as epidemiological markers. We detected a marked change in frequency of Inaba serotype from 1991, when it was dominant, with 99.5%, until 1992 when Ogawa serotype turned to be dominant with 95% of isolates. All Vibrio cholerae 01 strains, except one Ogawa strain, were to igenic, and V. choleraeno 01 were not toxigenic by ELISA, PCR and cell culture tests. Dominant ribotype was 5, but we found some strains with 6a pattern and two with ribotype 12. We are searching for ribotype 2 among hemolytic strains in order to learn if there is any relation to Gulf Coast strains prevalent in the USA, but until now we have not found any V. cholerae ribotype 2 in our isolates. Even if rapid tests are recommended for immediate diagnosis of cholera, it is necessary to continue bacterial isolation in order to have strains for phenotyping and genotyping studies that may support epidemiological analysis.

Base Sequence↗