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At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1969

Ribonucleic Acid and protein synthesis in chick embryo cells infected with fowl plague virus.

Fowl plague virus comprised four major protein components and several minor ones, two strains of the virus giving similar results. One of the components was identified as the nucleocapsid protein. Synthesis of the virion proteins could readily be detected in infected cells 3 hr after infection. The two subcellular fractions associated with viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity (nuclei and ribosomal pellet) were associated with the protein of the nucleocapsid and a second virion protein of unidentified function. Measurement of viral RNA and protein synthesis in cells infected with preparations of ultraviolet irradiated virus showed that the capacity to synthesise the RNA and protein species of highest molecular weight was lost most quickly, suggesting that the pieces of viral RNA function independently.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Preferential clustering of viral DNA sequences at or near the site of chromosomal rearrangement in fowl adenovirus type 1 DNA-transformed cell lines.

All six transformants obtained by inoculating fowl adenovirus type 1 (CELO virus) DNA or its fragments into a rat cell line of normal karyotype had more than 50 copy-equivalents of viral DNA sequences. Each of the transformants had almost all if not all of these viral DNA sequences clustered on a marker chromosome(s). Although the marker chromosome(s) differed from one cell line to another, viral DNA sequences preferentially clustered in or near the achromatic (or light-stained) region of the G-banded marker chromosomes where chromosomal rearrangement or translocation occurred. These results indicate that no particular chromosome is required to act as the integration site of viral DNA for the transformation of cells, but chromosomal rearrangement at or near the cluster of viral DNA sequences might contribute to the transformation.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1996

A single gene encoding the fiber is responsible for variations in virulence in the fowl adenoviruses.

Intertypic recombinant fowl adenoviruses (FAVs) were generated to determine regions of the viral genome involved in virulence. Recombinants were produced with two serotype 8 FAVs, mildly virulent CFA 3 and hypervirulent CFA 40. Restriction endonuclease fragments from the genomes of the two FAVs were used to transfect primary chicken kidney cells. Virulence testing of these recombinants located the region responsible for differences in virulence to an 8.4-kb fragment of the genome located between kb 26.6 and 35.0. According to data available for a serotype 10 FAV that had been partially characterized in the laboratory, this segment of the genome contained three genes of known identity (100K, 33K, and pVIII) and a region between kb 31 and 35 with unknown coding potential (although this information subsequently became available for a serotype 1 FAV, CELO). Therefore, the region between kb 30.5 and 34.5 was sequenced. The results revealed that the unknown region encoded a fiber gene on the right strand and several small open reading frames of unknown identity on the left strand. Further recombinant viruses containing defined exchanges within the 4-kb fragment were constructed, and virulence testing of these viruses indicated that the fiber was responsible for differences in virulence for CFA 40 and CFA 3.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1998

Incorporation of fowl plague virus hemagglutinin into murine leukemia virus particles and analysis of the infectivity of the pseudotyped retroviruses.

We describe retrovirus particles carrying the fowl plague virus (FPV) hemagglutinin (HA). When expressed in cells providing Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) Gag and Pol proteins and a lacZ retroviral vector, FPV HA was found to be efficiently expressed, correctly processed, and stably incorporated into retroviral particles. HA-bearing retroviruses were infectious with a wide host range and were only 10-fold less infectious than retroviruses carrying wild-type MLV retroviral envelopes. We also coexpressed HA proteins in retroviral particles with chimeric MoMLV-derived envelope glycoproteins that efficiently retarget virus attachment but are only weakly fusogenic. Our results suggest that HA can in some cases enhance the fusion ability of these retroviral particles, depending on the cell surface molecule that is used as a receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Intact EAV-HP endogenous retrovirus in Sonnerat's jungle fowl.

The EAV-HP group of chicken endogenous retrovirus elements was previously shown to be defective, with large deletions of the pol gene. In this report, we demonstrate that genomes of other Gallus species also maintain EAV-HP elements with similar deletions. The chicken EAV-HP1 locus was detected in both red (Gallus gallus gallus) and Sonnerat's (Gallus sonneratii) jungle fowl with identical integration sites, indicating that these elements had integrated before separation of the Gallus species. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that the G. sonneratii genome carries EAV-HP elements with intact pol regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Avulsion of the patellar ligament in osteopenic laying fowl.

Metabolic bone disease in laying fowl has been associated with mortality and decreases in egg production. Recently there appears to have been an increasing incidence of the disease and the affected flocks have shown a variable response to dietary treatments. In 14 birds from eight recent submissions, avulsion of the patellar ligament together with part of its bony insertion was observed. Because the skeletons of the affected birds were judged from radiographs to be osteopenic, the lesions were probably pathological fractures. Histopathological studies of four birds revealed osteoporosis affecting cancellous bone trabeculae; in one bird, however, the medullary bone trabeculae were largely composed of unmineralized or poorly mineralised matrix, a finding which can be interpreted as osteomalacia.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

P-wave morphology and atrial activation in the domestic fowl.

The purpose of this study was to define the P-wave morphology in the open chest, anesthetized fowl, and to map the corresponding pattern of atrial epicardial activation. Using back lead electrocardiograms (ECG) recorded between the base of the neck and tail, seven P-wave morphologies were identified. Four of these morphologies were upright, two were inverted, and one was biphasic. Spontaneous conversion from one morphology to another was common. During the most common P-wave morphology, activation of the atrial epicardium was mapped by comparing the onset of up to 68 local electrograms with the onset of the P wave of the ECG. Pacemaker activity was found near the base of the left sinoatrial valve and preferential conduction was demonstrated caudally along the base of that valve and medially along the rostral border of the right atrium. Changes in P-wave morphology were shown to correspond with changing patterns of atrial activation. Spontaneous changes in P-wave morphology and epicardial activation indicate a labile pacemaker region in the bird and suggest a developmental stage of evolution similar to both their reptilian ancestors and to their mammalian counterparts.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Parathyroid transplants and unilateral renal delivery of parathyroid hormone in domestic fowl.

Exogenous parathyroid hormone (bovine 1-84 PTH) was infused unilaterally into the renal portal system or unilaterally into the renal arterial system of domestic fowl. Endogenous PTH was secreted unilaterally into the renal portal system by parathyroid tissue transplanted to the leg muscle. None of the experimental protocols caused significant unilateral phosphaturia, although unilaterally infused kidneys were shown to have received significantly more PTH than the contralateral kidneys. The transplanted parathyroid tissue was a major source of endogenous PTH, as was indicated by the development of significant hypocalcemia following surgical removal of the transplant. Unilateral PTH infusion did cause a significant unilateral increase in sodium excretion and significant bilateral phosphaturia. These results demonstrate that the phosphaturic and natriuretic responses to PTH can be dissociated in clearance experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Blockade of beta-adrenoceptor in control of blood pressure in fowl.

Several avian species show elevated blood pressure (BP) and spontaneous atherogenesis in the aorta and other large arteries. The BP appears to be influenced by age, sex (higher in males), environment, and diet in some species. We reported previously that mean aortic pressure and heart rate, but not plasma renin activity (PRA), of conscious female domestic fowl were markedly reduced by propranolol. In the present study, we aimed to determine in conscious roosters whether 1) hypotension evoked by atenolol or practolol, which selectively inhibit cardiac beta-receptors in mammals, is more potent than that evoked by propranolol, and 2) the renin-angiotensin (ANG) system and/or catecholamines are involved in beta-adrenoceptor antagonist-induced hypotension. Mean arterial pressure (171.2 +/- 3.5 mmHg) and heart rate (281 +/- 4 beats/min) of chronically cannulated roosters (n = 38) were markedly reduced by acute infusion or repeated injections (14 days) of propranolol, atenolol, or practolol, but not by SQ-14,225 (ANG-converting enzyme inhibitor) or [Sar1, Thr8]ANG II (nonselective ANG receptor antagonist). None of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers, however, showed cardioselectivity. The resting PRA of conscious roosters (1.27 +/- 0.09 ng.ml-1.h-1, n = 38) was low and did not change significantly after chronic or acute treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blockers except for a slight decrease induced by practolol. PRA increased after SQ-14,225. The plasma levels (pg/ml) of norepinephrine (701.9 +/- 76.0), epinephrine (337.2 +/- 57.1), and dopamine (299.1 +/- 39.0) of conscious roosters were further increased by propranolol. Practolol also increased dopamine significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1995

Ontogenetic development of gut function, growth, and metabolism in a wild bird, the Red Jungle Fowl.

We measured the ontogeny of growth rate, food intake, metabolic rates, organ masses, and intestinal nutrient transporter and hydrolase activities in a wild bird for comparison with previous measurements of the same quantities in four domesticated or laboratory animals. Analysis of covariance with body mass as a covariate showed that body mass accounted for most of the age-related variation in all variables, but that age itself still had a significant effect on most variables. Among organs studied, the ceca exhibited the greatest mass increase with age. Energy intake and resting and basal metabolic rates increased with age, but digestive efficiency, cost of growth, and sustained metabolic scope were independent of age. Although intestinal brush-border glucose and proline uptakes and sucrase activity declined with age, the corresponding capacities increased with age because of compensating increases in intestinal mass. Intestinal passive permeability to glucose was undetectably low. Unlike the four domesticated animals studied to date, jungle fowl possess no intestinal reserve capacities (excesses of capacity over dietary nutrient intake). Cecal absorption may contribute significantly to glucose uptake capacity with increasing age.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

The occurrence of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in domestic fowl.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) results from an inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine. The underlying cause of NDI is the failure of the collecting ducts to respond to antidiuretic hormone, however, the specific tubular defect is not well understood. In the present investigation an apparent case of NDI was studied in a strain of White Leghorn domestic fowl. In this strain, water intake of the males equaled 24.0% (controls 5.4%) of their body mass (BM) per day while that of the females equaled 51.4% (controls 11.7%) of their BM per day. Plasma osmolality (mosmol/kgH2O) of the NDI birds was significantly higher than that of controls (males 319 +/- 1.7 vs. 311 +/- 1.2; females 323 +/- 1.5 vs. 310 +/- 2.2). Urine osmolality of NDI birds was substantially lower than that of controls (males 90 +/- 6.2 vs. 524 +/- 4.0; females 70 +/- 4.7 vs. no value). In response to water deprivation, plasma osmolality of the NDI birds increased more markedly than that of the control animals (males 357 +/- 2.5 vs. 331 +/- 1.2; females 375 +/- 6.0 vs. 348 +/- 1.4 at 48 h of water deprivation). Basal plasma antidiuretic hormone (plasma arginine vasotocin, PAVT) levels in male NDI birds (9.9 +/- 0.7 microU/ml) and in female NDI birds (7.0 +/- 0.5 microU/ml) were nearly sixfold or nearly threefold higher, respectively, than in control birds. In response to water deprivation, PAVT of both NDI and control birds increased to similar levels, although the absolute increases in PAVT levels were substantially less in NDI birds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Morphological and functional comparisons of normal and hypertrophied kidneys of adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

Similar to mammals, kidneys of domestic fowl undergo compensatory hypertrophy after loss of functional renal mass. Because this species continues to develop new nephrons for up to 12-wk posthatch, renal hyperplasia might play a significant role in compensatory growth. Either transient or permanent loss of approximately 60% of the right kidney was produced in 2- to 3-wk-old roosters by simple ureteral transection or by removing a 1-mm segment of ureter at the level of the ischiadic artery, respectively. In the latter (experimental) group, right anterior and medial divisions atrophied leaving only the posterior division intact. Spontaneous reanastomosis occurred in the former (reconnected) group, and all three divisions were present at death. Control birds were untouched as were the left kidneys of experimental and reconnected birds. At 40-50 wk, renal function was measured separately in right and left kidneys of all groups during five different infusion protocols. Compared with control kidneys, experimental kidneys had a 50-60% weight gain, and their glomerular size distribution profile was shifted to the right (larger glomeruli). Reconnected kidneys were not hypertrophied, and their profile was shifted to the left (smaller glomeruli). Neither group had significant formation of new nephrons. Once variations in kidney weight were taken into account, there were no differences between hypertrophied (experimental) and control kidneys in urine flow rate (UFR), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance, UFR/GFR, urine osmolality, urine/plasma osmolality, osmolal clearance, free water clearance, Na and K load, absolute Na and K excretion, and fractional Na and K excretion except as follows: 1) during infusion of isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.1 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1 experimental kidneys had a lower fractional excretion of K than control kidneys, and 2) during brisk osmotic diuresis (isotonic mannitol-dextrose at 0.4 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1) experimental kidneys had higher UFR and free water clearance and lower urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality than control kidneys. Reconnected kidneys differed from control kidneys in only 1 of 210 comparisons. Permanent loss of functional renal mass in young birds produces significant compensatory renal hypertrophy that is due to enlargement of existing nephrons rather than formation of new nephrons. Hypertrophied kidneys function like normal kidneys except under conditions of brisk osmotic diuresis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Effects of long-term exercise on the biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon of guinea fowl.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term exercise on tendon compliance and to ascertain whether tendons adapt differently to downhill running vs. running on a level surface. We carried out this investigation on the gastrocnemius tendon of helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) that were trained for 8-12 wk before commencing experimental procedures. We used an in situ technique to measure tendon stiffness. The animals were deeply anesthetized with isofluorane during all in situ procedures. Our results indicate that long-term exercise increased tendon stiffness. This finding held true after normalization for the cross-sectional area of the free tendon, likely reflecting a change in the material properties of the exercised tendons. Whether training consisted of level or downhill running did not appear to influence response of the tendon to exercise. We hypothesize that the increased stiffness observed in tendons after a long-term running program may be a response to repeated stress and may function as a mechanism to resist tendon damage due to mechanical fatigue.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2006

Effects of load carrying on metabolic cost and hindlimb muscle dynamics in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

The goal of this study was to test whether the contractile patterns of two major hindlimb extensors of guinea fowl are altered by load-carrying exercise. We hypothesized that changes in contractile pattern, specifically a decrease in muscle shortening velocity or enhanced stretch activation, would result in a reduction in locomotor energy cost relative to the load carried. We also anticipated that changes in kinematics would reflect underlying changes in muscle strain. Oxygen consumption, muscle activation intensity, and fascicle strain rate were measured over a range of speeds while animals ran unloaded vs. when they carried a trunk load equal to 22% of their body mass. Our results showed that loading produced no significant (P > 0.05) changes in kinematic patterns at any speed. In vivo muscle contractile strain patterns in the iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis and the medial head of the gastrocnemius showed a significant increase in active stretch early in stance (P < 0.01), but muscle fascicle shortening velocity was not significantly affected by load carrying. The rate of oxygen consumption increased by 17% (P < 0.01) during loaded conditions, equivalent to 77% of the relative increase in mass. Additionally, relative increases in EMG intensity (quantified as mean spike amplitude) indicated less than proportional recruitment, consistent with force enhancement via stretch activation, in the proximal iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis; however, a greater than proportional increase in the medial gastrocnemius was observed. As a result, when averaged for the two muscles, EMG intensity increased in direct proportion to the fractional increase in load carried.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

International system for standardized avian karyotypes (ISSAK): standardized banded karyotypes of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The chicken genetic map is becoming very detailed. The genetic and physical maps need to be integrated in more detail. It is important to have a consensus banded karotype to permit this integration. An international committee met to develop a karyotype for the eight largest chromosomes and the Z and W chromosomes of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). This map is presented in this report.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and somatostatin (GHRIH) on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in vitro and in vivo in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion have been investigated in vitro and in vivo in domestic fowl. In both conscious and anaesthetized immature chickens the administration (i.v.) of TRH (2.5 and 25 microgram/kg) significantly increased the concentration of plasma GH. The simultaneous administration of somatostatin (GHRIH), 2.5 microgram/kg, to conscious birds significantly reduced the magnitude of the GH response to TRH treatment, but had no effect on the basal levels of plasma GH. The repeated injection of TRH (10 microgram/kg) every 20 min over a 100-min period failed to maintain the concentration of plasma GH at a high level. Prl secretion was not stimulated in any of these experiments, and in anaesthetized birds TRH (2.5 and 25 microgram/kg) treatment was followed by a depression in the level of plasma Prl. The effects of TRH and GHRIH on GH secretion by an in vitro dispersed pituitary cell suspension system were very similar to the in vivo studies. TRH stimulated Prl release in vitro, in contrast to the in vivo studies, and the response was dose related. GHRIH had no effect on the basal release of Prl in vitro but significantly inhibited the response to TRH treatment.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1993

Recombination nodules and axial equalization in the ZW pairs of the Peking duck and the guinea fowl.

The meiotic Z and W chromosomes of the Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and the Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos) show features similar to those described previously for 3 species of Phasianidae: chicken, Japanese quail and bobwhite quail. Axial equalization in the gonosomes of the Peking duck involves lengthening of the W axis along with shortening of the Z axis. A single recombination nodule is constantly found in the synaptic, terminal region of the ZW pairs stained with phosphotungstic acid. The localization of this nodule is significantly different in these two species, but the length of synaptonemal complex harboring the nodules is not significantly different. Based on the phylogenetic distance between the observed species, the present data support the hypothesis that the presence of a pseudoautosomal region is a general property of ZW pairs in carinate birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Histochemical studies of the development of alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the ovary and oviduct of the fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were studied in the ovary and oviducts of pullets from the age of 2-32 weeks. Adult fowls were similarly studied. Alkaline phosphatase activity was present only in the glandular grooves and crypts of the immature oviducts. Alkaline phosphatase activity appeared at the pits of epithelial evaginations as glandular formation commenced. The young, non-secreting glands also showed the enzyme activity. But in the mature oviduct, alkaline phosphatase activity was confined to only the uterovaginal glands or sperm host glands and the epithelium of the vagina. In the ovary, alkaline phosphatase activity in the theca interna increased as the diameter of the follicles increased. Acid phosphatase activity was not present in the ovary, but in the oviduct, the enzyme activity was present in the uterine (shell gland) glands and in the uterovaginal epithelium and glands (sperm host glands). Alkaline phosphatase activity in the ovarian follicles and in the immature oviduct is thought to be related to histodifferentiation of these structures.

Acid Phosphatase↗