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PubMedDate not supplied

[The action of bacillary inhibitory substances on human-pathogenic, phytopathogenic and saprotrophic fungi].

The study has shown that the growth of many soil fungi is inhibited by the effect of substances which are produced into the environment by some bacilli-saprotrophs. Besides, these substances can bring about a dimorphism of the Trichoderma, Blastomyces, Emmonsia, Alternaria and Verticillium fungi from the mycelial form into the yeast form, which results in the death of the fungi. The existence of bacilli capable of producing the inhibitory substances, in the soil in the territory of the USSR may explain, to a certain extent, the absence of the coccidioidomycosis and North American blastomycosis agents pathogenic for people and many animals.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed1991

[Studies on the effects of fungi on the course of seed germination of Dendrobium lohohens and Dendrobium candidum].

This paper reports the results of studies on the effects of fungi isolated from the protocorms of Orchidaceae on the course of seed germination of D. lohohens and D. candidum. The experiments revealed that these fungi could promote seed germination: the seed germination rate of D. lohohens was 20%, that of D. candidum was 64%, and that of control was zero. The changes of cell ultrastructure in the course of fungus-infected seed germination of D. candidum was also studied. After hyphae of M. osmundicola penetrate the embryo from the suspensor, organelles of embryonic cells infected with fungi will disappear. When the hyphae wall is thickened and enclosed by the embryo's, the hyphae will be digested and used as the source of nutrition for seed germination. Also, the metabolism of cells without infection, but adjacent to those cells penetrated by hyphae is enhanced.

Fungi↗
PubMed1989

Fungi in two swimming pools in Assiut town, Egypt.

50 water samples from 2 public swimming pools were tested for the presence of fungi using the hair baiting technique and plate count methods. Sabouraud's-dextrose agar and Littman-oxgall agar media were used for isolation of the fungi. Of the keratinolytic fungi 8 species were recorded of which three species were dermatophytes (Trichophyton terrestre, 14% of the samples; T. mentagrophytes, 10% and Microsporum gypseum, 6%). On Littman-oxgall agar the following species were recovered: Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogeman, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Alternaria alternata and Mucor hiemalis.

Arthrodermataceae↗
PubMed1989

[Reactivity of human lymphocytes to yeast-like and mold fungi].

The capacity of the allergens of mold fungi (Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor pusillus, Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporum herbarum, Fusarium oxysporum) and yeast-like fungi (Candida albicans) to induce the production of lymphokins by human lymphocytes was studied. All these preparations were active in reactions with lymphocytes obtained from adult donors, but did not activate lymphocytes of newborns (obtained from umbilical blood). In equal doses (10 micrograms/ml) C. albicans allergen was more active than the preparations of mold fungi. The capacity of bacterial allergens to stimulate human lymphocytes was found to be either more pronounced (in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) than that of the preparation of C. albicans or equal to it (in Streptococcus faecalis). The results thus obtained may be regarded as the manifestation of immunological contacts with the antigens of different microorganisms, as well as the evidence of the immunological nature of lymphocytic reactions to preparations intended for use in clinical allergology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Experimental studies relative to the persistence of several facultative pathogenic fungi in river water].

Under laboratory conditions survival time of 3 fungi species (Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum, Rhodotorula rubra) in river water of various quality and temperature has been studied. The mean (and the maximum) survival time was as follows: 82 (240) d for C. albicans, 210 (578) d for G. candidum and 333 (606) d for R. rubra. Differences concerning survival time were recorded in dependence on temperature and quality of water. All the 3 strains were multiplied periodically. Variants of culture character could be noticed during the experiments. The flora of association seems to have a considerable influence on the survival time of the fungi studied. The very long persistence of fungi enables them to become widespread by means of water, and in such a way that they pollute environment.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1986

[Microscopic fungi in chicken feed mixtures, their toxigenicity and toxicity for the chick embryo].

Contamination with microscopic fungi was studied in broiler complete feed mixtures in 1983-1984. The contamination levels ranged from 10(1) to 10(5) of fungus units per gram of feed (mostly around 10(3) units per gram). Sixty species of microscopic fungi of sixteen genera were isolated from the feeds. The genera Aspergillus and Penicillium occurred most frequently (97% of samples), followed by Mucor (93%), Cladosporium (79%), Rhizopus (52%) and Fusarium (41%). Of the 64 isolates of ten species of microscopic fungi, 42 (66%) were toxicogenic, and out of 49 such strains, 27 (55%) were toxic.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cutaneous positivity in patients with respiratory allergies to 42 allergenic extracts of airborne fungi isolated in São Paulo, Brazil.

With the purpose of measuring the frequency of allergies of the respiratory tract to airborne fungi in São Paulo, Brazil, 201 patients with bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis were submitted to intradermal testings with allergenic extracts of 42 fungus genera isolated from the air in São Paulo. The extracts of these fungi were prepared according to Coca's method and then standardized by the weight by the volume method. At first, the patients were submitted to intradermal testing with the total polyvalent (TP) extract, getting positive reaction in 70 of them (34.8%). The patients with positive reaction to the TP were tested with the 42 individual extracts and 74.3% of them reacted positively to one or more extracts. These results led us to the conclusion that the most frequent fungi in the air of São Paulo were not the ones which cause the highest number of positive intradermal reactions. Therefore, the convenience in employing as many allergens as possible in intradermal testings for diagnosis should be reinforced.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of airborne fungi in evaporative cooled and air conditioned homes.

The evaporative cooler (EC) is commonly used during the warmer months in millions of homes in the desert regions of the Southwestern United States. In this investigation fungi isolated from EC homes were compared with recoveries from air conditioned (AC) homes. Aspergillus tamarii was more abundant in EC homes (P less than .05) whereas Penicillium spp. were more prevalent in AC homes (P less than .05). Fusarium was recovered only from EC homes. Overall, more fungi were isolated from EC homes than AC homes both in terms of total numbers of isolates and numbers of species recovered. The EC appears to provide a niche for allergenic fungi that may be transmitted into the home or business.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seasonal variation of allergy-causing fungi in the southern part of Mexico City].

The presence of mycotic flora in atmospheric medium has always been an interesting field for allergologists and ecologists interested in the problems of environmental contamination. In 1904 Saito in Japan demonstrated that certain spores of fungus when inhaled by susceptible individuals can produce severe respiratory processes. Since then many studies have been performed to determine the generic and species of causative fungus responsible for respiratory allergy, as well to understand its growth, movement and seasonal variations and its relation with the habits of man. Fungi which may produce allergy were investigated in 6 zones of the south of Mexico City, from November, 1981 to October, 1982. In each zone 108 samples were taken. Petri dishes containing Sabouraud medium were exposed during 10 minutes. The number of colonies per Petri dish; 27.6 per cent of the micro-organisms isolated corresponded to allergy producing fungi. The highest frequency of fungal isolation (6,512 colonies) was obtained in summer and the least (1,397 colonies) during winter. The principal genera isolated were: Rhodotorula: 2,418 (16.7%); Phialophora: 2,071 (14.4%); Penicillium: 743 (5.1%); Alternaria: 111 (0.7%). The most frequent species of the Aspergillus were: A. niger, A. fumigatus and A. flavus. The paper discusses the importance of the different factors which can influence the frequency and the seasonal variations of these fungi.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1985

Penetration of ovicidal fungi through altered egg-shells of Ascaris suum.

Ovicidal activity was studied in microscopic fungi penetrating into and destroying eggs of geohelminths surviving in the soil. The character of penetration was compared in eggs obtained mechanically with those obtained by means of a chemical process. A total of 13 strains of ovicidal fungi of 4 species were studied. The shells of eggs obtained by the chemical process were so altered that under the same conditions they were attacked and penetrated by the fungi much more than the eggs obtained by a mechanical way. The advantages and disadvantages of these two methods of eggs isolation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. V. Effect of various organic acids and growth promoters on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.

Results of an investigation made for selecting a source of organic acid and also a growth promoter that can maximize protein production in the three test fungi, viz., Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus from their respective substrates (i.e. sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter) are reported. Among organic acids, acetic acid (at 0.1% level) and among the growth promoters ascorbic acid (at 0.1% level) had maximum influence on growth and protein production. Based on the detailed investigations carried out with three test fungi (JAUHRI at. al. 1978, Jauhri and Sen 1978a, b, c, new stuffed media have been formulated for the three test fungi which assure maximum protein efficiency from them.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Numbers of airborne bacteria and fungi in calf houses.

Counts of airborne bacteria colony forming particles (BCFP) and fungi were made at intervals throughout one year in three calf houses using a six stage Andersen Sampler. House 1 was insulated, mechanically ventilated and heated, House 2 was insulated and provided with a controlled natural ventilation system, while House 3 was uninsulated with natural ventilation. Each house contained 36 bought-in bull calves. Every six weeks the 12 oldest calves were removed and replaced by 12 four-week-old calves. The mean count of BCFP was highest in House 2 (101.6 X 10(3) m-3) and lower in House 3 (67.6 X 10(3) m-3). The mean count of aerial fungi was significantly lower in House 3 (40.5 X 10(3) m-3) than in Houses 1 and 2 (119.3 X 10(3) m-3 and 127.1 X 10(3) m-3, respectively). The count of aerial BCFP and fungi showed large seasonal fluctuations, but there was a general trend towards lower counts during the winter period. The mean incidence rate of respiratory disease among the experimental calves was 67.7%. The highest mean incidence rate was recorded in House 2, but differences between houses were not significant. The results are discussed in relation to the environmental requirements for raising of calves, and in the light of the current concept of air hygiene as a major predisposing factor in the web of causation of calf respiratory disease.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1978

[Actinomycetes antagonistic to fungi and not affecting Rhizobium meliloti].

The effects of 481 actinomycetes isolated from agricultural soils supporting good growth of alfalfa or clover on two efficient strains of Rhizobium meliloti A2 and S14 were studied. Strain A2 was inhibited by 28% of the isolates and strain S14 was inhibited by 31% of them. No significant difference was found between the resistance of both actinomycete strains. The effects of the 288 isolates not affecting R. meliloti on six fungi were also studied. The most sensitive fungus was Stemphylium sarcinaeforme inhibited by 20% of the isolates, while Fusarium culmorum was the most resistant fungus and was inhibited by only 6% of the isolates. Thirteen isolates inhibited four to six fungi. In an autoclaved greenhouse soil, isolate 181 which inhibited the six fungi tested significantly reduced the population of the phytopathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis and eliminated the inhibitory effect showed by this fungus on strain A2 of R. meliloti.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1982

Further studies of the airborne fungi and pollens of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.

Airborne fungi and pollen grains were studied during 1981 in two locations in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. This is a follow up of a 1977 survey of the same area to determine the prevalence of types of fungi and pollens. Dominant fungi were Hormodendrum (October), Penicillium (July) and Alternaria (September), whereas predominant pollens were oak (April), pine (April) and ragweed (September).

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigations upon the incidence of atmospheric fungi in the town of Craiova.

The present investigation was suggested by the fact that bronchial asthma (of all types) presents in Craiova and the district of Dolj a relatively increased incidence which may be correlated with certain findings concerning the incidence of atmospheric fungi in the houses and working places of asthmatic subjects. Petri dishes with Czapek medium were exposed monthly in the open air, in 17 houses of asthmatic subjects and in a large bakery unit. The prevalence of various types of fungi was observed on the culture media and a correlation could be made with the seasons. In the houses of asthmatics Penicillium was found to predominate and in certain months of the year Aspergillus as well, which may have a certain etiopathogenic role in bronchial asthma. In certain months Cladosporium and Alternaria also appeared. In the open air the number of colonies was smaller but the incidence was identical. In the bakery unit Penicillium was predominant in 3 out of 5 months, Aspergillus prevailling in all the other months of the year. Cladosporium and Alternaria were also rather frequent. Other fungi sometimes found in relatively large proportions (Mucor, Rhizopus, Verticillium) were not in themselves etiopathogenically involved in bronchial asthma.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of microscopic fungi in the process of weathering of pegmatite deposit rocks and minerals].

The object of this work was to study the effect of microscopic fungi isolated from the weathering zone of a pegmatite deposit on the transport of elements and the degradation of rocks and minerals. Regardless of the chemical composition of rocks and minerals, microscopic fungi accelerated the leaching of elements as compared to the purely chemical process. The extraction of Li, Si, Al and Fe under the action of microorganisms increased by factors of 1.4-1.7, 2.7-4.0, 5.0-8.7 and 4-18, respectively. In the case of chemical weathering, the extraction of elements occurred at a high rate only at the beginning; then the process either decelerated or stopped. The mechanism of action of microscopic fungi on rocks and minerals is discussed as well as the role of these microorganisms in the weathering of spodumene and the surrounding rocks, pegmatites an shales, which occurs in the zone of hypergenesis.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1980

Airborne fungi and pollens of the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area.

Moulds and pollen allergies are common in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. In this survey airborne fungi and pollen grains were studied throughout 1977 by weekly sampling for determination of prevalence of types of fungi and pollens. Dominant pollen types were oak (April), pine (April) and ragweed (September), whereas those of fungi were Hormodendrum (June) and Aureobasidium (March).

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solubilization of insoluble phosphates by thermophilic fungi.

The solubilization of tricalcium phosphate and rock phosphate and assimilation of solubilized P by thermophilic fungi isolated from compost were studied. The solubilization of tricalcium phosphate was greater than that of rock phosphate on inoculation with fungi in liquid medium, but growth of most of the fungi was greater in rock phosphate. Torula thermophila solubilized tricalcium phosphate maximally. There was solubilization of rock phosphate in semi-solid lignocellulose medium by Aspergillus fumigatus.

Fungi↗