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PubMed1998

Cognitive antecedents of consumers' willingness to purchase fish rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).

A sample of UK consumers (N = 311) was interviewed in order to identify the attitudinal, cognitive and involvement characteristics of probable early adopters of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) fed fish. Attitude to fish significantly influenced PUFA fish, premium price PUFA fish, PUFA salmon, PUFA eel and PUFA sturgeon purchase. Involvement in healthy eating influenced PUFA fish, premium price PUFA fish and PUFA salmon purchase. Cognitive style did not influence PUFA fish and premium price PUFA fish purchase; nor, contrary to earlier research, did cognitive style and involvement interact to influence intended PUFA fish purchases.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Selenium bioaccumulation and hazards in a fish community affected by coal fly ash effluent.

Bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in the fish community of Pigeon River/Pigeon Lake, which receives inputs of Se from a coal fly ash disposal facility, was studied to assess potential hazards of Se to fish, wildlife, and humans. Se concentrations in fish from sites receiving seepage and effluents from fly ash disposal ponds were significantly greater than those in fish from upstream, where Se concentrations were near background concentrations. Se concentrations differed among fish species, and interspecific variation was greatest at the most contaminated locations. Differences in Se bioaccumulation among fish species were not consistently associated with differences in trophic status. Although Se concentrations in northern pike were consistently less than those in likely prey species, large yellow perch contained Se concentrations as great as those in spottail shiners, their likely prey. Se bioaccumulation may have been influenced by differences in habitat preferences, as limnetic species generally contained greater Se concentrations than benthic species. Se concentrations in fish from the lower Pigeon River and Pigeon Lake did not exceed lowest observable adverse effect concentrations (LOAECs) for Se in tissues of fish species, but exceeded LOAECs for dietary Se exposure of sensitive species of birds and mammals. Human consumption of moderate quantities of fish from the areas studied should not result in excessive Se intake.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Sport-caught fish consumption and conception delay in licensed Michigan anglers.

Between 1993 and 1995, we surveyed 4931 licensed anglers aged 17-34 years residing in 10 Michigan counties bordering a Great Lake. Responses were received from 1443 anglers and 844 of their partners. Lifetime sport-caught fish consumption was estimated as the number of sport-caught fish meals consumed in the previous 12 months times years since 1970 in which sport-caught fish were consumed. Analysis was restricted to currently married couples (n=626). Lifetime sport-caught fish consumption was categorized in men as 0 (14%); 1-114 (27%); 115-270 (30%); 271-1127 (29%) meals; and in women as 0 (28%); 1-54 (26%); 55-138 (27%); fand 139-1127 (19%) meals, respectively. Conception delay (ever having failed to conceive after 12 months of trying) was reported by 13% of both men and women. Among men, the unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for conception delay were 1.2, 1.3, and 2.0 across the three increasing levels of sport-caught fish consumption compared to none (trend test P=0.06). After adjustment for age, race, region of Michigan, household income, educational attainment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and partner's sport fish consumption, the OR for conception delay in men were 1.4, 1.8, and 2.8, respectively. In women, unadjusted OR for conception delay were 0.9, 1.0, and 1.4 with increasing sport-caught fish consumption (trend test P=0.35). With the same covariates and the sport-caught fish consumption of the woman's partner included in the model, the OR were 0.8, 0.8, and 1.0, respectively. These data suggest a modest association, in men only, of sport-caught fish consumption with risk of conception delay.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Mercury contamination of fish and exposures of an indigenous community in Pará state, Brazil.

Fish consumption is an important source of protein among indigenous communities in Amazonian Brazil. Exposures to mercury via fish were studied in an indigenous community of the Munduruku reserve, located in the Tapajós River basin in the state of Pará, one of the oldest and most productive gold mining areas in the Amazon region. This study summarizes the results of mercury (Hg) analyses of fish consumed by inhabitants of the Munduruku settlement of Sai Cinza. The most frequently consumed fish, reported by 330 persons interviewed for this study, were tucunaré, pacu, jaraqui, traíra, aracu, matrinchã, and caratinga. The mean mercury concentration in carnivorous fish was 0.297 microg.g(-1) while in noncarnivorous fish mean mercury concentration was 0.095 microg.g(-1). Only in caratinga was there a significant relationship between fish size, weight, and mercury levels. Levels of methylmercury in the tucunaré averaged 0.170 microg.g(-1), while in traíra the mean level of methylmercury was 0.212 microg.g(-1). Although the levels of Hg in fish consumed by the Sai Cinza community are below the Brazilian limit value for consumption, the high rates and amounts of fish consumed by this population are relevant to evaluating risks of mercury contamination for communities with limited food resources.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mercury and selenium in fish from the Savannah river: species, trophic level, and locational differences.

Levels of contaminants in fish are of considerable interest because of potential effects on the fish themselves, as well as on other organisms that consume them. In this article we compare the mercury levels in muscle tissue of 11 fish species from the Savannah River, as well as selenium levels because of its known protective effect against mercury toxicity. We sampled fish from three stretches of the river: upstream, along, and downstream the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site, a former nuclear material production facility. We test the null hypothesis that there were no differences in mercury and selenium levels in fish tissue as a function of species, trophic level, and location along the river. There were significant interspecific differences in mercury levels, with bowfin (Amia calva) having the highest levels, followed by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and pickerel (Esox niger). Sunfish (Lepomis spp.) had the lowest levels of mercury. As expected, these differences generally reflected trophic levels. There were few significant locational differences in mercury levels, and existing differences were not great, presumably reflecting local movements of fish between the sites examined. Selenium and mercury concentrations were positively correlated only for bass, perch (Perca flavescens), and red-breasted sunfish (Lepomis auritus). Mercury levels were positively correlated with body mass of the fish for all species except American eel (Anguilla rostrata) and bluegill sunfish (L. macrochirus). The mercury and selenium levels in fish tissue from the Savannah River are similar to or lower than those reported in many other studies, and in most cases pose little risk to the fish themselves or to other aquatic consumers, although levels in bowfin and bass are sufficiently high to pose a potential threat to high-level consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification of sport fish consumption patterns in families of recreational anglers through factor analysis.

This paper reports on the identification of sport fish consumption patterns in angler families through the factor analysis technique. New York State recreational anglers and their spouses or partners were surveyed in 1991 about their consumption of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie sport fish. Respondents were surveyed again in 1997 to report the number of sport fish consumed by their children aged 5-10 years. Parental report revealed that 60% of children had consumed at least one sport fish meal over their lifetime. Anglers', partners', and children's variables were entered into three separate factor analysis models to assess consumption patterns. Factors for anglers and partners accounted for 65 and 59% of variance in consumption scores, respectively. Factors dealing with trout and salmon consumption accounted for the most variance. Children's factors accounted for 82% of variance in consumption scores, showing separation in relation to type of fish, body of water, and age at consumption. Children's factors were then used as dependent measures of separate multiple regression runs in which parental factors were entered stepwise as predictors. Significant associations between parental and children's factors were noted, suggesting that sport fish consumption patterns in parents are predictive of similar consumption patterns in children. Results suggest that sport fish consumption advisories do not fully prevent consumption of contaminated sport fish during childhood. Therefore, risk communicators may need to modify the current strategy of informing anglers and their families about sport fish consumption recommendations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in ancient teleosts, the bonytongue fishes: putative origin of salmon GnRH.

The molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were examined in the bonytongue fishes (Osteoglossomorpha), one of the most ancient living teleost groups. These fish represent a phylogenetic link between the early ray-finned fishes and the modern teleosts. Five representative species from four of six bonytongue families were examined for GnRH using high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay techniques with antisera raised against salmon (s), chicken-II (c-II), and mammalian (m) forms of GnRH. Salmon GnRH and cGnRH-II were identified in four of the species (arawana, elephantnose, false featherfin, Asiatic featherfin) whereas in the butterfly fish, mGnRH and cGnRH-II were identified. Our data suggest that teleosts such as eels and butterfly fish, which have mGnRH like that of even earlier ray-finned fishes, may have evolved before fish with sGnRH. We also suggest that sGnRH first appeared in the Osteoglossomorpha. The phylogenetic relationship of the eels (Anguillidae), butterfly fish (Pantodontidae), and bonytongue fish among other teleosts needs to be reexamined using additional characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in fish from hatcheries and clarifying ponds].

The concentrations of six selected single polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, for which legal tolerance levels became valid in 1988, and the congener no. 49 (2,2',4,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl) were determined in the muscle tissue of 58 fishes from fish hatcheries and in 17 fishes from settle ponds. The fish were taken from flowing waters in the years 1986 and 1987. High and low chlorinated biphenyls were present in each sample, but the concentration of the low chlorinated biphenyls was distinctly lower than that of the higher chlorinated ones. Nevertheless these results demonstrate the intake of components of low chlorinated technical PCB mixtures in the environment and food chains. Compared with the investigations carried out in 1980/81 in fishes from fish hatcheries, a decrease of PCB contamination in the muscle tissues with regard to the technical mixture Clophen A 60 was observed. This is in accordance with the results our team obtained a short time previously in muscle tissue from foxes and in food-stuffs. The concentration of all PCB congeners determined in the muscle tissue from fish of settle ponds was significantly higher than in the tissue from fish taken from hatcheries. Thus, the PCB content depends on the PCB load in different environments. Therefore, fishes can be useful as bioindicators for the intake of low and high chlorinated PCB congeners in aquatic ecosystems.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Effect of isoenergetic replacement of starch by olive oil and fish oil concentrations of lipids in plasma and lipoprotein fractions in swine].

Two experiments with sows were performed to investigate the effect of isoenergetic replacement of starch by fish oil or olive oil on concentrations of lipids in plasma and lipoproteins. The first experiment was based on a cross-over design with three periods, each lasting 16 days. Each sow was fed during one of the periods a basal ration with isoenergetic addition of (1) starch (495 g/d), (2) olive oil (221 g/d), or (3) fish oil (223 g/d) based on energetic requirement for maintainance. The second experiment was based on a cross-over design with eight periods, each lasting 16 days. In the first and in the last periods, each sow was fed the basal ration. In the other six periods, each sow was fed the basal ration with addition of two different amounts of (1) starch (284/568 g/d), (2) olive oil (140/281 g/d), or (3) fish oil (141/282 g/d). The two different amounts of addition were selected to exceed the energetic requirement for maintainance by 25% or 50%. In both experiments blood samples were taken before each change of the ration. In both experiments olive oil elevated the concentration of cholesterol in plasma in comparison with starch. This elevation was due to a large elevation in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and a slight elevation in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The ratio between HDL and LDL cholesterol was increased by feeding olive oil. The effect of olive oil on concentrations of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was dose-dependent. In both experiments none of the two dietary oils significantly changed concentrations of triglycerides in plasma and lipoproteins. Concentrations of phospholipids in plasma, HDL, and LDL were elevated by olive oil. In both experiments addition of fish oil elevated concentration of cholesterol in plasma due to elevated cholesterol concentration in LDL. Concentration of HDL cholesterol was not changed by fish oil. Thus, the ratio between HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was lowered by fish oil. The effect of fish oil on concentration of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was also dose-dependent. Fish oil had no significant effect on phospholipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins. In conclusion, in the present experiment olive oil caused antiatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile, whereas fish oil caused proatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Nutritional value of micro-encapsulated fish oils in rats.

The nutritional value of a micro-encapsulated fish oil product has been investigated. Three groups of 10 male Wistar rats each were fed diets containing 20% (w/w) of fat, and only the type and form of the fat added was different. In the test groups 5% (w/w) of fish oil either as such or in a micro-encapsulated form was incorporated in the diets. The remaining fat was lard supplemented with corn oil to a dietary content of linoleic acid at 10% (w/w). The control group received lard and corn oil only. A mixture similar to the dry matter in the micro-encapsulated product was also added to the diets not containing this product. The uptake of marine (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from both types of fish oil supplement was reflected in the fatty acid profiles of liver phosphatidyl cholines (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE), triglycerides (TG) and cardiolipin (CL). A suppression of the elongation of linoleic acid leading to a higher concentration of this fatty acid in liver PC and PE was also observed. The concentration of total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids in liver was similar in all groups. Supplements of long chain (n-3) PUFA did not influence the concentration of plasma TG but lowered the level of plasma cholesterol. No change in the oxidative status, measured as glutathione peroxidase activity and cytochrome P450 concentration in the liver, was found after feeding with fish oil either directly or in the micro-encapsulated form. Intake of (n-3) PUFA lowered the concentration of vitamin E in plasma while the content of vitamin E in the liver was unchanged. Overall, fish oil and micro-encapsulated fish oil resulted in the same fatty acid pattern in the major lipid classes and the same concentrations of liver and plasma lipids. Furthermore, supplementation of fish oil or micro-encapsulated fish oil did not induce oxidative stress when the diets were supplemented with ambient concentrations of anti-oxidants. It is concluded that micro-encapsulated fish oil is suitable for increasing the intake of (n-3) PUFA by fortification of normal daily food ingredients.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dietary fish oils and long-term malaria protection in mice.

Previous studies indicate a suppressive influence of fish oils on rodent malaria. The present work was carried out to study (i) the dose-effect relation between dietary fish oils and lethality of primary malaria infection in mice; (ii) the modifying influence of vitamin E; and (iii) the effect of previous fish oil feeding on parasitemia and lethality of a rechallenge infection. For two or four weeks, groups of weanling male mice were fed a standard laboratory diet or one of eight purified diets containing various amounts of fish oil (providing 6-21% of energy). The diets were prepared with and without vitamin E. After the two- or four-week feeding period, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with Plasmodium yoelii-infected erythrocytes. Six months after the primary infection (four months after discontinuing fish oil feeding), the surviving mice were again injected intraperitoneally with parasitized red blood cells (or even better--erythrocytes, erythrocytes are used elsewhere). Primary malaria infection was lethal in mice fed standard diet alone or with fish oil and vitamin E added. In contrast, feeding a fish oil-based diet without vitamin E improved survival to at least 70% if the mice had been fed these diets for four weeks. Protection against malaria did not seem to be related to the fish oil dose used. Regardless of the previous fish oil dose, all the mice surviving the primary infection survived the rechallenge infection with low parasitaemias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1995

Dietary fish oil and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activity in rat liver and kidney.

Lauric acid hydroxylation and aminopyrine N-demethylation were studied in kidney and liver microsomes from rats treated with fish oil. Different doses of fish oil containing 20% eicosapentaenoic acid and 10% docosahexaenoic acid were provided daily to the rats for seven days. In all the groups studied, the lauric acid metabolism was higher in kidney microsomes and the aminopyrine metabolism in the liver microsomes. Although no effect on the renal cytochrome P-450 concentration was detectable, all four fish oil doses increased the hepatic concentration of cytochrome P-450 by a mean 27%. The higher fish oil doses used increased the renal and hepatic microsomal metabolism of aminopyrine. The lauric acid metabolism was increased by fish oil only in the liver. Fish oil, a known inducer of fatty acid peroxisomal beta-oxidation, also induced microsomal activity. These results show that liver and kidney respond in different ways to dietary factors such as fish oil. In addition, our study would suggest that fish oil increased the activity of two different families of liver cytochrome P-450. The activity of kidney lauric acid 11- and 12-hydroxylation, however, was not modulated by fish oil.

Aminopyrine↗
PubMed1993

Allergic reactions to fish.

A wide variety of fish are known to induce allergic reactions following ingestion or inhalation of vapors by sensitized individuals. Although the exact prevalence of fish sensitivity is not known, fish are among the most important food allergens; and as consumption of fish increases, rates of sensitization are expected to increase. Diagnosis of fish allergy is aided by clinical history, skin prick testing, and in vitro assays; however, double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges are the most reliable method to confirm fish allergy and to identify putative species. It appears from RAST inhibition and SDS-PAGE/Western blot studies that the current policy of recommending that fish-sensitive individuals avoid all species of fish should be reevaluated. The major allergen in codfish (Gad cI) is one of the most extensively studied of all allergens. It is a calcium-chelating protein, with a mol wt of 12,328 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.75. As an allergen, Gad cI is very stable and its allergenic activity appears to be dependent on amino acid sequence. Crossreactivity among some fish species may be the result of common structures within related proteins.

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Bioconcentration and biomagnification of mercury and methylmercury in North Sea and Scheldt estuary fish.

Total Hg and MMHg concentrations were assessed in more than 350 fish and shellfish samples. Hg concentrations in Greater North Sea fish of prey range from 0.039 mg kg(-1) wet weight (ww; for ray) to 0.61 mg kg(-1) ww (for dogfish) and for all other fish species, from 0.045 mg kg(-1) ww (for plaice) to 0.33 mg kg(-1) ww (for sand sole), with 95 +/- 2% of the Hg content in the MMHg form. In Belgian coastal zone, fish concentrations range from 0.063 mg kg(-1) ww for plaice to 0.13 mg kg(-1) ww for flounder, with 82-87% of the Hg content in the MMHg form. In fish of the Scheldt, which is a very polluted estuary, Hg levels, as well as the percent MMHg of the total Hg, were lower than in the two zones previously mentioned. The intraspecies variability is of the order of 50% in each of the three zones. In liver tissue, a much larger variability was observed than in muscle tissue, except for fish species of the Scheldt. In most cases, the MMHg fraction in a particular fish species is inversely related to the intraspecies variability. Bioconcentration and biomagnification factors (BCF and BMF, respectively) were assessed. MMHg-BMFs were a few orders of magnitude higher than Hg(inorganic)-BMFs, and for the same species were always highest in the Greater North Sea and lowest in the Scheldt. For each of the Belgian coastal zone four species, a weak positive correlation between Hg content and fish length was found; however, the larger the size-range, the better the correlation. Taking fish length into account, a statistically significant difference in contamination level was observed for species sampled from the different geographical zones.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A biopsy procedure for determining filet and predicting whole-fish mercury concentration.

Although mercury contamination of fish is a widespread phenomenon, its regional evaluation is hindered by the reluctance of permitting agencies to grant collection permits, problems in securing adequate freezer space, and time to process whole, large fish or filets. We evaluated mercury concentrations in 210 filet biopsies from 65 sites in 12 western states relative to whole-body mercury concentration in the same fish. We found a highly significant relationship (r(2) = 0.96) between biopsy and whole-fish mercury concentrations for 13 piscivorous and nonpiscivorous fish species. We concluded that relative to conventional fish-tissue sampling and analysis procedures for whole fish or filets, the biopsy procedure for mercury in fish tissue is nonlethal, less cumbersome, more likely to be permitted by fisheries agencies, and a precise and accurate means for determining both filet and whole-fish mercury concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sensitivity of indices of biotic integrity to simulated fish assemblage changes.

Multimetric indices of biotic integrity (IBIs) are commonly used to assess condition of stream fish assemblages, but their ability to monitor trends within streams over time is largely unknown. We assessed the trend detection ability of two IBI formulations (one with traditional scoring and metrics, and one with nontraditional scoring and region-specific metrics) and of similarity and diversity indices using simulations that progressively altered the fish assemblages of 39 streams in the United States mid-Atlantic Highlands region. We also assessed responses to simulated 50% variability in fish abundances, as a measure of background "noise." Fish assemblage indices responded little to changes that affected all species proportionally despite substantial changes in total fish number. Assemblage indices responded better to scenarios that differentially affected fish species, either according to life history traits or by increasing dominance of already common species, but even these changes took some time to detect relative to background variability levels. Ordinations of stream fish assemblage data suggested that differences among sites were maintained even after substantial alterations of fish composition within sites. IBIs are designed to detect broad assemblage differences among sites while downplaying abundance changes and variability increases that were the first indications of within-site changes, and they appear more suited to detecting large departures from natural fish assemblages than for monitoring gradual changes such as those our simulations produced. Inferences about causes of assemblage changes should be made with caution because of correlations among species traits and interdependence among IBI component metrics. Site trend assessments should be made based on all available data rather than just by summary indices.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ryanodine and dihydropyridine receptor binding in ventricular cardiac muscle of fish with different temperature preferences.

Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) mechanism of cardiac excitation-contraction (e-c) coupling is dependent on the close apposition between the sarcolemmal dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptors (RyR). In particular, high RyR/DHPR ratio is considered to reflect strong dependence on SR Ca2+ stores for the intracellular Ca2+ transient. To indirectly evaluate the significance of CICR in fish hearts, densities of cardiac DHPRs and RyRs were compared in ventricular homogenates of three fish species (burbot, rainbow trout, and crucian carp) and adult rat by [3H] PN200-110 and [3H] ryanodine binding. The density of RyRs was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the adult rat (124+/-10 channels/microm3 myocyte volume) than in any of the fish species. Among the fish species, cold-acclimated (4 degrees C) trout had more RyRs than burbot, and crucian carp. The density of DHPRs was highest in the trout heart. RyR/DHPR ratio was significantly (P<0.05) higher in rat (4.1+/-0.5) than in the fish hearts (varying from 0.97+/-0.16 to 1.91+/-0.49) suggesting that "mammalian type" CICR is less important during e-c coupling in fish ventricular myocytes. In rainbow trout, acclimation to cold did not affect the RyR/DHPR ratio, while in crucian carp it was depressed in cold-acclimated animals (4 degrees C; 0.97+/-0.16) when compared to warm-acclimated fish (23 degrees C; 1.91+/-0.49). Although RyR/DHPR ratios were relatively low in fish hearts, there was a close correlation (r2=0.78) between the RyR/DHPR ratio and the magnitude of the Ry-sensitive component of contraction in ventricular muscle among the fish species examined in this study.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2006

A critical analysis of Illinois' fish mercury monitoring program, 1974-1998.

Mercury contamination in fish is a serious public health concern that contrasts with other health benefits of eating fish. Like most US states, Illinois has monitored fish mercury contamination for decades to warn the public of mercury exposure risks by consuming fish. Has this monitoring program been effective in detecting public mercury exposure risks? I analyzed fish mercury contamination data from Illinois inland lakes (1974-1998; > 2,300 samples, 18 fish species, 149 lakes) and found that: (a) sampling and analyses have been severely limited since 1985; (b) sampling effort varied widely among lakes and species, and (c) trends and spatial patterns were confused by this variability. As a result of a severely limited and nonstrategic monitoring program, public mercury exposure risks via Illinois fish consumption remain unclear, despite much effort over many years. Illinois monitors fewer fish per angler than many US states, but is not alone in this regard. Illinois should resurrect and redesign its fish contaminant monitoring program to one that strategically and systematically assesses human mercury exposure risk. Other US states and nations may also benefit from similar retrospective examinations of monitoring programs intended to protect public health.

Animals↗